Advances in alcohol and substance abuse, Jan 31, 1984
Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly a... more Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly accepted drug. In some individuals, chronic excessive caffeine consumption leads to the development of caffeinism, a syndrome which includes increased anxiety, depression, frequency of psychophysiological disorders, and possibly degraded performance. This paper reviews the research demonstrating the abuse potential of caffeine. Special attention has been given to
Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly a... more Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly accepted drug. In some individuals, chronic excessive caffeine consumption leads to the development of caffeinism, a syndrome which includes increased anxiety, depression, frequency of psychophysiological disorders, and possibly degraded performance. This paper reviews research demonstrating the abuse potential of caffeine. Special attention has been given those factors which mediate the wide individual differences in consumption patterns, susceptibility to abuse, and the varied psychological and physiological responses to this drug. While the development of caffeine abuse is probably best viewed as an idiosyncratic process, general guidelines for the recognition of potential abuse, and caffeinism proper, are offered.
As the use of computer-based neurocognitive assessment is rapidly expanding, the need to systemat... more As the use of computer-based neurocognitive assessment is rapidly expanding, the need to systematically study and document key psychometric properties of these measures has become increasingly more salient. To meet this aim, this study examined test-retest reliability and practice effects for the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics General Neuropsychological Screening battery (ANAM GNS) in a sample of 94 community dwelling adults. ANAM GNS was administered and then repeated (alternate form) after 30Â days. Test-retest reliability, practice effects, and the standard error of measurement were calculated. Using these estimates, reliable change indices were calculated to determine degree of performance change needed to exceed chance and measurement error (with 90% confidence interval). The test-retest reliability for the ANAM composite score was .91. Performance significantly improved upon retest, but the effect size was small consistent with minimal practice effects. The threshold indicating change beyond chance or measurement error with 90% certainty was .9 (z-score). Findings suggest that the ANAM GNS has excellent test-retest reliability upon retest at 30Â days. Small practice effects can be expected. Change greater than .9 standard deviations in the ANAM composite score is likely to represent meaningful clinical change. This paper presents initial psychometric data from the ANAM GNS and supports its use as a reliable measure of cognition.
ABSTRACT In a test of the arousal hypothesis of introversion-extraversion, subjects were pre- and... more ABSTRACT In a test of the arousal hypothesis of introversion-extraversion, subjects were pre- and post-tested on practice Graduate Record Examination verbal performance items while administered caffeine at either 0, 2, or 4 mg/kg of body weight. Introverts increased dramatically in performance between the 0 and 2 mg/kg conditions and then decreased even more dramatically between the 2 and 4 mg/kg conditions. Extraverts showed decrements in performance at the 0 mg/kg level, improved slightly at the 2 mg/kg level, and showed marked improvement at the 4 mg/kg level. Further analyses revealed that introverts increased in both speed and accuracy at low levels of stimulation but then decreased in both at higher levels of stimulation. Extraverts showed continued increases in speed and accuracy across the increasing arousal levels.
Three issues raised by M. W. Eysenck and Folkard are discussed. These include (a) just what indiv... more Three issues raised by M. W. Eysenck and Folkard are discussed. These include (a) just what individual difference variable is mediating the time of day and caffeine effects; (b) what the difference is in the diurnal rhythms of low and high impulsives; and (c) whether it is necessary to postulate multiple activation states. Suggestions for future research are then given.
Advances in alcohol and substance abuse, Jan 31, 1984
Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly a... more Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly accepted drug. In some individuals, chronic excessive caffeine consumption leads to the development of caffeinism, a syndrome which includes increased anxiety, depression, frequency of psychophysiological disorders, and possibly degraded performance. This paper reviews the research demonstrating the abuse potential of caffeine. Special attention has been given to
Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly a... more Recent investigations of caffeine abuse have questioned the indiscriminant use of this commonly accepted drug. In some individuals, chronic excessive caffeine consumption leads to the development of caffeinism, a syndrome which includes increased anxiety, depression, frequency of psychophysiological disorders, and possibly degraded performance. This paper reviews research demonstrating the abuse potential of caffeine. Special attention has been given those factors which mediate the wide individual differences in consumption patterns, susceptibility to abuse, and the varied psychological and physiological responses to this drug. While the development of caffeine abuse is probably best viewed as an idiosyncratic process, general guidelines for the recognition of potential abuse, and caffeinism proper, are offered.
As the use of computer-based neurocognitive assessment is rapidly expanding, the need to systemat... more As the use of computer-based neurocognitive assessment is rapidly expanding, the need to systematically study and document key psychometric properties of these measures has become increasingly more salient. To meet this aim, this study examined test-retest reliability and practice effects for the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics General Neuropsychological Screening battery (ANAM GNS) in a sample of 94 community dwelling adults. ANAM GNS was administered and then repeated (alternate form) after 30Â days. Test-retest reliability, practice effects, and the standard error of measurement were calculated. Using these estimates, reliable change indices were calculated to determine degree of performance change needed to exceed chance and measurement error (with 90% confidence interval). The test-retest reliability for the ANAM composite score was .91. Performance significantly improved upon retest, but the effect size was small consistent with minimal practice effects. The threshold indicating change beyond chance or measurement error with 90% certainty was .9 (z-score). Findings suggest that the ANAM GNS has excellent test-retest reliability upon retest at 30Â days. Small practice effects can be expected. Change greater than .9 standard deviations in the ANAM composite score is likely to represent meaningful clinical change. This paper presents initial psychometric data from the ANAM GNS and supports its use as a reliable measure of cognition.
ABSTRACT In a test of the arousal hypothesis of introversion-extraversion, subjects were pre- and... more ABSTRACT In a test of the arousal hypothesis of introversion-extraversion, subjects were pre- and post-tested on practice Graduate Record Examination verbal performance items while administered caffeine at either 0, 2, or 4 mg/kg of body weight. Introverts increased dramatically in performance between the 0 and 2 mg/kg conditions and then decreased even more dramatically between the 2 and 4 mg/kg conditions. Extraverts showed decrements in performance at the 0 mg/kg level, improved slightly at the 2 mg/kg level, and showed marked improvement at the 4 mg/kg level. Further analyses revealed that introverts increased in both speed and accuracy at low levels of stimulation but then decreased in both at higher levels of stimulation. Extraverts showed continued increases in speed and accuracy across the increasing arousal levels.
Three issues raised by M. W. Eysenck and Folkard are discussed. These include (a) just what indiv... more Three issues raised by M. W. Eysenck and Folkard are discussed. These include (a) just what individual difference variable is mediating the time of day and caffeine effects; (b) what the difference is in the diurnal rhythms of low and high impulsives; and (c) whether it is necessary to postulate multiple activation states. Suggestions for future research are then given.
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