Brian A. Turner is an Associate Professor of Sport Management in the College of Education and Human Ecology at The Ohio State University. He earned his bachelor of science degree in Secondary Education from Baylor University and his masters of education degree in Physical Education from Tarleton State University. He received his Ph.D. in Sport Management from Ohio State in 2001. Prior to his current position, Dr. Turner served three years as the Director of Sport Management at DeSales University and one year as a Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of Oklahoma. He has published over 50 peer-reviewed articles and made over 80 presentations at national and international conferences. Additionally, Dr. Turner co-edited the textbook Marketing for Sport Business Success. He is past co-editor for the Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics and currently serves on three other editorial review boards. In 2007, Dr. Turner was named a North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) Research Fellow and in 2017 he was named NASSM’s Distinguished Educator of the Year. From 2013-17, he served on the Athletic Council at Ohio State. He is currently on the University’s Fiscal Committee. Phone: 614-247-8374 Address: A250 PAES Buidling 307 Annie & John Glenn Ave. Columbus, OH 43210
College recreational sport departments across the US typically depend greatly on student workers ... more College recreational sport departments across the US typically depend greatly on student workers to deliver services. Because of this reliance on student workers, turnover in college recreational sports departments is very high (i.e., students are normally at the institution for a maximum of four years). One construct often examined when combating turnover is organizational commitment. Using Meyer and Allen's (1991) conceptualization of organizational commitment, 205 student workers in a recreational department at a mid-size university responded to a questionnaire regarding their levels of commitment to the department. Four separate dimensions of organizational commitment were examined in this study: (a) affective commitment (AC); (b) normative commitment (NC); (c) continuance commitment—high personal sacrifice (CC:HiSac); and (d) continuance commitment—low number of alternatives (CC:LoAlt). Results of the study showed the longer students worked in the department, the higher the...
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of internships on students’ career-related af... more The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of internships on students’ career-related affect and intentions. Data were gathered from 138 upper-level undergraduate sport management students (71 interns, 67 noninterns). A doubly multivariate repeated measures model indicated that, although they did not differ at the beginning of the internship, interns had less positive attitudes toward the profession than did noninterns at the end of the internship. Structural equation modeling indicated that affective occupational commitment fully mediated the relationship between anticipated career satisfaction and intentions to enter the profession. The results contribute to the extant literature by demonstrating that internships can influence career-related affect and intentions.
International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 2016
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the cognitive processes that the study subjects... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the cognitive processes that the study subjects experienced when exposed to different types of public service advertisements about Special Olympics. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 529 cognitive responses from 141 college students were analyzed using the content analysis method. Findings – The results of the frequency count of cognitive responses indicated that low-empathy (LE) subjects engaged in extensive cognitive efforts to process the information as much as high-empathy (HE) subjects. Additionally, the content analysis of the qualitative data showed that the two most frequently cited categories of positive thoughts for HE subjects were good cause/importance of Special Olympics and positive feeling related to volunteering for Special Olympics. For LE subjects, the most frequently identified category in positive thoughts was altruist/moral responsibility, followed by volunteer intention and positive feeling related to vol...
Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 2013
Abstract This study examined the perceptions of leadership style of Division III head basketball ... more Abstract This study examined the perceptions of leadership style of Division III head basketball coaches, as well as the relationship between leadership style and both success and satisfaction. In addition, this study also examined variables such as gender and player status (starter or non-starter) to determine if they had an effect on leadership perceptions. Using a combination of a random and snowball sample, 21 teams participated in the study, totaling 13 coach and 145 student-athlete usable questionnaires. Questionnaires consisted of 35 items from the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) developed by , one item measuring overall satisfaction, and nine demographic items. Results showed significant relationships between leadership and success and leadership and satisfaction. There was a significant difference between genders on leadership behaviors, with men rating each behavior higher. No significant difference in perceived leadership behavior was found between starters and non-starters. Practical implications for collegiate coaches and student-athletes are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to reveal the remarkable differences and similarities various inter... more The purpose of this study was to reveal the remarkable differences and similarities various interscholastic athletic state governing bodies possess with regard to championship or playoff site selection procedures. Currently, secondary sources are the main source of information on the selection process of championship or playoff sites for interscholastic athletics. Twentysix (51.0%) questionnaires were collected from interscholastic state association executive directors, but only 24 were analyzed due to non or incomplete responses. The survey instrument asked participants if (a) states provided a bid process for championship/ playoff events, (b) what criteria was used to select playoff sites, and (c) if any championship contests found permanent homes. Over one-half (n=13) provided no official bid process and when they did no standard criteria appeared. Some sports accepted permanent homes for their contests and many state associationgoverning bodies mentioned the importance of the media, studentathlete, and financial concerns. Investigating the Diverse Landscape of Championship and Playoff Site Selection Procedures Across American High School Athletics A community attempting to prepare a bid to host the National Football League’s (NFL) Super Bowl knows exactly what they need to possess before making their formal 15-minute presentation to the NFL. First, they know it will cost them millions to showcase the event (Spanberg, 2003; Tucker, 2006). Their stadium must hold 70,000 seats and full-service hotel rooms must total at least 19,000 within an hour of peak traffic driving conditions for NFL related groups (Sharockman & Van Sickler, 2005). The National Basketball Association (NBA) requires NBA All-Star Game bidding cities to carry 5,000 hotel rooms within a close drive and for 90 percent of those rooms to achieve four-star quality status or better (Spanberg, 2003). Both groups also demand large amounts of convention center space for accompanying fan extravaganzas attached to their event (Spanberg, 2003). All National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Championship events also advertise similar demands to host cities before they begin bidding. Additionally, items such as media, safety/security measures, previous experience, etc. must also be addressed by bidding communities and organizations to secure a championship, playoff, or special event. Professional or college organizations and host communities often claim tremendous success with their secured events primarily through an improved image and economic gains (Bramwell, 1997). For instance, Spanberg (2003) suggests that the NFL’s Super Bowl generates an economic and publicity value somewhere between $150 million to $400 million for its host community (Peterson, 2006). This success has not escaped the eyes of the high school scene as the Irving (TX) Chamber of Commerce noticed, “a high school playoff game generates more economic value ... from hotel
Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 2007
Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure head basketball coaches' attitudes of three... more Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure head basketball coaches' attitudes of three dimensions of organizational justice and determine if these attitudes differed based on NCAA divisional membership or sex of the coach. Additionally, this study examined the relationship between distributive, procedural, and interactional justice and overall job satisfaction. A total of 213 head basketball coaches (137 men, 76 women; 110 from Division I, 103 from Division III) participated in this study. Male basketball coaches demonstrated significantly higher scores on measures of interactional and procedural justice while no difference was found for distributive justice. There was no significant difference on scores for the three dimensions of justice based on NCAA divisional membership (I or III). Collectively, the three dimensions of organizational justice explained 28.5% of variance associated with overall job satisfaction, with interactional and distributive justice each making unique contributions. Based on the results of this study, athletic departments should consider basketball coaches' perceptions of organizational justice when attempting to influence their attitudes of job satisfaction.
International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 2009
ABSTRACT Using a sample of 152 student employees, the authors examined the relationship between o... more ABSTRACT Using a sample of 152 student employees, the authors examined the relationship between organisational justice and Perceived Organisational Support (POS). Specifically this study examined the degree that distributive, procedural, and interactional justice influenced student employee POS. Additionally, the authors explored whether perceptions of justice differed based on sex, tenure of employment, and type of supervision. All three dimensions of organisational justice were significantly related to POS, with distributive justice demonstrating the greatest effect. Based on findings from this study, it appears that employee perceptions of workplace fairness serve as an important determinant of POS.
ABSTRACT As many sport organisations are frequently in great need of volunteers, it is important ... more ABSTRACT As many sport organisations are frequently in great need of volunteers, it is important for sport marketers to develop effective public service advertisements (PSAs) to attract volunteers. The purpose of this study was to expand and test a theory of persuasion for PSAs designed to lead people to help with the Special Olympics. More specifically, this study was designed to broaden the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) by incorporating a newly added personality variable, empathic tendency, and to show how this variable affects audiences' information processing of PSAs. In order to test the ELM, a three-way, 2 (empathy: high v low) x 2 (argument quality: strong v weak) x 2 (peripheral cue: celebrity v non-celebrity status) factorial design was used. A total of 102 male and 119 female students participated (n = 221). The results indicated that both high empathy subjects and low empathy subjects were motivated to process the persuasive messages, suggesting that both groups followed the central route to processing. Involvement was found to significantly influence the argument processing of low empathy subjects. Celebrity status did not serve as a peripheral cue in this study.
Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 2008
Researchers in a number of disciplines have examined the utility of single-item measures for both... more Researchers in a number of disciplines have examined the utility of single-item measures for both affective and cognitive constructs. While these authors have indicated that, under certain circumstances, the use of single-item measures is appropriate, there remains ...
ABSTRACT Organizational justice may be a vital factor in the development of conflict between pers... more ABSTRACT Organizational justice may be a vital factor in the development of conflict between personnel within sport organizations. Specifically, perceptions of injustice may increase the potential for disagreement regarding codes of conduct and organizational procedures. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of multiple dimensions of organizational justice (i.e., distributive, procedural, interactional, and informational) on the perception of intragroup conflict. Paid staff from 262 regional sport commissions and convention and visitors bureaus (CVBs) across the United States responded to an online study to measure perceptions of justice and conflict. Results indicating procedural, interactional, and informational justice predicted the perception of intragroup conflict in this setting. The unique impact of each type of justice may be explained by instrumental and relational models, which has implications for sport management theory and practice.
ABSTRACT Given the environmental risks that impede positive youth development, community youth sp... more ABSTRACT Given the environmental risks that impede positive youth development, community youth sport organizations serving vulnerable youth are critical. Organizational behaviour theory postulates there is an indirect effect of an organization’s processes on performance through organizational climate, while there is no direct effect of an organization’s processes on performance in the presence of the indirect effect. The current study tests this theoretical framework within the context of a community youth sport organization. Surveys were administered to 417 youth participants and 52 programme staff throughout the 19-day intervention. The structural model found organizational process a non-significant latent variable, and demonstrated significant direct effects from organizational climate to youth social and athletic competence (organizational performance indicators). The results reveal organizational behaviour theory may function differently dependent upon the context. The findings lend credence to the importance of perceived organizational climate in fostering positive youth development. RésuméÉtant donné les risques environnementaux qui entravent le développement positif des jeunes, le rôle joué auprès des jeunes vulnérables par les organisations sportives communautaires est essentiel. La théorie du comportement organisationnel postule que les processus d’une organisation ont un effet indirect sur le rendement via le climat organisationnel ainsi instillé, tandis les processus d’une organisation n’ont pas d’effet direct sur le rendement en présence d’effets indirects (Ehrhart et Raver, 2014). La présente étude teste ce cadre théorique dans le contexte d’une organisation sportive communautaire oeuvrant auprès de la jeunesse. 417 jeunes participants et 52 membres du personnel du programme ont répondu à des sondages tout au long des 19 jours de l’intervention. Selon le modèle structurel, le processus organisationnel est une variable latente non significative et le climat organisationnel démontre des effets directs significatifs sur la compétence sociale et sportive des jeunes (indicateurs de rendement organisationnel). Les résultats révèlent que le cadre théorique d’Ehrhart et Raver (2014) fonctionne différemment selon le contexte. Les résultats confirment l’importance du climat organisationnel perçu dans la stimulation du développement positif des jeunes.
Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 2008
Over the years, many researchers have examined organizational commitment and how it develops. How... more Over the years, many researchers have examined organizational commitment and how it develops. However, few have looked at differences in antecedents of commitment based on gender. Three hundred and twenty-eight athletic coaches (women = 88; men = 240) from Divisions I (n = 156) and III (n = 172) responded to a questionnaire that measured four bases of organizational commitment (affective [AC], normative [NC], continuance-high sacrifice [CC:HiSac], and continuance-low number of alternatives [CC:LoAlt]) and two specific groups of antecedents (personal characteristics and job characteristics). Differences between male and female respondents were examined to determine if their commitment developed in similar manners. The regression equation with all four job characteristic variables was significantly related to the bases of organizational commitment, cumulatively explaining 37.9% of the variance in females’ NC and 29.6% of the variance in women’s AC; for men, the job characteristic vari...
Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 2008
Over the years, many researchers have examined organizational commitment and how it develops. How... more Over the years, many researchers have examined organizational commitment and how it develops. However, few have looked at differences in antecedents of commitment based on gender. Three hundred and twenty-eight athletic coaches (women = 88; men = 240) from Divisions I (n = 156) and III (n = 172) responded to a questionnaire that measured four bases of organizational commitment (affective [AC], normative [NC], continuance-high sacrifice [CC:HiSac], and continuance-low number of alternatives [CC:LoAlt]) and two specific groups of antecedents (personal characteristics and job characteristics). Differences between male and female respondents were examined to determine if their commitment developed in similar manners. The regression equation with all four job characteristic variables was significantly related to the bases of organizational commitment, cumulatively explaining 37.9% of the variance in females’ NC and 29.6% of the variance in women’s AC; for men, the job characteristic vari...
College recreational sport departments across the US typically depend greatly on student workers ... more College recreational sport departments across the US typically depend greatly on student workers to deliver services. Because of this reliance on student workers, turnover in college recreational sports departments is very high (i.e., students are normally at the institution for a maximum of four years). One construct often examined when combating turnover is organizational commitment. Using Meyer and Allen's (1991) conceptualization of organizational commitment, 205 student workers in a recreational department at a mid-size university responded to a questionnaire regarding their levels of commitment to the department. Four separate dimensions of organizational commitment were examined in this study: (a) affective commitment (AC); (b) normative commitment (NC); (c) continuance commitment—high personal sacrifice (CC:HiSac); and (d) continuance commitment—low number of alternatives (CC:LoAlt). Results of the study showed the longer students worked in the department, the higher the...
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of internships on students’ career-related af... more The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of internships on students’ career-related affect and intentions. Data were gathered from 138 upper-level undergraduate sport management students (71 interns, 67 noninterns). A doubly multivariate repeated measures model indicated that, although they did not differ at the beginning of the internship, interns had less positive attitudes toward the profession than did noninterns at the end of the internship. Structural equation modeling indicated that affective occupational commitment fully mediated the relationship between anticipated career satisfaction and intentions to enter the profession. The results contribute to the extant literature by demonstrating that internships can influence career-related affect and intentions.
International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 2016
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the cognitive processes that the study subjects... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the cognitive processes that the study subjects experienced when exposed to different types of public service advertisements about Special Olympics. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 529 cognitive responses from 141 college students were analyzed using the content analysis method. Findings – The results of the frequency count of cognitive responses indicated that low-empathy (LE) subjects engaged in extensive cognitive efforts to process the information as much as high-empathy (HE) subjects. Additionally, the content analysis of the qualitative data showed that the two most frequently cited categories of positive thoughts for HE subjects were good cause/importance of Special Olympics and positive feeling related to volunteering for Special Olympics. For LE subjects, the most frequently identified category in positive thoughts was altruist/moral responsibility, followed by volunteer intention and positive feeling related to vol...
Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 2013
Abstract This study examined the perceptions of leadership style of Division III head basketball ... more Abstract This study examined the perceptions of leadership style of Division III head basketball coaches, as well as the relationship between leadership style and both success and satisfaction. In addition, this study also examined variables such as gender and player status (starter or non-starter) to determine if they had an effect on leadership perceptions. Using a combination of a random and snowball sample, 21 teams participated in the study, totaling 13 coach and 145 student-athlete usable questionnaires. Questionnaires consisted of 35 items from the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) developed by , one item measuring overall satisfaction, and nine demographic items. Results showed significant relationships between leadership and success and leadership and satisfaction. There was a significant difference between genders on leadership behaviors, with men rating each behavior higher. No significant difference in perceived leadership behavior was found between starters and non-starters. Practical implications for collegiate coaches and student-athletes are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to reveal the remarkable differences and similarities various inter... more The purpose of this study was to reveal the remarkable differences and similarities various interscholastic athletic state governing bodies possess with regard to championship or playoff site selection procedures. Currently, secondary sources are the main source of information on the selection process of championship or playoff sites for interscholastic athletics. Twentysix (51.0%) questionnaires were collected from interscholastic state association executive directors, but only 24 were analyzed due to non or incomplete responses. The survey instrument asked participants if (a) states provided a bid process for championship/ playoff events, (b) what criteria was used to select playoff sites, and (c) if any championship contests found permanent homes. Over one-half (n=13) provided no official bid process and when they did no standard criteria appeared. Some sports accepted permanent homes for their contests and many state associationgoverning bodies mentioned the importance of the media, studentathlete, and financial concerns. Investigating the Diverse Landscape of Championship and Playoff Site Selection Procedures Across American High School Athletics A community attempting to prepare a bid to host the National Football League’s (NFL) Super Bowl knows exactly what they need to possess before making their formal 15-minute presentation to the NFL. First, they know it will cost them millions to showcase the event (Spanberg, 2003; Tucker, 2006). Their stadium must hold 70,000 seats and full-service hotel rooms must total at least 19,000 within an hour of peak traffic driving conditions for NFL related groups (Sharockman & Van Sickler, 2005). The National Basketball Association (NBA) requires NBA All-Star Game bidding cities to carry 5,000 hotel rooms within a close drive and for 90 percent of those rooms to achieve four-star quality status or better (Spanberg, 2003). Both groups also demand large amounts of convention center space for accompanying fan extravaganzas attached to their event (Spanberg, 2003). All National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Championship events also advertise similar demands to host cities before they begin bidding. Additionally, items such as media, safety/security measures, previous experience, etc. must also be addressed by bidding communities and organizations to secure a championship, playoff, or special event. Professional or college organizations and host communities often claim tremendous success with their secured events primarily through an improved image and economic gains (Bramwell, 1997). For instance, Spanberg (2003) suggests that the NFL’s Super Bowl generates an economic and publicity value somewhere between $150 million to $400 million for its host community (Peterson, 2006). This success has not escaped the eyes of the high school scene as the Irving (TX) Chamber of Commerce noticed, “a high school playoff game generates more economic value ... from hotel
Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 2007
Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure head basketball coaches' attitudes of three... more Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure head basketball coaches' attitudes of three dimensions of organizational justice and determine if these attitudes differed based on NCAA divisional membership or sex of the coach. Additionally, this study examined the relationship between distributive, procedural, and interactional justice and overall job satisfaction. A total of 213 head basketball coaches (137 men, 76 women; 110 from Division I, 103 from Division III) participated in this study. Male basketball coaches demonstrated significantly higher scores on measures of interactional and procedural justice while no difference was found for distributive justice. There was no significant difference on scores for the three dimensions of justice based on NCAA divisional membership (I or III). Collectively, the three dimensions of organizational justice explained 28.5% of variance associated with overall job satisfaction, with interactional and distributive justice each making unique contributions. Based on the results of this study, athletic departments should consider basketball coaches' perceptions of organizational justice when attempting to influence their attitudes of job satisfaction.
International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 2009
ABSTRACT Using a sample of 152 student employees, the authors examined the relationship between o... more ABSTRACT Using a sample of 152 student employees, the authors examined the relationship between organisational justice and Perceived Organisational Support (POS). Specifically this study examined the degree that distributive, procedural, and interactional justice influenced student employee POS. Additionally, the authors explored whether perceptions of justice differed based on sex, tenure of employment, and type of supervision. All three dimensions of organisational justice were significantly related to POS, with distributive justice demonstrating the greatest effect. Based on findings from this study, it appears that employee perceptions of workplace fairness serve as an important determinant of POS.
ABSTRACT As many sport organisations are frequently in great need of volunteers, it is important ... more ABSTRACT As many sport organisations are frequently in great need of volunteers, it is important for sport marketers to develop effective public service advertisements (PSAs) to attract volunteers. The purpose of this study was to expand and test a theory of persuasion for PSAs designed to lead people to help with the Special Olympics. More specifically, this study was designed to broaden the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) by incorporating a newly added personality variable, empathic tendency, and to show how this variable affects audiences' information processing of PSAs. In order to test the ELM, a three-way, 2 (empathy: high v low) x 2 (argument quality: strong v weak) x 2 (peripheral cue: celebrity v non-celebrity status) factorial design was used. A total of 102 male and 119 female students participated (n = 221). The results indicated that both high empathy subjects and low empathy subjects were motivated to process the persuasive messages, suggesting that both groups followed the central route to processing. Involvement was found to significantly influence the argument processing of low empathy subjects. Celebrity status did not serve as a peripheral cue in this study.
Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 2008
Researchers in a number of disciplines have examined the utility of single-item measures for both... more Researchers in a number of disciplines have examined the utility of single-item measures for both affective and cognitive constructs. While these authors have indicated that, under certain circumstances, the use of single-item measures is appropriate, there remains ...
ABSTRACT Organizational justice may be a vital factor in the development of conflict between pers... more ABSTRACT Organizational justice may be a vital factor in the development of conflict between personnel within sport organizations. Specifically, perceptions of injustice may increase the potential for disagreement regarding codes of conduct and organizational procedures. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of multiple dimensions of organizational justice (i.e., distributive, procedural, interactional, and informational) on the perception of intragroup conflict. Paid staff from 262 regional sport commissions and convention and visitors bureaus (CVBs) across the United States responded to an online study to measure perceptions of justice and conflict. Results indicating procedural, interactional, and informational justice predicted the perception of intragroup conflict in this setting. The unique impact of each type of justice may be explained by instrumental and relational models, which has implications for sport management theory and practice.
ABSTRACT Given the environmental risks that impede positive youth development, community youth sp... more ABSTRACT Given the environmental risks that impede positive youth development, community youth sport organizations serving vulnerable youth are critical. Organizational behaviour theory postulates there is an indirect effect of an organization’s processes on performance through organizational climate, while there is no direct effect of an organization’s processes on performance in the presence of the indirect effect. The current study tests this theoretical framework within the context of a community youth sport organization. Surveys were administered to 417 youth participants and 52 programme staff throughout the 19-day intervention. The structural model found organizational process a non-significant latent variable, and demonstrated significant direct effects from organizational climate to youth social and athletic competence (organizational performance indicators). The results reveal organizational behaviour theory may function differently dependent upon the context. The findings lend credence to the importance of perceived organizational climate in fostering positive youth development. RésuméÉtant donné les risques environnementaux qui entravent le développement positif des jeunes, le rôle joué auprès des jeunes vulnérables par les organisations sportives communautaires est essentiel. La théorie du comportement organisationnel postule que les processus d’une organisation ont un effet indirect sur le rendement via le climat organisationnel ainsi instillé, tandis les processus d’une organisation n’ont pas d’effet direct sur le rendement en présence d’effets indirects (Ehrhart et Raver, 2014). La présente étude teste ce cadre théorique dans le contexte d’une organisation sportive communautaire oeuvrant auprès de la jeunesse. 417 jeunes participants et 52 membres du personnel du programme ont répondu à des sondages tout au long des 19 jours de l’intervention. Selon le modèle structurel, le processus organisationnel est une variable latente non significative et le climat organisationnel démontre des effets directs significatifs sur la compétence sociale et sportive des jeunes (indicateurs de rendement organisationnel). Les résultats révèlent que le cadre théorique d’Ehrhart et Raver (2014) fonctionne différemment selon le contexte. Les résultats confirment l’importance du climat organisationnel perçu dans la stimulation du développement positif des jeunes.
Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 2008
Over the years, many researchers have examined organizational commitment and how it develops. How... more Over the years, many researchers have examined organizational commitment and how it develops. However, few have looked at differences in antecedents of commitment based on gender. Three hundred and twenty-eight athletic coaches (women = 88; men = 240) from Divisions I (n = 156) and III (n = 172) responded to a questionnaire that measured four bases of organizational commitment (affective [AC], normative [NC], continuance-high sacrifice [CC:HiSac], and continuance-low number of alternatives [CC:LoAlt]) and two specific groups of antecedents (personal characteristics and job characteristics). Differences between male and female respondents were examined to determine if their commitment developed in similar manners. The regression equation with all four job characteristic variables was significantly related to the bases of organizational commitment, cumulatively explaining 37.9% of the variance in females’ NC and 29.6% of the variance in women’s AC; for men, the job characteristic vari...
Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 2008
Over the years, many researchers have examined organizational commitment and how it develops. How... more Over the years, many researchers have examined organizational commitment and how it develops. However, few have looked at differences in antecedents of commitment based on gender. Three hundred and twenty-eight athletic coaches (women = 88; men = 240) from Divisions I (n = 156) and III (n = 172) responded to a questionnaire that measured four bases of organizational commitment (affective [AC], normative [NC], continuance-high sacrifice [CC:HiSac], and continuance-low number of alternatives [CC:LoAlt]) and two specific groups of antecedents (personal characteristics and job characteristics). Differences between male and female respondents were examined to determine if their commitment developed in similar manners. The regression equation with all four job characteristic variables was significantly related to the bases of organizational commitment, cumulatively explaining 37.9% of the variance in females’ NC and 29.6% of the variance in women’s AC; for men, the job characteristic vari...
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