An archipelago located about 1000 kilometres southeast of continental Asia, the Philippines consi... more An archipelago located about 1000 kilometres southeast of continental Asia, the Philippines consists of approximately 7100 islands extending 1800 kilometres north to south between Taiwan and Indonesia. The 11 largest islands constitute 94 per cent of the 30 million hectare land area, of which 42 per cent is classified as forest and mineral land; 48 per cent as plantation and crop land; and the rest as urban and open land. The territorial waters in and around the islands aggregate to 167 million hectares of actual and potential fishing grounds with over 2000 known species of aquatic life. The country has a tropical climate that allows year round cultivation of crops, although seasonal typhoons do bring strong winds and flood waters that sometimes cause destruction, especially in the northern islands.
Public funding of government infrastructure in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific Rim c... more Public funding of government infrastructure in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific Rim cannot meet the increased costs of urbanization and sustained economic growth. In the past thirty years, about half of the Asian Development Bank's (ADB's) infrastructure loans to respective governments have provided energy, transportation, and water investments. ADB has also financed model public-private partnerships and assisted with institution building and policy reform. In addition to technical assistance, ADB uses dialog for more efficient public resource management, and better enables private sector investment.
Public funding of government infrastructure in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific Rim c... more Public funding of government infrastructure in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific Rim cannot meet the increased costs of urbanization and sustained economic growth. In the past thirty years, about half of the Asian Development Bank's (ADB's) infrastructure loans to respective governments have provided energy, transportation, and water investments. ADB has also financed model public-private partnerships and assisted with institution building and policy reform. In addition to technical assistance, ADB uses dialog for more efficient public resource management, and better enables private sector investment.
Financial Institutions and Markets in Southeast Asia
An archipelago located about 1000 kilometres southeast of continental Asia, the Philippines consi... more An archipelago located about 1000 kilometres southeast of continental Asia, the Philippines consists of approximately 7100 islands extending 1800 kilometres north to south between Taiwan and Indonesia. The 11 largest islands constitute 94 per cent of the 30 million hectare land area, of which 42 per cent is classified as forest and mineral land; 48 per cent as plantation and crop land; and the rest as urban and open land. The territorial waters in and around the islands aggregate to 167 million hectares of actual and potential fishing grounds with over 2000 known species of aquatic life. The country has a tropical climate that allows year round cultivation of crops, although seasonal typhoons do bring strong winds and flood waters that sometimes cause destruction, especially in the northern islands.
Many developing countries have been beset by persistent problems of inequality and poverty. The P... more Many developing countries have been beset by persistent problems of inequality and poverty. The Philippines is one of those countries. Its gross national income (GNI) per capita is now the lowest among the five original ASEAN membercountries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand). Its inequality and poverty metrics at 46 percent (Gini coefficient, 2012) and 25.2 percent (headcount, 2012), respectively, remain the highest relative to the four other ASEAN originals plus newcomer Vietnam. This situation has persisted despite the country’s economic growth during the current administration averaging 6.2 percent, the highest over the last four decades or so.
ABSTRACT India got its independence carrying a legacy of around 90 percent of its people living i... more ABSTRACT India got its independence carrying a legacy of around 90 percent of its people living in rural areas, with around 15 percent of the people literate, more than 80 percent population dependent on traditional farming with massive poverty, poor infrastructure, unbalance regional development and backwardness. At the time of independence, sustainable socio-economic development was the utmost priority of the national government. Infrastructure development was obviously a very important component of development. Agriculture continues to be a fundamental instrument for sustainable development and poverty reduction. The vision of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam of a developed India by 2020 cannot be expected without the development of rural areas as it constitutes 68.84 percent according to the census 2011 (provisional). There is lack of basic infrastructure like roads, transport, power, water supply and sanitation, irrigation, telecommunication, education and health services, etc. in rural villages. Elimination of poverty, ignorance, diseases, inequality of opportunities and providing a better and higher quality of life were the basic premises upon which all the plans and blue-prints of development were built. Many programmes like Indira Awas Yojana, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Bharat Nirman, Central Rural Sanitation Programme, National Rural Health Mission, etc. were initiated by the government to boost infrastructure development. These programmes did not achieve much success in addressing the infrastructure deficit. The government is only restructuring and combining the programmes like Integrated Rural Development Programme and allied programmes i.e. Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment, Ganga Kalyan Yojana, Million Wells Scheme, etc. to Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana which was again restructured to National Rural Livelihood Mission to reduce the poverty and improving the quality of life. There is lot of corruption in government initiated programmes and schemes, lack of expertise, absence of coordination and allocation of meagre funds from central, state and local government. Public Private Partnerships (PPP) can supplement the infrastructure deficit as well as sustainable development of rural areas. In the beginning, PPP technique was restricted to the road sector. Presently, the government is resorting to this arrangement in areas such as education, health, transport, power, water supply and sanitation, irrigation, telecommunication and other related infrastructure services to underpin both accelerated sustainable infrastructure development and improved service delivery. As of August 2012, 881 PPP projects have been initiated and most projects are in education, health, roads and power. It helped in revolutionising telecommunication, connecting rural roads with state and national highways, educational, power, water supply and sanitation in rural areas. The government amended many policies for implementing PPP projects, but it still faces people’s protest against land acquisition and user charges (tolls), lack of incentives given by governments to private players in rural areas, no fast track approval of projects and many projects are urban centred. PPP can be profitably harnessed to reinforce India’s position on the world map.
An archipelago located about 1000 kilometres southeast of continental Asia, the Philippines consi... more An archipelago located about 1000 kilometres southeast of continental Asia, the Philippines consists of approximately 7100 islands extending 1800 kilometres north to south between Taiwan and Indonesia. The 11 largest islands constitute 94 per cent of the 30 million hectare land area, of which 42 per cent is classified as forest and mineral land; 48 per cent as plantation and crop land; and the rest as urban and open land. The territorial waters in and around the islands aggregate to 167 million hectares of actual and potential fishing grounds with over 2000 known species of aquatic life. The country has a tropical climate that allows year round cultivation of crops, although seasonal typhoons do bring strong winds and flood waters that sometimes cause destruction, especially in the northern islands.
Public funding of government infrastructure in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific Rim c... more Public funding of government infrastructure in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific Rim cannot meet the increased costs of urbanization and sustained economic growth. In the past thirty years, about half of the Asian Development Bank's (ADB's) infrastructure loans to respective governments have provided energy, transportation, and water investments. ADB has also financed model public-private partnerships and assisted with institution building and policy reform. In addition to technical assistance, ADB uses dialog for more efficient public resource management, and better enables private sector investment.
Public funding of government infrastructure in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific Rim c... more Public funding of government infrastructure in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific Rim cannot meet the increased costs of urbanization and sustained economic growth. In the past thirty years, about half of the Asian Development Bank's (ADB's) infrastructure loans to respective governments have provided energy, transportation, and water investments. ADB has also financed model public-private partnerships and assisted with institution building and policy reform. In addition to technical assistance, ADB uses dialog for more efficient public resource management, and better enables private sector investment.
Financial Institutions and Markets in Southeast Asia
An archipelago located about 1000 kilometres southeast of continental Asia, the Philippines consi... more An archipelago located about 1000 kilometres southeast of continental Asia, the Philippines consists of approximately 7100 islands extending 1800 kilometres north to south between Taiwan and Indonesia. The 11 largest islands constitute 94 per cent of the 30 million hectare land area, of which 42 per cent is classified as forest and mineral land; 48 per cent as plantation and crop land; and the rest as urban and open land. The territorial waters in and around the islands aggregate to 167 million hectares of actual and potential fishing grounds with over 2000 known species of aquatic life. The country has a tropical climate that allows year round cultivation of crops, although seasonal typhoons do bring strong winds and flood waters that sometimes cause destruction, especially in the northern islands.
Many developing countries have been beset by persistent problems of inequality and poverty. The P... more Many developing countries have been beset by persistent problems of inequality and poverty. The Philippines is one of those countries. Its gross national income (GNI) per capita is now the lowest among the five original ASEAN membercountries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand). Its inequality and poverty metrics at 46 percent (Gini coefficient, 2012) and 25.2 percent (headcount, 2012), respectively, remain the highest relative to the four other ASEAN originals plus newcomer Vietnam. This situation has persisted despite the country’s economic growth during the current administration averaging 6.2 percent, the highest over the last four decades or so.
ABSTRACT India got its independence carrying a legacy of around 90 percent of its people living i... more ABSTRACT India got its independence carrying a legacy of around 90 percent of its people living in rural areas, with around 15 percent of the people literate, more than 80 percent population dependent on traditional farming with massive poverty, poor infrastructure, unbalance regional development and backwardness. At the time of independence, sustainable socio-economic development was the utmost priority of the national government. Infrastructure development was obviously a very important component of development. Agriculture continues to be a fundamental instrument for sustainable development and poverty reduction. The vision of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam of a developed India by 2020 cannot be expected without the development of rural areas as it constitutes 68.84 percent according to the census 2011 (provisional). There is lack of basic infrastructure like roads, transport, power, water supply and sanitation, irrigation, telecommunication, education and health services, etc. in rural villages. Elimination of poverty, ignorance, diseases, inequality of opportunities and providing a better and higher quality of life were the basic premises upon which all the plans and blue-prints of development were built. Many programmes like Indira Awas Yojana, Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Bharat Nirman, Central Rural Sanitation Programme, National Rural Health Mission, etc. were initiated by the government to boost infrastructure development. These programmes did not achieve much success in addressing the infrastructure deficit. The government is only restructuring and combining the programmes like Integrated Rural Development Programme and allied programmes i.e. Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment, Ganga Kalyan Yojana, Million Wells Scheme, etc. to Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana which was again restructured to National Rural Livelihood Mission to reduce the poverty and improving the quality of life. There is lot of corruption in government initiated programmes and schemes, lack of expertise, absence of coordination and allocation of meagre funds from central, state and local government. Public Private Partnerships (PPP) can supplement the infrastructure deficit as well as sustainable development of rural areas. In the beginning, PPP technique was restricted to the road sector. Presently, the government is resorting to this arrangement in areas such as education, health, transport, power, water supply and sanitation, irrigation, telecommunication and other related infrastructure services to underpin both accelerated sustainable infrastructure development and improved service delivery. As of August 2012, 881 PPP projects have been initiated and most projects are in education, health, roads and power. It helped in revolutionising telecommunication, connecting rural roads with state and national highways, educational, power, water supply and sanitation in rural areas. The government amended many policies for implementing PPP projects, but it still faces people’s protest against land acquisition and user charges (tolls), lack of incentives given by governments to private players in rural areas, no fast track approval of projects and many projects are urban centred. PPP can be profitably harnessed to reinforce India’s position on the world map.
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