Aula 09

ESTRATÉGIA MILITARES – Leonardo Pontes
ITA 2023
Idioms / Phrasal Verbs
Professor Leonardo Pontes
AULA 09
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AULA 09 – Idioms / Phrasal Verbs
Sumário
1. INTRODUÇÃO 3
2. IDIOMS 4
3. PHRASAL VERBS 13
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4.0 QUESTÕES DE PROVAS ANTERIORES 38
4.1 GABARITO 83
5. QUESTÕES COMENTADAS 84
6.0 VERSÕES DAS AULAS 153
7.0 REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA 153
8.0 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 154
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1. Introdução
Chegamos, então, à última aula de nosso curso!
Você acaba de iniciar o estudo da aula mais avançada de nosso curso. Assim, é importante
que você entenda o quanto já evoluiu até chegar a esse momento. Já passamos por técnicas de
leitura, verbos, substantivos, adjetivos e diversas outras classes gramaticais. Já falamos sobre
estruturas específicas da língua, como genitive case, voz passiva e causatives.
Você, neste momento, já é um candidato muito melhor preparado em relação ao momento
em que começamos nossa jornada. Por isso, gostaria de dar os parabéns a você por ter chegado
até aqui. Isso demonstra seu compromisso, empenho, dedicação e foco no objetivo de ser
aprovado. Dito isso, iniciaremos, hoje, nossa aula de Idioms e Phrasal Verbs. Esses dois
assuntos são avançados e muito relevntes para quem quer entender todas as nuances que os
textos encontrados nas provas podem oferecer e que os examinadores esperam que você não
entenda.
Vamos começar pelos Idioms. Let`s go, guys!!!
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2. Idioms
Eu gosto sempre de dizer que aprender uma língua é muito mais do aprender um conjunto
de palavras. Esse é um dos motivos pelos quais, quando se estuda Inglês, é tão importante
abandonar a vontade que se tem de traduzir tudo o que lê. Até porque eu já ofereci técnicas que
ajudam você a entender o “todo” sem precisar traduzir de fato.
É correto afirmar que, uma expressão idiomática aparece quando uma frase assume
significado diferente daquele que as palavras teriam, se fossem analisadas isoladamente.
As expressões idiomáticas são uma parte importante da comunicação formal ou informal,
escrita ou falada, e, o motivo que leva um falante ou um escritor, um autor de um texto a usar
uma expressão idiomática é o desejo de acrescentar, na interpretação daquela frase, algo que a
linguagem convencional não poderia suprir.
Também chamadas de provérbios, as expressões idiomáticas surgem com frequência e,
muitas vezes, é divertido comparamos as expressões de língua inglesa àquelas em nosso idioma.
Aprender a utilizar expressões idiomáticas é importante e, no seu caso, mais importante ainda é
aprendê-las e identificá-las nos textos da prova, pois você estará garantindo acertar certas
questões, que poucas pessoas acertariam quando envolve termos dessa natureza.
Uma expressão idiomática tem por função enriquecer a frase, ela pode reforçar ideias,
pode enfatizar um sentimento de alguém e pode, ainda, diminuir, amenizar o impacto que algum
termo possa causar, seja com humor ou com ironia. As expressões idiomáticas expressam ideias
de diferentes maneiras dentro de cada contexto. Vale afirmar que, pelo sentido exclusivo que
possuem, não há, para as expressões idiomáticas, um significado concreto, como a maioria dos
vocábulos que há em nosso vocabulário.
Para que as expressões sejam estudadas com eficácia, é necessário considerar o contexto
em que são produzidas, já que sempre estão associadas a situações que se relacionam à valores
culturais, conforme já expliquei. Vamos estudá-las agora? Come on!
Alguns desses IDIOMS, são expressões idiomáticas que usam, em sua estrutura, palavras
similares às que usamos em nossas expressões em Português. Bom, na maioria das vezes, as
expressões são compostas por palavras diferentes e, quando tentamos traduzir, fica totalmente
sem sentido. Por exemplo, desejar boa sorte a alguém, antes de uma apresentação, além de
“Good luck”, podemos também dizer “break a leg”, a expressão idiomática que tem esse sentido.
Se você traduzir, significa “quebrar uma perna”, mas, é muito usado com essa intenção de
salientar que você deseja boa sorte.
Entre as expressões que assemelham à nossa língua, estão alguns exemplos:
• Better late than never – Antes tarde do que nunca
A expressão “Antes tarde do que nunca”, usa as palavras “tarde” e “nunca”, o que facilita
para você se lembrar. A palavra “antes”, em Inglês, que é “before”, não é usada no início da frase
mas, a tradução de “Better late than never” - “Melhor tarde do que nunca” proporciona a
dedução equivalente: “Antes tarde do que nunca”.
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• Once and for all – De uma vez por todas
A expressão “De uma vez por todas”, usa o termo “por todas”, (for all), o que também
facilita para você fazer a conecção. “Once” é uma vez, mas, ligando as ideias, “Uma vez por todas”
nos leva a compreender que se trata “De uma vez por todos(as)”.
• A word to the wise is enough – Para bom entendedor, meia palavra basta
A expressão “Para um bom entendedor, meia palavra basta”, o idiom é quase igual escrito
em outra ordem: “A word to the wise is enough” – “Uma palavra para um sábio é suficiente”.
Expressão boa para se lembrar, caso apareça em sua prova.
• We are even – Estamos quites
Para compreender bem a expressão “Estamos quites”, é preciso saber como se fala “par
ou ímpar” em Inglês – “Even or odd”. Assim, a expressão é formada pela palavra “par” do par ou
ímpar, como se fosse “Estamos pares”. Interessante, não é?
• Maybe some other time – Fica para a próxima
A expressão “Fica para a próxima”, em Inglês, não usa as mesmas palavras, mas usa termos
que equivalem ao mesmo sentido: “Maybe some other time” significa Talvez alguma outra hora”
e por isso também é uma expressão mais simples de ser interpretada.
Vimos expressões idiomáticas em Inglês formadas por palavras similares às palavras em

Português e por isso, de possível dedução de qual ideia, qual sentido estão exercendo. Agora,
veremos expressões idiomáticas que podem até possuir uma ou outra palavra equivalente à
expressão em Português, mas, na maioria das vezes, são palavras diferentes.
Vejamos exemplos e comentários para facilitar seus estudos.
• Between a rock and a hard place – Entre a cruz e a espada
A expressão “Entre a cruz e a espada”, usa a preposição “between”, (entre duas coisas), já
que entre muitos, seria a preposição “among”. Apesar disso, em Português, temos as palavras
cruz e espada. Em Inglês, a expressão se compões com as palavras rocha (rock) e um lugar duro,
como uma parede (hard place). Diferente, não é?
• Get up on the wrong side of the bed – Acordar com o pé esquerdo
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A expressão “Acordar com o pé esquerdo” tem o verbo “acordar/levantar”, (get up), mas
não é com o pé esquerdo e sim “do lado errado da cama (wrong side of the bed), querendo dizer
que a pessoa dormiu do lado em que não está acostumada e pode ter acordado de mau humor
por isso. Daí, se equivale a acordar com o pé esquerdo.
• Every Jack to his trade – Cada macaco no seu galho
A expressão “Cada macaco no seu galho”, em Inglês, “Every Jack to his trade”, significa
“Cada Jack em seu comércio”, ou seja, cada pessoa em sua função, cada um encaixado naquilo
que sabe fazer. Interessante saber que em Português usa-se o macaco e em Inglês o nome de
uma pessoa: Jack.
• Short temper – Pavio curto
Na expressão “Pavio curto”, há outras palavras para representar o que seria um pavio
curto, alguém que explode fácil, se enfurece rapidamente: um temperamento curto – short
temper. Também poderia ser traduzido como pouca disposição, já que a palavra “temper” pode
ser temperamento, disposição, humor.
• It’s just water under the bridge – Isso são águas passadas
Para dizer “Isso são águas passadas”, para expressar algo que ficou no passado, que não
vale a pena falar sobre, que é melhor ser esquecido, em Inglês, se diz são “apenas águas embaixo
da ponte”: just water under the bridge”, significando algo que foi levado pela correnteza, que
deveria ter sido deixado para trás.
• Nothing ventured, nothing gained – Quem não arrisca, não petisca
A expressão “Quem não arrisca não petisca”, em Inglês, significa nada arriscado, nada
ganho – “Nothing ventured, nothing gained”. E assim, apesar de estranha a tradução, representa
que, se não for arriscado, não se obtém o que se deseja.
• It’s time to face the music – É hora de encarar os fatos
Na expressão “É hora de encarar os fatos”, usa-se a palavra música no lugar dos fatos, que
seria “facts” e assim, fica: é hora de encarar a música.
• Burn the midnight oil – Varar a noite
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A expressão “varar a noite” ou, algumas pessoas dizem “virar a noite” ou então “passar a
noite em claro, demonstrando que alguém não dormiu, seja para trabalhar ou fazer qualquer
atividade realizada durante toda a noite, é queimar o óleo da meia-noite: “burn the midnight oil”
– porque antigamente, usava-se lamparinas, reservatórios com um líquido combustível, no qual
se mergulhava um pavio que traspassava uma rodela de madeira para acender e gerar luz.
Agora, veremos outras expressões que são, realmente, totalmente diferentes na tradução,
nas palavras usadas, de difícil dedução, mas, caso esteja em sua prova, você estudou e aprimorou
seu vocabulário. Armazene as informações, ok? Attention!!!
Essas expressões idiomáticas que veremos agora são muito interessantes. São, as que mais
representam uma determinada cultura local, costumes e vocabulário utilizado por falantes da
língua inglesa em cada país em que vivem. Vejamos exemplos dessas expressões e, em seguida,
vamos visualizar expressões idiomáticas em textos de provas anteriores para praticar, enriquecer
vocabulário e saber como identificar tais termos.
• When hell freezes over – No dia de são nunca
A expressão “No dia de São Nunca”, ou seja, um dia que não vai acontecer, algo que não
vai acontecer, em Inglês, é quando o inferno congelar – “when hell freezes over”. Acredita-se que
o inferno seja um lugar quente e com bastante fogo e por isso, seria difícil congelar onde há fogo,
assim como fazer algo no dia de São Nunca, que não existe.
• Piece of cake – Mamão com açúcar
A expressão “mamão com açúcar”, em Inglês, é um “pedaço de bolo” – piece of cake,

representando algo muito fácil de fazer, uma tarefa muito fácil de realizar.
• Bite your tongue / Perish the thought – Vira essa boca para lá
Para a expressão “Vire essa boca pra lá”, em Inglês, há duas frases: morda sua língua - “bite
your tongue” e suma com esse pensamento/desapareça com essa ideia, algo assim: “perish your
thought”.
• It’s a catch 22 – Beco sem saída
A expressão “Beco sem saída” - It's a catch 22, teve

origem baseada no famoso livro “Catch-22” (1961), de Joseph
Heller, em que escreveu sobre a Segunda Guerra, relatando que
os pilotos enfrentavam um dilema: Alegar insanidade ou não
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para recusar as missões de bombardeio, de acordo com o

regulamento 22:
“THERE IS A CATCH: "An airman would have to be crazy to fly more missions, and if he was
crazy he would be unfit to fly. Yet, if an airman would refuse to fly more missions, this would
indicate that he is sane, which would mean that he would be fit to fly the missions"
Eis o impasse: Um piloto considerado louco, insano, estava inapto para voar nas missões
de bombardeio, mas, se recusasse as missões com sanidade, teria que, obrigatoriamente, realizá-
las.
• Cry over the spilled milk – Chprar o leite derramado
A expressão “Chorar o leite derramado”, usa a palavra “leite”, (milk), mas diz chorar (verbo
cry) o leite derramado (spiled), como se a pessoa ficasse tão triste que desperdiçou, que chorou.
Viu como essas diferenças culturais são interessantes?
• Once in a blue moon – Uma vez na vida, outra na morte
A expressão “Uma vez na vida, outra na morte”, para representar que algo é feito
raramente ou quase nunca, em Inglês, é uma das mais diferentes de todas: “Once in a blue
moon”, que traduzida, seria “uma vez na lua azul”. Isso porque, o efeito “lua azul” é raro de se
observar e só ocorre uma vez a cada dois anos e meio. O termo é usado para descrever um
acontecimento incomum.
• Every other day – Dia sim, dia não
A expressão “Dia sim, dia não” também é expressa de forma bem diferente, já que “Every
other day” significa “cada outro dia” literalmente. Isso porque, em Inglês, para dizer, por exemplo,
de 15 em 15 dias, se diz “every 15 days” – então o “every” é utilizado nessas expressões de tempo.
Got it?
Veremos agora várias expressões idiomáticas que já apareceram em textos de provas de

anos anteriores, destacadas e comentadas para aprimorar seus estudos. E, além de expressões
idiomáticas propriamente ditas, mostrarei também termos que, se tornaram, de certa forma,
tipos de expressões, derivações de verbos e outras classificações gramaticais que não são gírias,
e sim adaptações da língua que formam locuções frasais.
Na prova do ITA, em 2012, por exemplo, apareceu a expressão idiomática “walking in
another’s shoes”, cuja tradução literal é “andar no sapato do outro” e equivale à expressão
“colocar-se no lugar do outro” em Português, idiom que já esteve presente em outras provas,
observe:
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WALK IN ANOTHER’S SHOES
O texto está falando sobre bullying e, na linha em que há a expressão idiomática,

“...compassion and lacks the walking in another’s shoes component...”, diz que uma das coisas
que estão faltando é o componente “colocar-se no lugar do outro”.
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Em uma questão do IME, em 2008, na questão 23, apareceu o termo “messes up”, que, é
um verbo para expressar desorganização, anarquia, confusão. Além de ser um phrasal verb com
significado bagunçar ou estragar, pode ser usado como expressão para a situação do personagem
estar sempre no meio de problemas, em conflito. Observe:
MESS UP
A resposta seria letra “A”, porque, na última linha do trecho acima retirado do texto, ele
afirma que conta piadas como forma de viver: “he tells jokes as a living”.
Agora, veremos o índice da revista Time, explorado em muitas provas, com a expressão
“make a comeback”, que, ao invés de ser “fazer um retorno”, é “dar a volta por cima”. A expressão
diz: “Charles Dickens is making a comeback – as a fictional character”, demonstra que, o artigo da
página 52 será sobre o personagem dando a volta por cima, veja:
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MAKE A COMEBACK
Sobre o próximo texto, da fonte The Guardian, bastante usada em provas, foi usada a
expressão “by accident”, na linha 19 e não tem relação nenhuma com acidente e significa “por
acaso”. Inclusive, muito usada em textos, de forma geral.
No parágrafo em que está inserida, diz “The shift has not happened by accident” – A
transição não aconteceu por acaso e em seguida, dará a explicação do motivo pelo qual não pode
se dizer que foi por acaso: que alguém perguntou algo e investiu etc.
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BY ACCIDENT
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3. Phrasal Verbs
3.1. Conceitos
Os phrasal verbs são também conhecidos como verbos frasais (tradução para o português)
ou ainda como verbos preposicionados. É importante lembrar desta última forma, já que ela
define o que são os phrasal verbs. Eles nada mais são do que um verbo acompanhado de uma
preposição. Esta preposição tem a função de alterar a unidade semântica original do verbo, ou
seja, alterar seu significado original. Há também, embora em menor quantidade, phrasal verbs
compostos por um verbo acrescido de um advérbio. Há ainda verbos acompanhados por ambos
(verbo + advérbio + preposição).
Nesse momento você pode estar pensando: “Tudo bem. Entendi essa definição bonita.
Mas o que é um phrasal verb na prática?”
Fique tranquilo, meu querido aluno. É nesse momento que o professor te ajuda a entender
esse negócio na prática. Nada melhor que exemplificar para esclarecer de uma vez por todas o
assunto!
O verbo to carry significa carregar algo.
Exemplo:
She will carry her purse all day long.

(Ela carregará sua bolsa o dia todo.)
Quando acrescemos a preposição out ao verbo to carry, geramos um novo verbo com uma
diferente unidade de sentido. Temos então o verbo to carry out que significar fazer/executar uma
tarefa.
Exemplo:
He carried out the air conditioning maintenance.

(Ele fez/executou a manutenção do ar condicionado.)
Ao analisar o exemplo, pode-se perceber que o phrasal verb se comporta como um verbo
comum, sendo utilizado no infinitivo, gerúndio e particípio, além de flexionado nos tempos
verbais existentes na língua inglesa. Essa adequação às formas nominais e aos tempos verbais se
dá ao conjugar o verbo normalmente mantendo a preposição original.
Exemplos:
Verbo to carry out.

• Infinitivo - to carry out
• Gerúndio – carrying out
• Particípio – carried out
• Simple Past – carried out
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• Future – will carry out
3.2. Transitivos ou Intransitivos
Os phrasal verbs podem ser classificados com transitivos ou intransitivos. Como você deve
se lembrar das aulas de língua portuguesa, a transitividade do verbo indica a necessidade de se
complementar ou não o sentido do verbo. Determinados verbos não exigem complementação,
pois seu significado é bastante para o entendimento da ideia contida na frase. Já outros verbos
necessitam de complementação, ou seja, de um objeto para que a mensagem faça sentido. A
grande maioria dos phrasal verbs são transitivos.
Will é um verbo auxiliar utilizado para designar o tempo futuro do verbo principal. Portanto,
sempre que houver a palavra will antes de um verbo, sabe-se que este verbo está conjugado no futuro.
O sufixo ED é utilizado para designar a conjugação do verbo no passado simples (simple past). Este
sufixo é utilizado nos verbos regulares. Verbos irregulares terão terminação diferente para designar
o simple past.
Portanto, já vai aqui uma dica! Se, em algum momento, você se deparar com um phrasal
verb e não souber se ele é transitivo ou intransitivo, parta do princípio de que ele precisa de
complemento. Para exemplificar temos o phrasal verb Deal With, que é usado para dizer que é
preciso lidar com alguma coisa ou situação. Este verbo precisa de complementação como
podemos observar na frase: “you have to deal with this problem”. Veja que this problem
funciona como complemento do verbo no exemplo. Já um verbo intransitivo que podemos citar
é Grow Up, que se utiliza no contexto de se tornar mais velho, mais maduro ou adulto. Na frase:
“My son is growing up really fast!”, pode-se observar que o verbo não exige complemento, sendo
portanto intransitivo.
Mas há também aqueles verbos que podem ser transitivos ou intransitivos dependendo do
contexto em que estão inseridos. Um excelente exemplo de phrasal verb transitivo e intransitivo
é Wake Up, que como vocês já devem saber, trata-se do verbo acordar. Ele será intransitivo na
frase: “I just woke up”, porque não exige complemento para dar sentido à frase. Entretanto, ao
analisar a frase: “I wake up my son”, observamos que Wake Up é transitivo, pois exige
complemento. Nesse caso o complemento é my son, que funciona como objeto direto na frase.
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3.3. Separáveis e Inseparáveis

Os phrasal verbs podem também ser divididos em separáveis ou inseparáveis. Essa
classificação indica quais verbos serão sempre usados com suas partículas juntas e quais podem
receber uma palavra estranha à sua estrutura entre uma partícula e outra. Como exemplo de
phrasal verb separável temos Wake Up, que pode ser usado da mesma forma do exemplo acima
onde escrevemos: “ I Wake up my son”, mas também pode ser escrito como: “ I Wake my son
up”. É possível observar que, no segundo caso, o objeto direto my son foi escrito no meio da
estrutura do verbo, separando suas duas partículas.
No exemplo citado, pode-se utilizar o verbo tanto na forma junta como na forma separada.
Mas nem sempre funciona assim. Temos também verbos que são, obrigatoriamente, separados.
Podemos citar o verbo keep around como exemplo de verbo obrigatoriamente separado. Na
frase: “ I don’t like to keep my cell phone around when I’m studying”, pode-se notar que cell
phone foi colocado no meio da estrutura do verbo, não sendo possível utilizar este verbo na
seguinte forma: “ I don’t like to keep around my cell phone when I’m studying”.
No caso dos phrasal verbs inseparáveis, podemos citar como exemplo Deal With, que não
aceita nenhuma palavra ou estrutura estranha à sua forma original. A frase: “ You have to deal
with your angry wife”, demonstra a forma correta de se utilizar este verbo. Nunca se poderá
colocar uma palavra ou estrutura entre deal e with.
Mais adiante, colocarei uma lista com alguns phrasal verbs separáveis e inseparáveis para
que você possa enriquecer seu vocabulário e arrebentar na prova quando esses verbos
aparecerem na sua frente!
É importante que você saiba da existência dessas modalidades de uso, pois é muito
comum que os vestibulandos deixem de identificar um phrasal verb só pelo fato de haver
uma palavra entre uma partícula e outra do verbo.
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3.3.1. Tabela de verbos

Phrasal Verb Separável Inseparável
Blow up ü
Break down ü
Break in ü
Break out ü
Bring up ü
Bump into ü
Call off ü
Calm down ü
Care for ü
Carry on ü
Carry out ü
Catch up ü
Check in ü
Check out ü
Chicken out ü
Chop up ü
Come out ü
Come up with ü
Cool off ü
Count on ü
Cover up ü
Deal with ü
Do over ü
Do with ü
Drop in ü
Drop off ü
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Drop out ü
Dry up ü
Eat up ü
End up ü
Fall apart ü
Feel up to ü
Fill up ü
Find out ü
Follow up ü
Get along ü
Get away ü
Get back ü
Get back to ü
Get in ü
Get out of ü
Get over ü
Get to ü
Give up ü
Go over ü
Grow up ü
Hang around ü
Hold on ü
Hurry up ü
Keep away ü
Keep from ü
Keep on ü
Leave off ü
Let down ü
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Let in ü
Lock out ü
Look for ü
Look forward to ü
Look out ü
Look up to ü
Make up ü
Mess up ü
Move in ü
Move out ü
Narrow down ü
Pay off ü
Pick out ü
Pick up ü
Piss off ü
Plan ahead ü
Plug in/into ü
Point out ü
Point to ü
Pull off ü
Pull over ü
Put away ü
Put off ü
Put together ü
Put up with ü
Ring up ü
Rip off ü
Run around ü
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Run out ü
Screw up ü
See about ü
Sell out ü
Set up ü
Show off ü
Shut off ü
Sign in ü
Sign out ü
Slow down ü
Stand for ü
Stay up ü
Stick around ü
Stop over ü
Stress out ü
Talk to ü
Throw away ü
Throw up ü
Track down ü
Try on ü
Turn around ü
Turn down ü
Turn into ü
Turn off ü
Turn on ü
Turn up ü
Turn down ü
Wake up ü
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Watch out ü
Work on ü
Work out ü
Work up ü
Zip up ü
3.4. Similaridade entre Phrasal Verbs

Há uma variedade imensa de phrasal verbs muito parecidos uns com os outros. Isso se dá
pelo fato de alguns verbos serem capazes de originar vários phrasal verbs mudando apenas a
segunda partícula da estrutura do verbo. Por outro lado, vale salientar que os verbos podem ser
muito parecidos em sua escrita ou estrutura e, ainda assim, ter significados inteiramente
diferentes uns dos outros.
Um bom exemplo dessa semelhança é o verbo to look, que gera diversos phrasal verbs
como: look up to, look for, look after, look forward to, look into, look out, look around, look at...
Veja que eles são parecidos entre si pelo fato de que todos começam com o verbo principal look,
mas esse detalhe não faz com que eles tenham significados parecidos. Cada um desses verbos
possui um significado diferente.
Vou abordar cada um deles para que você possa observar o uso e significado de cada um.
§ Look up to – I look up to my mother – Eu admiro minha mãe

§ Look for - I’m looking for my pen – Eu estou procurando minha caneta
§ Look after – My mom looks after my son – Minha mãe toma conta do meu filho
§ Look forward to – I look forward to being a university student – Eu almejo ser um
estudante universitário
§ Look into – I will look into the idea of being a doctor – Vou pesquisar/investigar mais sobre
a ideia de ser médico
§ Look out – Look out for the cars – Fique atento aos carros
§ Look around – I looked around after hearing a noise – Eu olhei envolta depois de escutar
um barulho
§ Look at – Look at this car! It’s beautiful! – Olha esse carro! Ele é lindo!
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Ao analisar esses verbos, você deve estar até confuso. Mas tenha calma, pois com o tempo
você se acostuma a lê-los e entendê-los.
Há centenas de phrasal verbs na língua inglesa. Nesse momento eu tenho duas notícias para
te dar, uma boa e outra ruim. Começando pela ruim, é necessário dizer que não existe regra ou
método que te possibilite aprender esse tópico senão o da memorização. Mas professor, isso é
decoreba!? Infelizmente sim, querido aluno. No entanto, temos também uma notícia boa! Esse
assunto praticamente não é cobrado em provas de vestibular.
Mas antes que você deixe esta aula de lado e vá soltar rojões, é importante saber que este
tópico aparece nos textos da sua prova. Entendê-los é fundamental para interpretar os textosda
sua prova e acertar as questões. Portanto, apesar de ser um tema muito pouco abordado nas
provas, é muito importante que você esteja preparado para todos os cenários de prova. Afinal,
você não vai querer arriscar sua aprovação para a universidade de seus sonhos, não é verdade?
O fato de não ser um tema recorrente nas questões de prova não impede que as universidades
incluam este assunto em provas futuras. Então fique ligado! :)
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3.5. Formas Eficientes de aprender Phrasal Verbs
Primeiramente, eu apresentarei a você a forma que eu considero ineficiente. Muitas

pessoas tentam aprender phrasal verbs tomando como parâmetro a primeira partícula do verbo,
como quando eu lhes apresentei os verbos similares. É uma forma muito ineficiente já que é muito
fácil confundir os verbos ao estudar dessa forma. Um exemplo dessa forma ineficiente é estudar
todos os phrasal verbs iniciando em look, como look after, look at, look around, look forward to,
etc... É muito fácil confundi-los estudando desse jeito.
Uma forma que eu considero mais eficiente é estudá-los tomando como parâmetro a
segunda partícula do verbo. Podemos tomar como exemplo a palavra out. Dessa forma,
estudaremos os verbos look out, work out, lock out, let out, leave out, help out, go out, give
out... Logo, as partículas que mais chamam a sua atenção são os verbos principais e, organizando
assim, eles serão sempre diferentes, o que facilita o processo de memorização.
E, por fim, o método que considero mais eficiente de aprender esses verbos é o método
que eu chamo de “deixa aparecer”. E como isso funciona, professor? É muito simples. Minha
proposta é que você consuma conteúdo em inglês, podendo ser textos, livros, filmes, música,
vídeos no youtube. Quando você se expõe ao conteúdo disponível em inglês, os phrasal verbs vão
começar a aparecer naturalmente e então, sempre que você não souber o que ele significa, é só
procurar o significado. Você pode procurar esse phrasal verb na nossa lista aqui nesse material
ou simplesmente digite no google. Eu sugiro que você leia a lista de phrasal verbs que eu
disponibilizarei para você mais adiante e mantenha-a com fácil acesso para pesquisar sempre
que necessário. Seguindo este método, você aprende os phrasal verbs de forma extremamente
natural e sem dor de cabeça.
Para memorizar os significados dos phrasal verbs se baseia numa teoria. Essa teoria diz que
nós memorizamos os verbos na nossa própria língua porque visualizamos em nossa mente a ação
do verbo. Então quando se pensa no verbo pular, sua mente imagina alguém pulando/saltando.
Uma das maiores dificuldades de se decorar os phrasal verbs está no fato de que é mais difícil
visualizar uma ação quando se tem mais de uma palavra. Inconscientemente você tenta decifrar
o sentido de cada palavra separadamente. E isso é extremamente contraproducente para a
memorização. Portanto, tente visualizar em sua mente o que o phrasal verb quer dizer como
uma ação única ao invés de analisar as palavras de sua estrutura separadamente.
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3.6 Lista de Phrasal Verbs

Ø Blow up - Explode – Explodir alguma coisa
Ex.: The bomb blew up the entire building! - A bomba explodiu o prédio inteiro!
Ø Break down – not to work properly – Quebrar/parar de funcionar de maneira adequada

Ex.: My car broke down as I was driving on the highway – Meu carro quebrou enquanto eu
dirigia na rodovia.
Ø Break in – To enter a place illegally – Invadir determinado lugar

Ex.: A man broke in my neighbor’s house last night – Um homem invadiu a casa do meu vizinho
noite passada.
Ø Break out – To escape from a place or situation – Escapar de um lugar ou situação

Ex.: The prisoner broke out from the prison. – O prisioneiro escapou da prisão.
Ø Bring up – To mention a certain subject during a conversation – Mencionar determinado

tópico durante uma conversa.
Ex.: Since you brought it up, I will tell you the whole story – Já que você mencionou isso, eu vou
te contar toda a história.
Ø Bump into – To accidentally meet/hit someone – Esbarrar ou encontrar com alguém

acidentalmente.
Ex.: I bumped into a woman on the sidewalk – Eu esbarrei numa mulher na calçada
I bumped into a old friend as i was walking down the street – Encontrei um velho amigo por
acaso enquanto andava pela rua.
Ø Call off – To cancel – Cancelar ou desmarcar algum evento.

Ex.: John had to call off the workshop due to the bad weather – John teve que cancelar o
workshop por causa do mau tempo.
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Ø Calm down – To become less agitated/nervous/anxious – Acalmar-se.

Ex.: You need to calm down! – Você precisa se acalmar!
Ø Care for – When someone/something is important to you - Importar-se/cuidar.
Ex.: I care for my friends – Eu me importo com meus amigos.
I care for my children – Eu cuido dos meus filhos
Ø Carry on – To persist despite the obstacles – Persistir apesar dos obstáculos.

Ex.: Although he was tired, he carried on with the work – Apesar de estar cansado, ele
continuou com o trabalho.
Ø Carry out – To accomplish a task – Fazer/executar uma tarefa.

Ex.: I carried out all my tasks today – Eu fiz todas as minhas tarefas hoje.
Ø Catch up – To reach someone/something ahead of you – Alcançar alguém ou algo.

Ex.: I need to walk faster. If I don’t catch up with the boys, i will miss my ride to work – Eu
preciso andar mais rápido. Se eu não alcançar os garotos, perderei minha carona.
Ø Check in – To register when arriving somewhere – Registrar sua chegada a algum lugar.
Ex.: Did you check in when you got to the hotel? – Você se registrou ao chegar no hotel?
Ø Check out – To register when you are leaving somewhere – Registrar a sua saída de algum
lugar.
Ex.: What time do I have to check out? – Que horas eu preciso registrar minha saída
Ø Chicken out – Not to do something because of fear – Deixar de fazer algo por medo.
Ex.: Peter wanted to ride on the roller coaster, but he chickened out – Peter queria andar na
montanha russa, mas refugou.
Ø Chop up – To cut in small pieces with a knife – Cortar em pedaços pequenos com faca.
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Ex.: Is the onion chopped up yet? – A cebola já está picada?
Ø Come out – To appear – Aparecer

Ex.: The sun hasn’t come out yet – O sol ainda não saiu.
Ø Come up with – When you have a idea – Quando se tem uma ideia ou plano.
Ex.: He came up with a brilliant idea to solve our problem – Ele teve uma brilhante ideia para
resolver nosso problema.
Ø Cool off – To calm down – Acalmar-se.

Ex.: If she doesn’t cool off, she will end up having a heart attack – Se ela não se acalmar, vai
acabar infartando.
Ø Count on – To rely on someone – Confiar/Contar com alguém.

Ex.: You can count on me – Você pode contar comigo.
Ø Cover up – To hide/conceal – Ocultar/esconder algo.

Ex.: It’s getting cold. Take a blanket to cover up your legs – Está esfriando. Pegue um cobertor
para cobrir suas pernas.
Ø Deal with – To handle a situation – Lidar com uma situação.

Ex.: You have to deal with this situation – Você tem que lidar com essa situação.
Ø Do over – To do again – Fazer algo novamente.

Ex.: You have to do your job over until it’s perfect – Você precisa refazer seu trabalho até que
fique perfeito.
Ø Do with – To establish connection – Estabelecer conexão
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Ex.: English and portuguese both have to do with linguistics – Inglês e português têm a ver com
linguística.
Ø Drop in – To visit someone unexpectedly – fazer uma visita inesperada

Ex.: She dropped in on my house yesterday – Ela passou lá em casa ontem.
Ø Drop off – to disembark from a vehicle – Desembarcar de um veículo

Ex.: She dropped me off at the airport – Ela me deixou no aeroporto.
Ø Drop out – To quit school/university/course – Abandonar os estudos na

escola/universidade/curso
Ex.: He dropped out of university – Ele abandonou os estudos na universidade.
Ø Dry up – To evaporate/dry all the liquid – Evaporar/secar todo o líquido

Ex.: After the rain, the sun came out and dried up the streets – Depois da chuva, o sol saiu e
secou as ruas.
Ø Eat up – To eat all the food available – Comer toda a comida disponível
Ex.: Did the boy eat up the dinner? – O garoto comeu todo o jantar?
Ø End up – The final result of something – O resultado final de algo

Ex.: If you keep eating like this, you will end up having a heart attack – Se você continuar
comendo desse jeito, vai acabar tendo um infarto.
Ø Fall apart – To break/destroy – Quebrar/destruir

Ex.: This house is falling apart – Esta casa está caindo aos pedaços.
Ø Feel up to – Willing to do something – Estar com vontade de fazer algo

Ex.: I’m feeling up to a movie today – Estou afim de um filme hoje.
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Ø Fill up – To fill something completely – Encher algo completamente

Ex.: My gas is almost over. I need to fill up the tank – Minha gasolina está quase acabando.
Preciso encher o tanque.
Ø Find out – To become aware – Tornar-se ciente

Ex.: I want to find out who ate my pizza – Eu quero descobrir quem comeu minha pizza.
Ø Follow up – To take further action – Tomar ação subsequente a um fato

Ex.: After the physical examination, I have to make an appointment to follow up with my
treatment – Depois do exame físico, eu preciso marcar uma consulta para continuar meu
tratamento.
Ø Get along – To have good relations with someone – Ter boa relação com alguém
Ex.: I get along really well with Jack – Eu tenho ótimas relações com o Jack/ Eu me dou muito
bem com o Jack.
Ø Get away – To escape from a situation or something – Escapar de uma situação ou alguma
coisa.
Ex.: The criminals got away from the police – Os criminosos escaparam da polícia.
Ø Get back – To return somewhere – Retornar a algum lugar

Ex.: I was on a work trip, but I got back home yesterday – Eu estava numa viagem a trabalho,
mas voltei a casa ontem.
Ø Get back to – To return to an activity/place – Retornar a um lugar/atividade

Ex.: The coffee break is over. Let’s get back to work, guys! – O pausa do café acabou. Vamos
voltar ao trabalho, pessoal!
Ø Get in – To arrive/enter somewhere – Chegar/entrar em algum lugar
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Ex.: She has just gotten in the supermarket – Ela acabou de entrar no supermercado.
Ø Get out of – To leave some place – Sair de algum lugar

Ex.: Get out of my car!/ Get me out of here! – Saia do meu carro!/ Tire-me daqui!
Ø Get over – To emotionally surpass na event – superar emocionalmente um evento

Ex.: You need to get over your mother’s death – Você precisa superar a morte da sua mãe.
Ø Get to – To arrive to a place – Chegar a algum lugar

Ex.: I need to get to Rio de Janeiro as soon as possible – Eu preciso chegar ao Rio de Janeiro o
mais rápido possível.
Ø Give up – To stop doing something before finishing it – Desistir de fazer algo antes de
finalizar
Ex.: I will never give up trying to convince you to study – Eu nunca desistirei de te convencer a
estudar.
Ø Go over – To review/explain – Revisar/explicar algo

Ex.: I will go over each topic to make sure you will understand – Eu vou explicar/destrinchar
cada tópico para garantir que vocês aprenderão.
Ø Grow up – Process to become more mature/adult – Crescer, no sentido de amadurecer ou

tornar-se adulto
Ex.: When will you grow up? You are 25 already! – Quando você vai crescer? Você já tem 25
anos!
Ø Hang around – To spend time somewhere – Passar tempo em algum lugar

Ex.: I like to hang around with my friends at the mall – Eu gosto de passar tempo com meus
amigos no shopping.
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Ø Hold on – Wait for a short amount of time – Esperar por um período curto de tempo
Ex.: Hold on a minute, please – Espere um minuto, por favor.
Ø Hurry up – To do something quickly – Fazer algo rapidamente/apressar-se

Ex.: I need to hurry up and finish this class until monday – Eu preciso me apressar para finalizar
esta aula até segunda-feira.
Ø Keep away – Not to get close to something – Manter distância de algo

Ex.: Keep away from my sister! – Não se aproxime da minha irmã!
Ø Keep from – To avoid doing something – Evitar fazer algo

Ex.: Keep yourself from street fights – Evite entrar em brigas de rua.
Ø Keep on – To continue doing something – Continuar fazendo alguma coisa.

Ex.: Keep on doing your homework – Continue fazendo seu trabalho de casa.
Ø Leave off – Not include someone on a list – Não incluir alguém numa lista
Ex.: I left Jose off my birthday party list – Eu deixei José fora da lista da minha festa de
aniversário.
Ø Let down – To disappoint someone – Desapontar alguém

Ex.: You let me down when you don’t do the dishes – Você me desaponta quando não lava a
louça.
Ø Let in – To allow someone to enter a place – Permitir que alguém entre em algum lugar
Ex.: I’m waiting for a pizza, so let the deliveryman in, please – Eu estou esperando uma pizza,
então deixe o entregador entrar.
Ø Lock out – Not to have the keys to get in a place – Não ter a chave para entrar em um local
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Ex.: I’m locked out of my own house because I forgot the keys at work – Eu estou trancado fora
de casa porque esqueci minhas chaves no trabalho.
Ø Look for – Search for something – Procurar alguma coisa

Ex.: Did you see my wallet? I’m looking for it – Você viu minha carteira? Eu estou procurando
por ela.
Ø Look forward to – To anticipate something in a good way – Estar ansioso para que algo
aconteça
Ex.: I look forward to becoming a UNICAMP student – Eu estou ansioso para me tornar um
estudante da UNICAMP.
Ø Look out – To be alert about something – Estar alerta devido a alguma coisa
Ex.: Look out for the cars! – Preste atenção nos carros!
Ø Look up to – To say you respect/admire someone – Admirar/Respeitar alguém

Ex.: I look up to my Grandfather – Eu admiro meu avô.
Ø Make up – To invent a story – Inventar uma história

Ex.: He made up the story about being sick not to work – Ele inventou a história de estar doente
para não trabalhar.
Ø Mess up – To desorganize – Desorganizar/Bagunçar

Ex.: My son messed up the entire house – Meu filho bagunçou a casa toda.
Ø Move in – To bring your belongings to a new place – Levar a mudança para uma nova casa
(casa para onde se vai)
Ex.: How long have you been in this house? I just moved in – Há quanto tempo você mora nessa
casa? Eu acabei de me mudar.
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Ø Move out – To take your belongings out of a place – Tirar sua mudança da casa antiga (num
processo de mudança de casa)
Ex.: I will move out next week – Eu me mudo/desocupo a casa semana que vem.
Ø Narrow down – To reduce the amount of possibilities – Reduzir o número de possibilidades

Ex.: You need to narrow down this search. There are too many options to choose from – Você
precisa afunilar esta busca. Há opções demais para escolher.
Ø Pay off – To pay money that is owed – Pagar dinheiro que se deve
Ex.: I paid off my credit card bill – Eu paguei minha conta de cartão de crédito.
Ø Pick out – To choose – Escolher

Ex.: There were a lot of cell phones in the store. I picked out the cheapest one – Havia muitos
celulares na loja. Eu escolhi o mais barato.
Ø Pick up – To take someone from one place to another – Levar alguém a algum lugar
Ex.: Can you pick me up at school today? – Você pode me pegar na escola hoje?
Ø Piss off – To get angry – Ficar bravo com algo

Ex.: People who drive like crazy really piss me off – Pessoas que dirigem como loucos me irritam
profundamente.
Ø Plan ahead – To prepare to a future event – Planejar-se com antecedência

Ex.: Plan ahead for the holliday. The highways are going to be busy – Planeje-se para o feriado.
As estradas estarão cheias.
Ø Plug in/into – To connect na electrical device – Conectar um aparelho elétrico na

tomada/saída de energia
Ex.: My computer is out of battery. I need to plug it in – Meu computador está sem bateria. Eu
preciso conectá-lo na tomada.
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Ø Point out – To make someone aware of something – Tornar alguém ciente de algo
Ex.: She pointed out the reasons of global warming – Ela apontou as razões do aquecimento
global.
Ø Point to – To aim with the finger – Apontar com o dedo

Ex.: He pointed to the car he wants to buy – Ele apontou para o carro que ele quer comprar.
Ø Pull off – To succeed doing something – Ser bem-sucedido ao fazer alguma coisa
Ex.: He pulled off the physics test really well – Ele se saiu super bem no teste de física.
Ø Pull over – To stop a vehicle on the side of the road – Parar o veículo no canto da
rua/acostamento
Ex.: The policeman pulled me over because I was driving too fast – O policial mandou que eu
parasse o veículo porque eu estava acima da velocidade.
Ø Put away – To organize in the correct place – Organizar/colocar algo no lugar correto
Ex.: Put these clothes away. We are going to have a visitor – Arrume essas roupas. Nós vamos
receber visita.
Ø Put off – To postpone – Adiar

Ex.: She put off the trip because she has to work – Ela adiou a viagem porque precisa trabalhar.
Ø Put together – To assemble – Montar algo

Ex.: I have to put the wardrobe together because we need to put our clothes away – Eu tenho
que montar o armário porque nós precisamos arrumar nossas roupas.
Ø Put up with – To tolerate – Tolerar/suportar

Ex.: I put up with my boss. I need this job – Eu tolero meu chefe. Eu preciso desse trabalho.
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Ø Ring up – to call someone (phone) – Ligar para alguém

Ex.: Ring me up later – Ligue-me mais tarde.
Ø Rip off – When the price is too high – Quando algo é muito caro
Ex.: I don’t know why some companies rip people off – Eu não sei porque algumas empresas
cobram tão caro.
Ø Run around – To move in a hurry – Deslocar-se com pressa

Ex.: I’ve been running around for one hour looking for the address – Eu estive correndo de um
lado para outro por uma hora procurando o endereço.
Ø Run out – When there is nothing left of something – Quando algo acaba
Ex.: We will run out of gas if we don’t find a gas station – Nós vamos ficar sem gasolina se não
encontrarmos um posto de combustível.
Ø Screw up – To make a mistake – Errar/estragar algo

Ex.: The teacher screwed up the class. It was too boring – O professor estragou a aula. Era muito
chata.
Ø See about – To think about doing something – Pensar sobre fazer algo
Ex.: I will see about the summer trip – Eu vou pensar sobre a viagem de verão.
Ø Sell out – To sell all the inventory of one product – Vender todo o estoque de um produto
específico
Ex.: The tickets for the concert are sold out – Os ingressos para o show estão esgotados.
Ø Set up – To organize a plan – Planejar/organizar alguma coisa

Ex.: The company will set up a challenge for the employees – A empresa vai organizar um
desafio para os funcionários.
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Ø Show off – To show skills/possessions to impress someone – Gabar-se de algo

Ex.: He wanted to humiliate his opponent to show off his skills – Ele quis humilhar o adversário
para se gabar de suas habilidades.
Ø Shut off – To stop the operation of a device – Desligar um aparelho

Ex.: Shut the air conditioner off. It´s cold in here – Desligue o ar condicionado. Está frio aqui
dentro.
Ø Sign in – To write your name to get in something – Escrever seu nome para entrar em algo
Ex.: You need to sign in when you get to the office – Você precisa assinar dizendo que chegou
ao escritório.
Ø Sign out – To write your name when you get out of something – Escrever seu nome para sair
de algo
Ex.: You need to sign out before leaving the office – Você precisa assinar dizendo que saiu do
escritório.
Ø Slow down – To make something slower – Fazer algo mais devagar

Ex.: Slow down! You are driving above the speed limit – Reduza! Você está dirigindo acima do
limite de velocidade.
Ø Stand for – To support an idea – Apoiar algo

Ex.: I stand for the human rights – Eu apoio os direitos humanos.
Ø Stay up – To remain awake – Permanecer acordado

Ex.: I stayed up all night yesterday – Eu fiquei acordado a noite toda ontem.
Ø Stick around – To stay in a place for some time – Permanecer em algum lugar por um tempo
Ex.: Dave said good bye but he is still sticking around – Dave se despediu mas ainda está aqui.
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Ø Stop over – To visit for a short amount of time – Fazer uma visita curta
Ex.: Jennifer stopped over my house yesterday – Jennifer passou rapidamente lá em casa
ontem.
Ø Stress out – To worry – Estressar-se

Ex.: He was stressed out because of his debts – Ele estava estressado por causa de suas dívidas.
Ø Talk to – To have a conversation – Conversar com alguém

Ex.: She talked to me for long hours – Ela conversou comigo por longas horas.
Ø Throw away – To dispose – Jogar algo fora/desfazer-se de algo

Ex.: I don’t like this t-shirt anymore. I’m going to throw it away – Eu não gosto mais desta
camiseta. Vou jogá-la fora.
Ø Throw up – To vomit – Vomitar

Ex.: He threw up all his dinner inside my car – Ele vomitou todo o jantar no meu carro.
Ø Track down – To locate something you have been searching for – Localizar algo pelo que se
estava procurando
Ex.: The police dog tracked down the criminal – O cão policial rastreou o criminoso.
Ø Try on – To see if something fits well – Experimentar (roupas, calçados...)

Ex.: Try on these pants before you buy it – Experimente essa calça antes de comprá-la.
Ø Turn around – To change a bad situation – Melhorar uma situação ruim

Ex.: We have no money, but we can turn things around – Nós não temos dinheiro, mas
podemos virar essa situação.
Ø Turn down – To deny a request/proposal – Recusar uma proposta/pedido
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Ex.: I turned down the job offer. The salary was too low – Eu recusei a oferta de emprego. O
salário era muito baixo.
Ø Turn into – To transform – Transformar-se em algo

Ex.: The tadpole turned into a frog – O girino transformou-se num sapo.
Ø Turn off – To make something stop functioning – Desligar

Ex.: Can you turn off the light, please? – Você pode desligar a luz, por favor?
Ø Turn on – To make something start functioning – Ligar

Ex.: Did you turn on the tv? – Você ligou a televisão?
Ø Turn up – To increase some device’s control – Aumentar algum controle de algum aparelho
Ex.: Why did you turn up the volume? It’s too loud! – Por que você aumentou o volume? Está
muito alto!
Ø Turn down – To decrease some device’s control – Diminuir algum controle de algum
aparelho
Ex.: Turn the volume down, please. I want to talk on the phone – Diminua o volume, por favor.
Eu quero falar ao telefone.
Ø Wake up – When you finish sleeping – Acordar

Ex.: I woke up late today – Eu acordei tarde hoje.
Ø Watch out – To be attentive – Ficar atento

Ex.: Watch out! The light turned green for the cars – Cuidado! O semáforo ficou verde para os
carros.
Ø Work on – To direct your attention to a task – Trabalhar em algo
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Ex.: I’ve been working on this project for two years – Eu estou trabalhando nesse projeto há
dois anos.
Ø Work out – To exercise – Fazer exercícios

Ex.: I started working out at the gym this week – Eu comecei a me exercitar na academia esta
semana.
Ø Work up – To work to improve something – Trabalhar para melhorar algo

Ex.: I’m working up towards being fluent in english – Estou trabalhando para alcançar a fluência
no inglês.
Ø Zip up – To close something that has a zíper – Fechar um fecho ecler

Ex.: I zipped up my pants after finding out it has been opened for hours – Eu fechei o fecho
ecler da minha calça depois de descobrir que estava aberto há horas.
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4.0 QUESTÕES DE PROVAS ANTERIORES
1. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2015)

In “I’m looking forward to”, the underlined words, in the text, is closest in meaning to, to
be _________.
a. unpleasant
b. unhappy
c. hopeless
d. excited
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“Trick or treat”, in bold type, in the text, means
Observe o trecho do texto que explica a tradição do “Trick or treat”: This gave origin to the
“trick or treat” tradition: groups of children dressed like witches and ghosts visit many houses to
ask for sweets. If they do not get their treats, they play a trick. = Isso deu origem ao “trick or
treat”: grupos de crianças vestidas como bruxas e fantasmas visitam muitas casas para pedir
doces. Se elas não conseguem os doces (treats), elas fazem uma travessura (trick).
a. a celebration of someone’s birthday.
b. an event in which is someone’s wedding.
c. a day when people thank for the end of the harvest.
d. an activity in which children knock on door of houses to ask for candies.
They arrived at the court in plenty of time and went straight to the robing room. It was
crowded with solicitors and counsil.
Adapted from Reading for Meaning
3 – (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2020) The words, “in plenty of time”, in bold type in
the paragraph, is closest in meaning to __________.
a) late
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b) on time
c) over time
d) in good time
Halloween
One fall day, as you walk down the street, you might see ghosts, strange animals, and other
weird things. What’s going on? It’s probably October 31, or Halloween. Halloween is a day when
people go out wearing costumes and colorful makeup.
People think that Halloween started in Ireland during the 400s. October 31 was the end of
summer, and people believe that everyone who died during the year come back on that day. To
scare away the dead, people put on costumes and went out into the streets to make noise.
Different cultures have different ways of celebrating Halloween. In the United States, it’s
the night when children dress up in costumes and go to neighbors’ houses to “trick or treat”, or
ask for candy. Some adults wear funny or scary costumes and go to parties or parades. Halloween
has become a fun holiday for both adults and children.
Adapted from Interchange.
4 –(Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2020) All the underlined words from the text are
phrasal verbs, except:
a) end of
b) dress up
c) went out
d) scare away
Reasons why the Airbus A380 failed

On 14 February 2019, Airbus announced their A380s have been cancelled, with production
ending in 2021. After 12 years of shaky business and development, its closure didn’t come as a
surprise. The dream is over for the world’ largest passenger airliner. Why was the king of the
airliners forced to land so quikly? Here’s what happened:
• poor business planing finds itself at the heart of the A380’s downfall. Most of all A380’ eggs
were put in a basket called Emirates, Airbus biggest buyer.
• bigger isn’t always better. With a wingspan of almost 80 meters was difficult to guide the
giant four-turbine around airports.
• airbus failed to antecipate how consumer’s tastes in air travel would change over the years.
Passengers nowadays prefer smaller airports, using direct routes to their destinations.
• although a seating capacity of 800 may seem impressive at first, it is not easy to fill them
up, even when you give discounts and make promotions.
Airbus A380’ closure perhaps teaches us all a lesson or two. Dream big, but keep your feet
on the ground.
40
Adapted from https://www.slashgerar.com.
5 –(Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2020) In “... Dream big, but keep your feet on the
ground.”, the expression is closest in meaning to: _______________________.
a) Be careful about your dreams
b) It’s possible to dream without consequences
c) Don’t do anything without be sure that it will work
d) Try to achieve your wishes being realistic and sensible
6 –(Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2020) In”...Most of all the A380’s eggs were put in a
basket called Emirates(...)”, we can infer that Airbus ______________.
a) is the Emirates’ best customer
b) have no other alternative left if Emirates fails
c) made investments on the open market for many years
d) put most of their efforts into Emirates, but have another plans to get sucess
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7. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/INÉDITA)

The phrasal verb “turning away from” (line 1) is closest in meaning to: _____________
a) looking after
b) abandoning
c) putting up with
d) requesting
42
43

In “Will also has got one standout star” (lines 17 and 18), the text means that Will has a /
an ____________ the group.
a) person who feels left behind in
b) foreign celebrity in
c) exceptionally good person in
d) a person who doesn’t belong to
Airports ‘vunerable’ to attack

The 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack was a terrorist ramming attack which
occurred on Saturday 30 June 2007, when a dark green Jeep Cherokee loaded with propane
canisters was driven into the glass doors of the Glasgow International Airport terminal and set
ablaze. It was the first terrorist attack to take place in Scotland. Security bollards outside the
entrance stopped the car from entering the terminal, although the doors were damaged.
Security consultant Chris Yates said many of the changes put in place at Glasgow had been
copied at other UK airports. But he said that although some “weak points” in airport had been
addressed, others remained.
Since the attack, cars no longer drop off passengers outside the main terminal building,
which was fitted with bomb-proof glass.
Fonte:BBC News
GLOSSARY
(car) ramming attack – ataque no qual um veículo choca-se contra um local
propane canister – container de metal contendo gás propano
bollard – poste usado para manter um veículo fora de uma área em particular

In ‘(…) a Jeep Cherokee was driven into the glass doors and set ablaze’, (lines 3 - 5), it
means that the vehicle hit into the glass doors and _________________, except:
a) burnt
b) blew up
c) caught fire
d) burst into flames
Why I stopped mispronouncing my Igbo name

In Nigeria, the language spoken by one of the largest ethnic groups, the Igbo, is in danger
of dying out – which is odd because the population is growing. In the past this didn’t worry Nkem
Ifejika, who is himself Igbo but never learned the language.
44
When he is in Nigeria, he says his parents are Igbo. He might throw in that he partly grew
up in the United Kingdom. In Britain, He says he’s Nigerian, though he often adds explainers about
having been educated at British schools and lived outside Nigeria since he was 12 years old.
Nkem Ifejika can speak English, French among others. However, he can’t speak the
language of his ancestors. Igbo is a tonal language, so the words with the wrong stresses and
tones either change their meaning, or worse, become unintelligible. In Igboland, as it’s informally
known, names have meaning and history. Nkemakonam means “may I not lack what is mine”,
while Ifejika means “what I have is greater”. By mispronouncing his names, he was throwing away
generation of history, and disregarding his parents’ careful choice.
His indefatigable and proudly wife, who is also Igbo, helped him out when they met. Now
he knows how to pronounce his name properly, with the correct tones and with pride.
Fonte: BBC NewsWorld Service

In ‘(...) the Igbo is in danger of dying out (...)’, (paragraph 1), it means that the language is
in danger of ______________.
a) being minority
b) being less spoken
c) becoming unclear
d) going into extinction
Finding a taste of Japan in São Paulo’s Liberdade neighborhood

Home of the largest Japanese community outside of Japan, São Paulo’s Liberdade
neighborhood is a city within a city, with many specialty shops for Japanese food and home
products.
Since most of the products are imported directly from Japan, and many do not contain a
Portuguese ingredient version, shop owners and employees are always at hand for a quick
translation.
Fonte: The Rio Times/Brazil News

The words “at hand”, underlined in the text, mean _____.
a) busy
b) distant
c) worried
d) available
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LINKIN PARK – LEAVE OUT ALL THE REST

I dreamed I was missing
You were so scared
But no one would listen
Cause no one else cared
After my dreaming
I woke with this fear
What am I leaving
When I'm done here?
So, if you're asking me, I want you to know
When my time comes
Forget the wrong that I've done
Help me leave behind some reasons to be missed
And don't resent me
And when you're feeling empty
Keep me in your memory
Leave out all the rest
Adapted from https://www.lyricfind.com/
12. (Estratégia Militares 2020 - Inédita)
The word leave out, underlined in the text, means

a. remember.
b. put up with.
c. dream of.
d. put aside.
Kenosha shooting: National Guard deployed after black man shot

The governor of the US state of Wisconsin has deployed the National Guard to maintain
"public safety" after police shot a black man on Sunday.
Jacob Blake is reportedly in a stable condition after officers shot him multiple times as he
tried to get into a car in the city of Kenosha. Protests erupted in the city soon after, and authorities
imposed an emergency overnight curfew. Governor Tony Evers has now called up the National
Guard to aid local police.
In a press release, Governor Evers said the "limited mobilisation" - made at the request of
local officials - was to help law enforcement "protect critical infrastructure" and make sure people
can demonstrate safely.
"Every person should be able to express their anger and frustration by exercising their First
Amendment rights and report on these calls to action without any fear of being unsafe," he said.
A curfew will also come into effect at 20:00 local time (01:00 GMT) until 07:00 on Tuesday.
46
The governor also called a special session of the state legislature on 31 August to discuss a
package of laws announced earlier this year on accountability and transparency of the police.
Mr Evers announced the legislation in the wake of the police killing of George Floyd in the
neighbouring state of Minnesota. His death in May highlighted police brutality and racism in the
US and sparked protests around the world.
What's the latest from Kenosha?
Hundreds of people marched on police headquarters on Sunday night to demonstrate
against the shooting. Vehicles were set on fire and protesters shouted "we won't back down" as
officers used tear gas to try to disperse the crowds. Organisers have called for further
demonstrations in the Wisconsin city on Monday.
Clyde McLemore, a member of a nearby chapter of the Black Lives Matter movement,
issued a call on Facebook for a march through the city starting at midday.
Reports suggest up to 200 members of the National Guard will be deployed on Monday.
Lawmakers "have failed to act" in the two months since he announced the "commonsense
policies", the governor tweeted. "I am urging the Legislature to rise to this occasion and give this
special session the urgent and productive effort this moment demands and that the people of
Wisconsin deserve," he wrote.
Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53897641.

In “Mr Evers announced the legislation in the wake of the police killing of George Floyd”
(paragraph 5), the underlined expression can be replaced by
a. before
b. in order to
c. after
d. awake
Arrest Dog
A police department has temporarily stopped the use of arrest dogs after a shocking
bodycam footage came to light.
The video shows US police officers ordering a dog to attack an unresisting black man. The
suspect was already handcuffed when the dog latched onto his leg for 20 seconds. In the video, a
police officer can be heard repeatedly praising the animal, saying ´good boy´.
The police department said that the officer had been placed on administrative leave.
According to the suspect, the injury was avoidable; however, he also said that he suffered
permanent nerve and tendon damage with infections that could lead to amputation.
The incident happened almost one month before George Floyd´s death.
https://www.newsinlevels.com
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“...came to light.”, underlined in the text is closest in meaning to _______ . Except:
a) was disclosed
b) was lighted up
c) was revealed
d) got public
This Is Me - Keala Settle
I am not a stranger to the dark

Hide away, they say
'Cause we don't want your broken parts
I've learned to be ashamed of all my scars
Run away, they say
No one'll love you as you are
But I won't let them break me down to dust
I know that there's a place for us
For we are glorious
When the sharpest words wanna cut me down
I'm gonna send a flood, gonna drown 'em out
I am brave, I am bruised
I am who I'm meant to be, this is me
Look out 'cause here I come
And I'm marching on to the beat I drum
I'm not scared to be seen
I make no apologies, this is me
(Adapted from
https://www.google.com/search?q=letra+da+musica+this+is+me&rlz=1C1SQJL_pt-
BRBR910BR910&oq=letra+da+musica+this+is+me+&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l3j46j0l3.4731j0j15
&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8)
15. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) The underlined expression “break me down
to dust”, in the text, means that the person
a. Was mentally destroyed, in an irreversible way

b. Was literally broken to dust
c. Wasn’t affected at all
d. Was physically affected
48
Covid vaccine studies call for more black and Asian volunteers in UK
More people from black and Asian backgrounds, as well as over-65s, are being urged to
volunteer to help ensure potential coronavirus vaccines work for everyone.
Researchers say 270,000 people across the UK have signed up for vaccine studies but
thousands more are needed, in particular from groups more vulnerable to Covid.
Just 7% of those who have signed up to NHS registers so far are from minority ethnic
groups – half the proportion in the overall population. Of those who have signed up, 11,000 are
Asian and 1,200 are black. More people aged over the age of 65 or with chronic diseases are also
needed.
Kate Bingham, the chair of the government’s vaccine taskforce, said: “Researchers need
data from different communities and different people to improve understanding of the vaccines.
The only way to pull this off is through large clinical trials.
“We want to ensure the data we get actually represents the different people from
different backgrounds in the UK. This includes people who are over 65, frontline healthcare
workers, or have existing health conditions, and we need people from the communities which
have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic, from black, Asian and other minority
ethnic backgrounds.”
Depending on their particular ethnicity, people from BAME communities have a risk of
death from coronavirus between 10% and 100% higher than that of white Britons, according to
Public Health England. Those of Bangladeshi heritage are at greatest risk, and the Office for
National Statistics has calculated that black people in England and Wales are 1.9 times more likely
to die of Covid than their white counterparts, after other factors are taken into account.
Researchers in the UK are currently looking at six different potential Covid-19 vaccines,
each of which urgently requires thousands of diverse volunteers to help speed up development.
The equalities minister, Kemi Badenoch, said she was volunteering for vaccine trials being
conducted by the US biotechnology company Novavax at Guy’s and St Thomas’ hospital trust in
London, and she urged others to sign up to the NHS vaccine registry, the database created to help
populate clinical studies.
“We have to ensure every community trusts a future vaccine to be safe and that it works
across the entire population,” said Badenoch. “Together we can be part of the national effort to
end this pandemic for good.”
(Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53997900)
16. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) The words HAVE SIGNED UP and PULL this
OFF in the text are
a. Irregular verbs
b. Modal verbs
c. Are not verbs
d. Phrasal verbs
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17. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) According to the text, choose the best
response
a. People who are over the age of 65 are not relevant for the research
b. People with existing health conditions are not taken into consideration in the
research
c. Some communities have been disproportionately affected by Covid-19
d. Black people are almost two times more likely to get Covid-19 than white people
ESPN to Lay Off 300 Employees

ESPN will lay off 300 employees, about 6 percent of its worldwide staff, and let 200 open
positions go unfilled, Jimmy Pitaro, the network’s chairman, told employees in a memo on
Thursday.
“Prior to the pandemic, we had been deeply engaged in strategizing how best to position
ESPN for future success amidst tremendous disruption in how fans consume sports,” Pitaro ____
in a memo that was obtained by The New York Times. “The pandemic’s significant impact on our
business clearly accelerated those forward-looking discussions.”
The cuts will affect most divisions across the company, but are concentrated in broadcast
production.
Like many companies, ESPN’s business has been ravaged by the coronavirus pandemic.
ESPN will pay more than $7 billion for the rights to show live sports in 2020, the lifeblood of ESPN’s
nine cable channels. But for four months this year, from March to July, there were almost no
games to show. Even with the resumption of most professional and college sports, ESPN has
faced low viewership and a sluggish advertising market.
This is the latest in a string of layoffs for ESPN in recent years. About 300 employees
were laid off in 2015, and about 250 were laid off in two waves in 2017, including a number
of high-profile on-air employees.
The layoffs come as ESPN continues to confront the long-term decline of pay television.
The number of households paying for television peaked at 100.5 million in 2014; today that
number is close to 80 million. While the timing and severity of the layoffs were driven by the
pandemic, they are also a further reorientation toward a fully digital and streaming future.
“Placing resources in support of our direct-to-consumer business strategy, digital, and, of
course, continued innovative television experiences, is more critical than ever,” Pitaro wrote in
the memo. In 2018, ESPN started ESPN+, a sports streaming service that costs $5 a month. At the
end of June, ESPN+ had 8.5 million subscribers.
(Adapted from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/05/sports/espn-
layoffs.html?action=click&module=Latest&pgtype=Homepage)
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18. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) Choose the best alternative according to the
text
a. The number of people who will be fired from ESPN is the largest part of your total
staff
b. The pandemic is not related to mass layoff on ESPN
c. Employee cuts will not equally affect all areas of ESPN
d. ESPN is the only company that has been deeply affected by the pandemic
19. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) According to the text, we can infer that
a. This massive layoff is something new for ESPN

b. The pandemic has really affected many companies, even large ones, that have the
resources to cope with unforeseen circumstances
c. With the pandemic, the company's audience increased a lot
d. The number of people accompanying ESPN has increased over the years, and has
declined in the pandemic
Pidgins and creoles

Pidgin Languages
A pidgin is a system of communication which has grown up among people who do not share a
common language, but who want to talk to each other, for trading or other reasons. Pidgins have
been variously called ‘makeshift’, ‘marginal’, or ‘mixed’ languages. They have a limited
vocabulary, a reduced grammatical structure, and a much narrower range of functions, compared
to the languages which gave rise to them. They are the native language of no one, but they are
nonetheless a main means of communication for millions of people, and a major focus of interest
to those who study the way languages change.
It is essential to avoid the stereotype of a pidgin language, as perpetrated over the years in
generations of children’s comics and films. The ‘Me Tarzan, you Jane’ image is far from the reality.
A pidgin is not a language which has broken down; nor is it the result of baby talk, laziness,
corruption, primitive thought processes, or mental deficiency. On the contrary: pidgins are
51
demonstrably creative adaptations of natural languages, with a structure and rules of their own.
Along with creoles, they are evidence of a fundamental process of linguistic change, as languages
come into contact with each other, producing new varieties whose structures and uses contract
and expand. They provide the clearest evidence of language being created and shaped by society
for its own ends, as people adapt to new social circumstances. This emphasis on processes of
change is reflected in the terms pidginization and creolization.
Most pidgins are based on European languages – English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and Portuguese
– reflecting the history of colonialism. However, this observation may be the result only of our
ignorance of the languages used in parts of Africa, South America, or South-east Asia, where
situations of language contact are frequent. One of the best-known non-European pidgins is
Chinook Jargon, once used for trading by American Indians in north-west USA. Another is Sango,
a pidginized variety of Ngbandi, spoken widely in west-central Africa.
Because of their limited function, pidgin languages usually do not last for very long – sometimes
for only a few years, and rarely for more than a century. They die when the original reason for
communication diminishes or disappears, as communities move apart, or one community learns
the language of the other. (Alternatively, the pidgin may develop into a creole.) The pidgin French
which was used in Vietnam all but disappeared when the French left; similarly, the pidgin English
which appeared during the American Vietnam campaign virtually disappeared as soon as the war
was over. But there are exceptions. The pidgin known as Mediterranean Lingua Franca, or Sabir,
began in the Middle Ages and lasted until the 20th century.
Some pidgins have become so useful as a means of communication between languages that they
have developed a more formal role, as regular auxiliary languages. They may even be given official
status by a community, as lingua francas. These cases are known as ‘expanded pidgins’, because
of the way in which they have added extra forms to cope with the needs of their users, and have
come to be used in a much wider range of situations than previously. In time, these languages
may come to be used on the radio, in the press, and may even develop a literature of their own.
Some of the most widely used expanded pidgins are Krio (in Sierra Leone), Nigerian Pidgin English,
and Bislama (in Vanuatu). In Papua New Guinea, the local pidgin (Tok Pisin) is the most widely
used language in the country.
(CRYSTAL, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed., 2010, p.344).
20. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – Adaptada)
It is possible to infer from the text that

a) pidgin languages are a new tendency in our globalized world.
b) the pidgin Tok Pisin is the native language of people in Papua New Guinea.
c) in the future, pidgin languages will be the most spoken languages in the world.
d) a pidgin is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between individuals or groups of people.
e) the last pidgin language disappeared in the 20th century.
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In line paragraph 4, “They die when the original reason for communication diminishes or
disappears, as communities move apart (...)”, the phrasal verb in bold is closest in meaning to:
( a ) unite
( b ) get together
( c ) respect each other
( d ) strengthen
( e ) break up
22. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – Inédita)
Which is the correct option to replace the expression “have no” in the paragraph below so that
the meaning remains the same?
It’s terrible when you wake up and realize you have no bread left for your breakfast.
a) Get rid of
b) Are short of
c) Run out of
d) Get away with
e) Check up on
In: "Have you bought a new TV?"

"Yes, I’ve bought that top brand’s new model."
Which phrasal verb can substitute the underlined word?
(A) run into
(B) let down
(C) picked out
(D) turned out
(E) picked up
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Chapter 1 - Madras 1986

“He knows too much. I must ask you to do nothing.”
“But this time I caught him in the act. I have proof, witnesses, everything. There is no possible
doubt.”
“I said he knows too much! The company can’t afford to have any problems. Our position is very
sensitive in this country. We can’t afford to take risks. I am telling you once again – you will do
nothing. And if there is any trouble, I’m afraid I shall have to hold you personally responsible. So
be sensible for once in your life.”
“I see. So you are telling me to close my eyes to corruption and behave as if nothing has happened.
Is that right?”
“I didn’t put it quite like that. But, if you insist, yes. What Vish does or doesn’t do is a minor matter
compared with the company’s global strategy. Just try to get things in perspective. After all, you
won’t be stuck in Madras for ever – I’ll make sure that you are not. So just go with the flow for a
bit longer. When you’re in your next post this will all seem a very long way away, I can assure you.
But meantime, no trouble. I hope I’ve made myself clear. Oh, and, by the way, I advise you to
forget that we have had this conversation. Goodbye.”
Dick Sterling put the phone down. His hands were trembling. He was furious with himself for
failing to persuade his boss in Delhi, Keith Lennox, to support him, and was disgusted at the
mixture of veiled threats and vague promises Lennox had made.
Adapted from MALEY, Alan. He knows too much. Cambridge University Press, 1999. P.6
24. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EsPCEx/2015)
The sentence “So just go with the flow for a bit longer.” (paragraph 5), the expression go with the
flow means
[A] don’t accept corruption.
[B] don’t accept bribery.
[C] don’t fight vague promises.
[D] don’t accept threats.
[E] don’t fight prevailing trends.
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Frequently Asked Questions – Instagram

What is Instagram?
It’s an application for your mobile phone that enables you to edit pictures you have taken with
your mobile phone camera using built-in filters and share them with others. If you have an
Instagram account you can tag pictures, rate and comment on other people’s pictures and follow
other users.
How much is your app?
$0.00.
Where does the name come from?
When we were kids we loved playing around with cameras. We loved how different types of old
cameras marketed themselves as “instant” - something we take for granted today. We also felt
that the snapshots people were taking were like telegrams in that they got sent over the wire to
others - so we figured why not combine the two?
How did the idea come about?
We love taking photos. We always assumed taking interesting photos required a big bulky camera
and a couple years of art school. But as mobile phone cameras got better and better, we decided
to challenge that assumption. We created Instagram to solve three simple problems:
- Mobile photos always come out looking mediocre. Our awesome looking filters transform your
photos into professional-looking snapshots.
- Sharing on multiple platforms is a pain - we help you take a picture once, then share it (instantly)
on multiple services.
- Most uploading experiences are clumsy and take forever - we’ve optimized the experience to be
fast and efficient.
How does privacy work?
We have adopted a follower model that means if you’re “public” on Instagram, anyone can
subscribe to follow your photos. We do, however, have a special private option. In this mode, a
user can make sure he/she must approve all follow requests before they go through.
Who can see my photos?
All photos are public by default which means they are visible to anyone who has an account. If
you choose to make your account private, then only people who follow you on Instagram will be
able to see your photos.
Adapted from https://instagram.com/about/faq/#
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In the sentence “We loved how different types of old cameras marketed themselves as “instant”
- something we take for granted today.” (question 3), the expression something we take for
granted means
[A] Something we have to give someone. [B] Something we have to do everyday.
[C] Something we usually value a lot. [D] Something we don’t have to learn.
[E] Something we don’t give much importance to.
We’re so well educated – but we’re useless

Record numbers of students have entered higher education in the past 10 years, but despite being
the most educated generation in history, it seems that we’ve grown increasingly ignorant when it
comes to basic life skills.
Looking back on my first weeks living in student halls, I consider myself lucky to still be alive. I
have survived a couple of serious boiling egg incidents and numerous cases of food-poisoning,
probably from dirty kitchen counters. Although some of my clothes have fallen victim to ironing
experimentation, I think I have now finally acquired all the domestic skills I missed out in my
modern education.
Educationist Sir Ken Robinson says that our current education system dislocates people from their
natural talents and deprives us of what used to be passed from generation to generation – a
working knowledge of basic life skills. Today’s graduates may have earned themselves distinctions
in history, law or economics, but when it comes to simple things like putting up a shelf to hold all
their academic books, or fixing a hole in their on-trend clothes, they have to call for help from a
professional handyman or tailor.
Besides what we need to know for our own jobs, we must have practical skills. We don’t grow our
own crops, build our own houses, or make our own clothes anymore; we simply buy these things.
Unable to create anything ourselves, what we have mastered instead is consumption.
Sociologist Saskia Sassen argues that the modern liberal state has created a middle class that isn’t
able to “make” anymore. I suggest that we start with the immediate reintroduction of some of
the most vital aspects of “domestic science” education. Instead of only maths, language and
history, we should create an interactive learning environment in schools where craftsmanship and
problem-solving are valued as highly as the ability to absorb and regurgitate information. We need
to develop children into people that not only think for themselves, but are also able to act for
themselves.
56
Adapted from http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/ mortarboard/2013/feb/25/well-educated-

but-useless
In the sentence “I think I have now finally acquired all the domestic skills I missed out in my
modern education.” (paragraph 2), the words missed out mean
[A] didn’t miss.
[B] didn’t want.
[C] didn’t have.
[D] didn’t like.
[E] didn’t need.
27. (Estratégia Militares 2020– Inédita)
The sentence “The police minister has been accused of encouraging a heavy-handed approach
towards people” (paragraph 11) can be correctly paraphrased in the following terms:
[A] The police minister has been accused of being courageous on a heavy-handed approach
towards people.
[B] The police minister was accused of encouraging a violent approach towards people.
[C] The police minister has been accused of encouraging a harsh approach towards people.
[D] The police minister has been accused of being violent when approaching people.
[E] The police minister has accused people of approaching people in a heavy-handed way.
'Deep remorse': Japanese emperor marks 75th anniversary of surrender

Naruhito reflects on war actions at Covid-curtailed ceremony, marked elsewhere by former foes
as Victory in the Pacific or VJ Day
Japan has marked the 75th anniversary of its surrender in the second world war with Emperor
Naruhito expressing “deep remorse” over his country’s wartime actions at a sombre annual
ceremony curtailed by the coronavirus pandemic.
57
Naruhito pledged to reflect on the war’s events and ___1____ hope that the tragedy would never
be repeated. There was no word of apology from the prime minister, Shinzo Abe, who gave thanks
for the sacrifices of the Japanese war dead.
“Reflecting on our past and bearing in mind the feelings of deep remorse, I earnestly hope that
the ravages of war will never be repeated,” Naruhito said in a short speech at the event in Tokyo
marking the 75th anniversary of Japan’s surrender on 15 August 1945.
Amid virus fears and worries about the fading memories of the fast-ageing war generation, about
500 participants, reduced from 6,200 last year, mourned the dead with a minute of silence. Masks
___2____ and there was no singing of the Kimigayo national anthem.
Naruhito has promised to follow in the footsteps of his father, who devoted his 30-year career to
making amends for a war fought in the name of Hirohito, the current emperor’s grandfather.
Abe has increasingly sought to whitewash Japan’s brutal past since taking office in December
2012. He has not acknowledged Japan’s wartime hostilities during 15 August speeches, which had
previously been a nearly 20-year tradition that ___3____ with the 1995 apology of the Socialist
party prime minister Tomiichi Murayama.
Abe said the peace that Japan enjoys today was built on the sacrifices of those who died in the
war. He pledged that Japan would reflect on lessons from history and will not repeat the war
devastation. He listed damage inflicted on Japan and its people, including the US atomic bombings
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, firebombings of Tokyo and the fierce battle of Okinawa.
He pledged to play a greater role in tackling global problems. Under his goal of turning Japan into
a “beautiful” and “normal” nation, Abe has steadily pushed to cleanse Japan of its embarrassing
wartime history and build up its military by stretching the interpretation of Japan’s war-
renouncing constitution. It includes acquiring greater missile defence capability in the face of a
growing military threat from North Korea and China.
Abe stayed away from a Tokyo shrine that honours convicted war criminals among the war dead.
He sent a ritual cash, seeking to avoid angering China and South Korea, which consider the
Yasukuni shrine a symbol of Japan’s militarism. It honours 2.5 million war dead, mostly Japanese,
but among them are senior military and political figures convicted of war crimes.
Adapted from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/15/deep-remorse-japanese-
emperor-marks-75th-anniversary-of-surrender
In the sentence “Abe has increasingly sought to whitewash Japan’s brutal past since taking office
in December 2012.” (paragraph 6), the expression sought to whitewash means
[A] that he wants to compliment Japan’s actions during the war.
[B] that he doesn’t like to reflect on the war’s events.
[C] that he thinks Japan’s actions were right during the war.
[D] that he is trying to express his gratitude to Japan’s war heroes.
58
[E] that he is seeking to hide Japan’s brutal past.
Iowans struggle to find help, strength after powerful storm devastates homes, farms
CEDAR RAPIDS, Iowa — In the five days since a massive storm system laid waste to this city, Ethel
Fontenette, 65, has been trying to make sure neighbors in her retirement community stay well
fed.
With many older people who use wheelchairs trapped in their apartments and food rotting in
their fridges, she set up a grill in the parking lot as some residents work as runners, carrying food
down to cook and then up again to feed people.
Even though the power is back, they still need help.
“No one starved,” Fontenette said. But “we have a long way to go.”
Iowans have “endured the unimaginable,” Gov. Kim Reynolds (R) said Friday, as the state tries to
recover from Monday’s derecho. The violent thunderstorm — which struck with the force of a
Category 2 hurricane with little warning — lasted 14 hours with wind speeds that reached 140
miles an hour. It devastated scores of communities in the Hawkeye State, and Cedar Rapids, a city
of more than 125,000 people, was among the hardest hit. Most homes and businesses sustained
damage, trees and wires are down everywhere, roads are blocked, and hospitals are overrun.
The National Guard brought some relief to the stricken area as the week ended, and Reynolds
announced at a news conference Friday that the state will apply Monday for a federal disaster
declaration that would provide financial assistance to affected homeowners and cover repairs for
critical infrastructure.
Affected Iowans say they feel as if they are living on an island or as if the derecho hurled them
back into a previous century, with no electricity, spotty cellphone coverage and a lack of clarity
about what the future holds.
“People didn’t know. We couldn’t communicate to the outside world,” said Zack Kucharski,
executive editor of the Cedar Rapids Gazette, who described not being able to reach his parents,
either physically or by phone, even as he tried to keep the newsroom running.
Adapted form https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/iowans-struggle-to-find-help-
strength-after-powerful-storm-devastates-homes
In the sentence “In the five days since a massive storm system laid waste to this city...” (paragraph
3), the expression laid waste to means
[A] devastated.
[B] went through.
[C] kept away from.
59
[D] almost hit.

[E] helped.
Many COVID-19 patients lost their sense of smell. Will they get it back?
IN EARLY MARCH, Peter Quagge began experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, such as chills
and a low-grade fever. As he cut pieces of raw chicken to cook for dinner one night, he noticed he
couldn’t smell the meat. “Must be really fresh,” he remembers thinking. But the next morning he
couldn’t smell the Dial soap in the shower or the bleach he used to clean the house. “It sounds
crazy, but I thought the bleach had gone bad,” he says. When Quagge stuck his head into the
bottle and took a long whiff, the bleach burned his eyes and nose, but he couldn’t smell a thing.
The inability to smell, or anosmia, has emerged as a common symptom of COVID-19.
Quagge was diagnosed with COVID-19, though he was not tested, since tests were not widely
available at the time. He sought anosmia treatment with multiple specialists and still has not fully
recovered his sense of smell.
Case reports suggest that anywhere between 34 and 98 percent of hospitalized patients
with COVID-19 will experience anosmia. One study found that COVID-19 patients are 27 times
more likely than others to lose their sense of smell, making anosmia a better predictor of the
illness than fever.
For most COVID-19 patients who suffer anosmia, the sense returns within a few weeks,
and doctors don’t yet know if the virus causes long-term smell loss. While not being able to smell
may sound like a small side effect, the results can be devastating. The sense is intricately tied up
in self-preservation—the ability to smell fire, chemical leaks, or spoiled food—and in our ability
to pick up on complex tastes and enjoy food.
“So many of the ways we connect with each other is over meals or over drinks,” says
Steven Munger, director of the Center for Smell and Taste at the University of Florida. “If you can’t
fully participate in that, it creates a sort of social gap.”
Smell even plays a role in our emotional lives, connecting us to loved ones and memories.
People without smell often report feeling isolated and depressed and losing their enjoyment in
intimacy. Now scientists are starting to unravel how COVID-19 affects this critical sense, hoping
those discoveries will help thousands of newly anosmic people looking for answers.
What the nose knows
The olfactory system, which allows humans and other animals to smell, is essentially a
way of decoding chemical information. When someone takes a big sniff, molecules travel up the
nose to the olfactory epithelium, a small piece of tissue at the back of the nasal cavity. Those
molecules bind to olfactory sensory neurons, which then send a signal by way of an axon, a long
tail that threads through the skull and delivers that message to the brain, which registers the
molecules as, say, coffee, leather, or rotting lettuce.
Scientists still don’t fully understand this system, including exactly what happens when it
stops working. And most people don't realize how common smell loss really is, Munger says. “That
60
lack of public understanding means there’s less attention to try to understand the basic functions
of the system.”
People can lose their sense of smell after suffering a viral infection, like influenza or the
common cold, or after a traumatic brain injury. Some are born without any sense of smell at all
or lose it because of cancer treatments or diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. It may also
fade as people age. While smell disorders aren’t as apparent as hearing loss or vision impairment,
data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) show that nearly 25 percent of Americans over
the age of 40 report some kind of change in their sense of smell, and over 13 million people have
a measurable disorder like anosmia, the total loss of smell, or hyposmia, a partial loss. Such
conditions can last for years or even be permanent.
It’s not clear if COVID-19 anosmia is different from other instances of smell loss caused by
a virus, but those who experience anosmia due to COVID-19 appear to be unique in a few ways.
First, they notice the loss of the sense immediately because it’s not accompanied by the
congestion or stuffiness that generally characterizes the early stages of virally induced anosmia.
“It’s very dramatic,” says Danielle Reed, associate director of the Monell Chemical Senses
Center in Philadelphia, which studies smell and taste loss. “People just cannot smell anything.”
Another notable difference is that many patients with COVID-19 who report losing their
sense of smell get it back relatively quickly, in just a few weeks, unlike most people who
experience anosmia from other viruses, which can last months or years.
Quagge estimates he’s recovered about 60 percent of his sense of smell so far, but he says
in the early days, without any information about when or if he’d ever get it back, he was scared.
An avid amateur chef, he had to rely on his family to tell him if the milk was bad, and he couldn’t
smell his wife’s perfume. “Stuff that gets to your soul,” he says. “It bummed me out.”
(Adapted from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/thousands-covid-19-
patients-lost-sense-smell-will-get-back-cvd/)
What does the expression "Bummed me out" (thirteenth paragraph) mean?

a. makes me feel down.
b. makes me feel happy.
c. makes me feel angry.
d. makes me feel nauseated.
Which is the correct option to replace the verb “continue”

in the paragraph below so that the meaning remains
the same?
61
It’s difficult for students to ______________ their studies with so many distractions going on at
the same time.
a) Get rid of
b) Run out of
c) Keep up with
d) Get away with
e) Check up on
Which is the correct option to replace the expression “have little” in the paragraph below so that
It’s difficult for drivers when they have little gas and there is no gas station around.
a) Get rid of
b) Run out of
c) Are short of
d) Get away with
e) Check up on
Which option is correct?

a) She gave me two precious advices.
b) Poaching is an essential activity in natural reserves.
c) Brazil have hosted the olimpics in 2016.
d) I am used to running 5 kilometers a day.
e) There was a search to determine Brazil’s population in 2010.
62
Mark the option which corresponds to the correct sentences.

I – The person who defends a person in court is called witness.
II – The pregnant woman was in labor because her water broke.
III – Mooring is an important process when the ship is sailing.
IV – That child was birthed in July.
V – The pregnant woman was taken to the delivery room in order to give birth.
a) I and II
b) II and V
c) III and V
d) II and IV
e) III and IV
Which option is correct to complete the sentences below?

1. He heard her ______ the dinner.
2. He saw her ______ the cake.
3. I watched him ______ the guitar.
4. In order to get thin, you need to ______ hard.
5. He couldn’t see what _______ on in his neighborhood yesterday.
a) make / bake / played / working out / were going
b) made / baking / play / work out / has been going
c) making / bake / playing / working out / had been going
d) making / baking / playing / work out / was going
e) make / baked / play / worked out / is going
Which is the correct way to complete the paragraph below?

The distinctive black and white mammal is regarded as an "umbrella species". Protecting the
forests in which it lives ______ good for many other animals and plants, including birds and small
carnivores. Yet, large predators such as leopards, wolves and the little-known Asian wild dog, or
dhole, which tend to range far and wide, seem to have fared badly.
63
Since panda reserves ______ in the 1960s, all four species ______ from a big proportion of
reserves. Leopards ______ from 81% of reserves, snow leopards from 38%, wolves from 77% and
Asian wild dogs from 95%.
a) had been / were set up / were lost / has disappeared
b) was / was set up / have been lost / had disappeared
c) has been / were set up / have been lost / have disappeared
d) has been / has been set up / were lost / were disappeared
e) have been / has been set up / has been lost / was disappeared
Which of the following sentences expresses probability?

a) She can choose what she wants to do for a living.
b) One should have great balance to do yoga.
c) You must have your homework done by the end of the day.
d) He did a great job! I think he should get a promotion.
e) People mustn’t park his car in this parking spot.
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences below.

I.He sat ______ the chair.
II.The cat jumped ______ the counter.
III.They were sitting ______ the tree.
IV.The car went ______ the tunnel.
V.I have liked that song ______ 1999.
a) on / off / by /through / since
b) in / in / by / on / since
c) on / of / in / in / in
d) over / to / at / in / in
e) in / under / in / through / on
64
Which is the correct option to replace the expression “have few” in the paragraph below so that
It’s difficult when you have few tools and need to repair a power generator.
a) Get rid of
b) Run out of
c) Are short of
d) Get away with
e) Check up on
Steve Jobs debuts the iPhone

On January 9, 2007, Apple Inc. CEO Steve Jobs unveils the iPhone—a touchscreen mobile phone
with an iPod, camera and Web-browsing capabilities, among other features—at the Macworld
convention in San Francisco. Jobs, dressed in his customary jeans and black mock turtleneck,
called the iPhone a “revolutionary and magical product that is literally five years ahead of any
other mobile phone.” When it went on sale in the United States six months later, on June 29,
amidst huge hype, thousands of customers lined up at Apple stores across the country to be
among the first to purchase an iPhone.
In November 2007—by which point more than 1.4 million iPhones had been sold—Time magazine
named the sleek, 4.8-ounce device, originally available in a 4GB, $499 model and an 8GB, $599
model, its invention of the year. The iPhone went on sale in parts of Europe in late 2007, and in
parts of Asia in 2008. In July 2008, Apple launched its online App Store, enabling people to
download software applications that let them use their iPhones for games, social networking,
travel planning and an every growing laundry list of other activities. Apple went on to over 10
updated models of the iPhone.
The iPhone helped turned Apple, which Jobs (1955-2011) co-founded with his friend Stephen
Wozniak in California in 1976, into one of the planet’s most valuable corporations. In 2012, five
years after the iPhone’s debut, more than 200 million had been sold. The iPhone joined a list of
innovative Apple products, including the Macintosh (launched in 1984, it was one of the first
personal computers to feature a graphical user interface, which allowed people to navigate by
pointing and clicking a mouse rather than typing commands) and the iPod portable music player
(launched in 2001), that became part of everyday modern life.
Adaptado de https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/steve-jobs-debuts-the-iphone
40. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – inédita)
65
In the sentence “The iPhone helped turned Apple, which Jobs (1955-2011) co-founded with his
friend Stephen Wozniak in California in 1976, into one of the planet’s most valuable
corporations”, which refers to
[A] iPhone. [B] Jobs. [C] Stephen Wozniak.
[D] Apple. [E] Corporations.
The sentence “When it went on sale in the United States six months later, on June 29, amidst
huge hype, thousands of customers lined up at Apple stores across the country to be among the
first to purchase an iPhone” means that people
[A] were indifferent apple’s new launch.
[B] just wanted to spend money on anything.
[C] needed a device that plays music, takes photos and access the internet.
[D] wanted cheaper cell phones like Apple’s iPhone.
[E] Wanted the status of having a technologically advanced device.
In the sentence “Time magazine named the sleek, 4.8-ounce device”, the word sleek can be
replaced by
[A] beautiful.
[B] gleaming.
[C] respectable.
[D] thin.
[E] expensive.
What Leads Us to this Belief that Connections to and Experiences with the Natural World Are
So Important?
1 There is an emerging awareness and concern that children are less and less likely to
have experiences that involve the simplest interactions with nature—the plants, animals, and the
66
earth around them—as a part of their continuous learning process. As we look at the children
around us, we observe them living increasingly unhealthy lifestyles. For many, childhood is spent
overly plugged in and programmed inside their homes, schools, and community settings in
humanmade environments, eliminating the out-of-doors, the benefits of nature, and all that
exists in the natural environment (Wike, 2006).
2 Even a generation ago, children spent more time outside, because it was the normal
thing for children to do. Adults did not question the value of time spent out-of-doors and had
much less anxiety about the risks involved. Children walked and played outdoors and planted
things in the dirt; they rode their bikes, invented games, and spent the majority of their time in
less structured activities and natural environments. Very young children carried out these
activities in their yards and immediate neighborhoods. Urban environments offered the
occasional playground and vacant lot. Older children roamed beyond their neighborhoods to
adjacent lands, streams, woods, or urban parks. Exposure to the natural world brought
opportunities for children to make sense of their surroundings and to develop their own sense of
“place.”
3 Over a relatively short time, we adults have allowed this connection to the natural
world to slip gradually away from children’s lives. Evidence of this trend surrounds us:
• Children now spend nearly 30 hours a week watching a TV or computer screen,
listening to something through headphones or, for older children, using cell
phones or media players;
• Children experience increasingly timed and structured family lifestyles with less
emphasis on unstructured outside time. Particularly in more densely populated
countries, urban growth has eliminated green spaces and natural environments.
Fewer families are vacationing in national parks (Fish, 2007). Together these
changes keep many children separated from nature and without time for solitude
or um-programmed experiences.
• Instructional time outside, recess, or unstructured playtime is being eliminated
from the school day (Clements, 2007).
• Outdoor play spaces or playgrounds have become safer at some sites due to
national playground standards, but in other locations, play spaces have been
eliminated or often lack the natural elements that encourage a different kind of
interaction among children (Moore & Wong, 1997).
• The curriculum for children in centers and schools is becoming narrower, with
more time spent on teacher-directed lessons and testing and less time spent
investigating and learning through activities that build on a child’s sense of
wonder, curiosity, and the benefit of first-hand experiences (Hyson, 2003;
McMurrer, 2007; Marcon, 1999).
4 Consequently, we have gradually found our children growing up in a clash of optimal
and minimal learning opportunities. Optimally, technology opens worlds never before so readily
available to children; however, the opening of this side of learning has contributed to shutting the
door to children’s access to the more natural environment that gives a lasting attachment to
children’s sense of place and their awareness of the habitat and environment nearest to them.
This lack of connection can engender both apathy and ignorance in children’s early perceptions
of the world around them and their roles in enjoying, learning from, and protecting it.
67
(Adapted from: https://www.education.ne.gov/wp-

content/uploads/2017/07/Call_to_Action.pdf)
According to the text, which option completes the sentence below correctly?
In the past, it was the normal thing for children to ______.
A. spent more time outside
B. spend more time indoors
C. question the value of time spent out-of-doors
D. spend more time outdoors
E. spend their times in programmed inside activities
What's the meaning of the word "engender" in paragraph 4?

A. Point out.
B. Disagree.
C. Give rise to.
D. Endanger .
E. Be caused by.
According to the text, which option is correct?

A. Today children have the maximum and the minimum at the same time when it
comes to learning opportunities.
B. In the past, education was better beacause children had access to more outside time
at schools.
C. Thanks to technology education is better today, since children have instant access
to things other generations didn’t.
D. Technology access will give children the necessary will to fight for the planet
environment in the future.
E. The fact the unstructure playtime is being eliminated from the school day is a good
thing for raising awareness of the habitat nearest to the children.
68
Which option completes the sentence below correctly?

One of the most interesting projects handed over more than a ton of tin cans, glass
bottles, and old climbing tools to artists in Nepal, _______?
(Adapted from:
https://ngl.cengage.com/assets/downloads/grex_pro0000000538/grex2_su8.pdf)
A. doesn’t it
B. hasn't it
C. didn’t it
D. don't they
E. didn’t they
Assinale a alternativa que pode substituir ‘binning’ na sentença “In his shoes I imagine myself
binning the bus pass and walking home for a salad supper.” (parágrafo 3) mantendo o mesmo
sentido do texto e a correção gramatical.
A ( ) using
B ( ) throwing away
C ( ) putting away
D ( ) keeping
E ( ) putting in my pocket
ITA - 2019
The lengths countries go to for a seat at UN top table
Glad-handing, parties and concerts by U2 and Celine Dion - how countries campaign for a seat
on the United Nations Security Council.
It likely won't come down to the gift bags or the parties but that doesn't mean Canada, Norway
and Ireland are leaving it to chance.
From Norway, General Assembly delegations will get a badge covered with fabric from the
tapestry used to decorate the council chamber's walls.
Canada is offering greeting cards, chocolates, and Canada branded facemasks.
69
The small tokens for delegations ahead of the 17 June vote come after lengthy campaigns by the
three nations for one of two coveted non-permanent seats up for grabs on the security council,
which is tasked with ensuring global peace and security.
The seats they are campaigning for are set aside for the "Western Europe and Others" [WEOG]
regional grouping on the council.
The winners will serve a two-year term on the 15-member body.
Campaign season for the contested seats means "a lot of parties, a lot of events" at the UN's
headquarters in New York, says Stephanie Fillion, a journalist who covers the global body for news
site PassBlue.
Campaigns can be elaborate affairs with slick promotional materials and plenty of wining and
dining, and countries announce they will run years in advance
In 2018, Ireland invited diplomats to a New York concert by Irish rockers U2, and Canada did
something similar for a concert by Canadian songstress Celine Dion this year.
Canada says it's shelled out roughly $1.74m (£1.37m) and has 13 full-time staff working on the
campaign. And as of late last year, Ireland spent a reported $800,000 and Norway $2.8m.
Why do countries want a seat on the council?
Members states get three things in return for a seat, says Adam Chapnick, a professor of defence
studies at the Royal Military College of Canada.
Those are access, relevance, and influence.
"For two years, day in and day out, a country that is not a great power will have direct access to
the five permanent members in addition to whomever else might be on the council at that time,"
he says.
He adds: "With that access comes relevance."
"All of a sudden you're really popular around the world because if somebody else can't reach the
Chinese or the Americans or the French, they know you can."
The council has significant responsibilities. It can authorise peacekeeping operations, impose
international sanctions, and determine how the UN should respond to conflicts around the world.
But the council isn't always in the mood to collaborate, says Mr Chapnick.
"There are times when you can actually change the international rules of the game and there are
other times where you absolutely can't. And that's entirely unpredictable."
Adaptado de < https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52973244>
48. (ITA – 2019)
De acordo com o texto, é incorreto dizer que

A ( ) a Irlanda, Noruega e o Canadá estão há dois anos concorrendo por vagas permanentes no
conselho de segurança da ONU.
70
B ( ) os países querem participar do conselho de segurança para ter acesso, relevância e influência.
C ( ) a temporada de campanhas significa muitas festas e eventos na sede da ONU em Nova Iorque.
D ( ) os países estão concorrendo a vagas reservadas para o grupo regional da Europa ocidental e
outros.
E ( ) os vencedores farão parte do conselho formado por 15 membros pelo período de dois anos.
49. (ITA – 2019)
Assinale a alternativa INCORRETA. No texto, o autor afirma que

A ( ) diplomatas foram convidados pela Irlanda a assistir um show da banda U2 em Nova Iorque.
B ( ) diplomatas foram convidados pelo Canadá a assistir um show da Celine Dion em Nova Iorque.
C ( ) o conselho de segurança é reponsável por garantir a paz e a segurança global.
D ( ) a Irlanda já gastou 800.000 libras em seus esforços de campanha por um lugar no conselho
de segurança.
E ( ) o conselho torna os membros populares por terem acesso e influência com as maiores
potências globais.
50. (ITA – 2019)
A palavra ou expressão sublinhada na primeira coluna pode ser substituída pela palavra ou
expressão na segunda coluna em todas as opções, mantendo o mesmo sentido, EXCETO em:
A ( ) The seats they are campaigning for are set aside for[…] → reserved
B ( ) All of a sudden you're really popular around the world […]. → gradually
C ( ) Campaign season for the contested seats means […]. → disputed
D ( ) The winners will serve a two-year term on the 15-member body.[...] → period
E ( ) […]Canadian songstress Celine Dion this year. → singer
EFOMM - 2017
Pidgins and creoles

Pidgin Languages
A pidgin is a system of communication which has grown up among people who do not
share a common language, but who want to talk to each other, for trading or other
reasons. Pidgins have been variously called ‘makeshift’, ‘marginal’, or ‘mixed’ languages.
71
They have a limited vocabulary, a reduced grammatical structure, and a much narrower
range of functions, compared to the languages which gave rise to them. They are the
native language of no one, but they are nonetheless a main means of communication for
millions of people, and a major focus of interest to those who study the way languages
change.
It is essential to avoid the stereotype of a pidgin language, as perpetrated over the years
in generations of children’s comics and films. The ‘Me Tarzan, you Jane’ image is far from
the reality. A pidgin is not a language which has broken down; nor is it the result of baby
talk, laziness, corruption, primitive thought processes, or mental deficiency. On the
contrary: pidgins are demonstrably creative adaptations of natural languages, with a
structure and rules of their own. Along with creoles, they are evidence of a fundamental
process of linguistic change, as languages come into contact with each other, producing
new varieties whose structures and uses contract and expand. They provide the clearest
evidence of language being created and shaped by society for its own ends, as people
adapt to new social circumstances. This emphasis on processes of change is reflected in
the terms pidginization and creolization.
Most pidgins are based on European languages – English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and
Portuguese – reflecting the history of colonialism. However, this observation may be the
result only of our ignorance of the languages used in parts of Africa, South America, or
South-east Asia, where situations of language contact are frequent. One of the best-
known non-European pidgins is Chinook Jargon, once used for trading by American
Indians in north-west USA. Another is Sango, a pidginized variety of Ngbandi, spoken
widely in west-central Africa.
Because of their limited function, pidgin languages usually do not last for very long –
sometimes for only a few years, and rarely for more than a century. They die when the
original reason for communication diminishes or disappears, as communities move apart,
or one community learns the language of the other. (Alternatively, the pidgin may
develop into a creole.) The pidgin French which was used in Vietnam all but disappeared
when the French left; similarly, the pidgin English which appeared during the American
Vietnam campaign virtually disappeared as soon as the war was over. But there are
exceptions. The pidgin known as Mediterranean Lingua Franca, or Sabir, began in the
Middle Ages and lasted until the 20th century.
Some pidgins have become so useful as a means of communication between languages
that they have developed a more formal role, as regular auxiliary languages. They may
even be given official status by a community, as lingua francas. These cases are known as
‘expanded pidgins’, because of the way in which they have added extra forms to cope
with the needs of their users, and have come to be used in a much wider range of
situations than previously. In time, these languages may come to be used on the radio, in
the press, and may even develop a literature of their own. Some of the most widely used
expanded pidgins are Krio (in Sierra Leone), Nigerian Pidgin English, and Bislama (in
Vanuatu). In Papua New Guinea, the local pidgin (Tok Pisin) is the most widely used
language in the country.
72
51. (EFOMM – 2017)
In line 65, “(...) they have added extra forms to cope with the needs of their users (...)”,
the phrasal verb in bold is closest in meaning to:
( a ) foresee
( b ) support
( c ) respect
( d ) realize
( e ) handle
52. (EFOMM – 2017)
Which option can NOT be inferred from the text? A pidgin language is:
( a ) a simplified means of linguistic communication.
( b ) the native language of a speech community.
( c ) employed in situations such as commerce.
( d ) a contact language.
( e ) constructed impromptu, or by convention, between individuals or groups of people.
Adele - Someone Like You
I heard that you're settled down

That you found a girl and you're married now
I heard that your dreams came true
Guess she gave you things, I didn't give to you
Old friend, why are you so shy?
Ain't like you to hold back or hide from the light
I hate to turn up out of the blue, uninvited

But I couldn't stay away, I couldn't fight it
I had hoped you'd see my face
And that you'd be reminded that for me, it isn't over
(Adapted from https://www.letras.mus.br/adele/1778689/)
53. (2021 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita)
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What is the main verb tense used in the first paragraph of the text above?
a) Present Perfect.
b) Past Perfect.
c) Simple Present.
d) Past Perfect Continuous.
e) Simple Past.
In the excerpt “I hate to turn up out of the blue, uninvited” the expression in bold means
a) blue as the sky.

b) unexpectedly.
c) once in a blue moon.
d) rarely.
e) promptly.
Choose the option that contains only uncountable nouns
a) beauty, iron, information, newspaper, baggage.

b) beauty, bee, information, newspaper, wool.
c) song, iron, information, paper, wool.
d) song, bee, information, newspaper, baggage.
e) beauty, iron, information, paper, wool.
Text IV
There’s no end to the benefits of donating blood for those who need it.
According to the American Red Cross, one donation can save as many as three lives, and someone
in the United States needs blood every two seconds.
It turns out that donating blood doesn’t just benefit recipients. There are health benefits for
donors, too, on top of the benefits that come from helping others.
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Donating blood has benefits for your emotional and physical health. According to a report by the
Mental Health Foundation, helping others can: reduce stress, improve your emotional well-being,
benefit your physical health, help get rid of negative feelings, provide a sense of belonging and
reduce isolation.
Research has found further evidence of the health benefits that come specifically from donating
blood.
“According to a report by the Mental Health Foundation, helping others can: reduce stress, […],
help get rid of negative feelings […]”. The expression “get rid of” in bold in the text means
a) put away
b) throw away
c) put up with
d) find out
e) work out
“They could spend two hours improving their health by exercising,”

The underlined word can be replaced by:
a. coming up with
b. puting up with
c. puting away
d. turning down
e. brushing up on
Brexit was meant to make Britain global. It has made us friendless

It is not a secret that Britain is leaving the EU. The coronavirus crisis has dominated 2020 but not
obliterated memory of the years before. Still, to be on the safe side, the government is spending
£93m on a Brexit refresher campaign with the slogan “check, change, go”.
75
This is aimed at people who have dealings with Europe and might be under the illusion that it will
be as easy in the future as it has been in the past. No one has done more to cultivate that
misapprehension than Boris Johnson. The government’s new message on Brexit is to disregard
what the prime minister used to say on the subject.
The essential issue here is that Brexit can make EU membership go away, but not the EU itself.
When the only problem was being inside, escape was the only solution worth talking about.
Hardline Eurosceptics were no more bothered by the issue of how an ex-member state might
manage relations with Brussels than arsonists are interested in what to do with ashes.
As a result of that complacency, the UK does not have a policy towards the EU, only an impulse
away from it and that is of fading relevance. No one followed us out. The fire didn’t catch.
It is important to distinguish strategic European policy from the detail of borders, tariffs and
regulations. The UK has a detailed agenda for that stuff and negotiations are ongoing. If those
talks fail, there is always the World Trade Organization (as Brexit ultras never tire of pointing out).
But even if it were economically sensible to fall back on WTO rules (and it isn’t), the question of
Britain’s geopolitical alignment would still remain unanswered.
The rubric for the current talks is “the future relationship”, but the UK has narrowed the
discussion to exclude everything apart from trade. Johnson took foreign policy, security and
defence cooperation – the stuff of which international alliances are made – off the table.
European leaders were baffled by that choice, which seemed to defer discussion of something no
less urgent than fish quotas and customs declarations, and more important in the long term.
The UK position is consistent with the Eurosceptic doctrine of pristine sovereignty. In that view,
EU institutions eat national power. Every programme, even something as ostensibly benign as the
Erasmus scheme for student exchanges, is a trap. The whole point of new “global” Britain, as an
upgrade from the old European version, is that it is freer to deal with other global players peer-
to-peer.
The limitations of that approach are quickly becoming clear. In January, the government
announced that it would allow Huawei, the Chinese telecoms company, a limited role in
developing British 5G infrastructure. Yesterday, the limit became an exclusion, starting next year.
The shift follows pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complain, with good reason, that
Huawei has the potential to be a conduit for Beijing security interests and want its kit stripped out
of the network even sooner. The more decisive factor is US sanctions against the company and
the demand from Washington that Britain be more demonstrative in its transatlantic loyalty. The
unambiguous message from the White House is that trade and security policy are intertwined. A
country that wants a deal to access US markets can expect to have its foreign investment relations
vetted for intimacy with undesirable states. Beijing has warned of trade retaliation against
countries deemed hostile to Huawei.
Any prime minister would prioritise the security alliance with the US over a commercial deal with
China. But Johnson happens to be the first prime minister to be confronted with the choice in
stark, binary terms, because his trade policy is a blank sheet of paper and Donald Trump is holding
the pen.
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As an EU member, Britain’s trade deals were brokered by the European commission, which
mobilised the scale of the single market – 28 countries; 450 million consumers – as leverage in
negotiations. That is what concessions in national sovereignty buy, and every government that
has felt the benefits considers it a price worth paying. The UK was no exception. David Cameron
was a casual Tory Eurosceptic, happy to play-fight against Brussels banditry, but when the choice
became real he campaigned to remain. Would Johnson have been a leaver if his Downing Street
ambitions had come to fruition five years earlier and he had spent some time hobnobbing with
fellow heads of government at EU summits? I doubt it.
In less volatile times an independent seat at the WTO would have been meagre compensation for
losing Britain’s influence as one of the big three EU members. As international trade policy gets
ever deeper submerged in geopolitical manoeuvres, that swap looks like the worst part-exchange
in strategic history, even if you throw in a new royal yacht and call it Britannia.
Johnson knows it, too. If the prime minister thought the WTO was where the action happens, he
would nominate a credible, intelligent statesman with a reputation for probity as Britain’s
candidate to be the next director general. He offered Liam Fox instead. (Fox will not get the job.)
The UK is sliding into a strategic void because its only foreign policy is a plan that devalues old
European alliances and shifts the balance of power to other continents when trying to make new
deals. Johnson cannot address this challenge without exposing the basic flaw in Brexit, which is
that the sovereignty he so jealously demands from Brussels buys no clout in Washington, Beijing
or anywhere else.
The UK national interest requires a new strategic partnership with the EU, but Johnson refuses
even to include that concept in the negotiation. The obstacle used to be confidence that Britain
had no need of Europe. It looks now more like fear of admitting how much of Europe Britain still
needs.
Adapted from (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jul/15/brexit-britain-
partnership-boris-johnson)
What word could replace the word “misapprehension” in the second paragraph?
A. mistake
B. culture
C. made up
D. misconception
E. unapprehension
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“is that it is freer to deal with other global players peer-to-peer.” in paragraph 7, the word in bold
refers to
A. European version
B. Upgrade
C. “global” Britain
D. Point
E. Trap
Which option completes the paragraph below correctly?

An engineer I worked _____ told me he was impressed because I could deal ______ aggressive
dogs. He had no ideia what workshops I had attended ______. That’s why I could walk ______
those dogs.
(A) With / of / to / -
(B) At / from / about / with
(C) With / with / of / -
(D) With / for/ to / with
(E) With / with / to / -
Mark the CORRECT alternative.

“Huawei has the potential to be a conduit for Beijing security interests and want its kit stripped
out of the network even sooner.” (paragraph 9)
If something is stripped out, it means that
A) it’s something that lost its clothes in the network.
B) it’s something withdrawn from their network.
C) it’s something broken in their network.
D) it’s something that needs to be assessed in their network.
E) it’s something bathed in the network.
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Mark the alternative which has the sentence below correctly reported.
The shift follows pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complain.
The author
A) replied: “the shift follows pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complain”
B) said that the shift followed pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complained.
C) asked the readers if the shift follows pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complain.
D) asked readers if the shift followed pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complained.
E) said the shift follows pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complain.
Singapore overtakes US as world’s most competitive economy

Sherisse Pham
Singapore has knocked the United States out of top spot in the World Economic Forum’s
annual competitiveness report.
The index takes stock of an economy’s competitive landscape, measuring factors such as
macroeconomic stability, the infrastructure, the labor market and the innovation capability.
Singapore pushed the world lergest economy down to second place this year. Hong Kong,
the Netherlands and Switzerland rounded out the top five. Hong Kong climbed four spots from
last year’s report, despite the political crisis taking a toll on its economy. The financial hub
received high marks for its macroeconomic stability and financial system, but fell short on its
capability to innovate.
Adapted from CNN.com
63. (EEAR – BCT – 2021)
The expression “taking a toll on its economy”, in bold type in the text, means that it
___________ on the economy.
a) has a good impact
b) has a desired effect
c) has a very bad effect
d) has an unacceptable effect
Development of world’s first autonomous, zero-emissions feeder postponed amid

COVID-19 crisis
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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the changed global outlook, the development of the
world’s first autonomous and electric container vessel Yara Birkeland is put on hold, Norwegian
company Yara announced.
Yara has decided to pause further development of the vessel and will assess next steps
together with its partners, the company stated. The hull of the Yara Birkeland vessel was launched
to sea in Romania in February 2020.
The ship is expected to arrive at the Norwegian shipyard in May where it will be fitted with
various control- and navigation systems and undergo testing before delivery to Yara.
Yara and technology company Kongsberg teamed up in 2017 with the ambition to build the
world's first autonomous and zero-emission container vessel.
Replacing 40,000 truck journeys a year, Yara Birkeland seeks to reduce NOx and CO2
emissions and improve road safety in a densely populated urban area in Norway.
(Adapted from: https://safety4sea.com)
.
64. (EFOMM – 2021)
According to the article:
a) Covid-19 pandemic urged the development of the world’s first autonomous, zero-emission
feeder.
b) Norwegian Company Yara issued a statement about the launching of the new watercraft fully
manned.
c) Unmanned craft can whittle down the discharge of foul air and greenhouse gases.
d) Yara and Kongsberg technology company split up due to the virus outbreak.
e) Autonomous and zero-emission feeders are salvege vessels that can stow the level of
pollutants.
65. (EFOMM – 2021)
Which of the statements are TRUE about the article

I. The pandemic forestalled additional improvement of the feeder vessel.
II. The ship will enable a depletion of road freight and road hazards.
III. The vessel will be scrapped straight away.
IV. The norwegian shipyard went bankrupt due to the changed global outlook.
V. The ship will be fitted with outdated controls and navigation systems.
a) I and V
b) IV and V
c) II and V
d) III and IV
e) I and II
66. (EFOMM – 2021)
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In “[…] the world’s first autonomous and electric container vessel Yara Birkeland is put on
hold[…]”, the idiom in bold means:
a) Put away
b) Put about
c) Put off
d) Put across
e) Put up
Sea-Fever
By
John Masefield
I must down to the seas again, to the lonely sea and the sky,
And all I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by,
And the wheel’s kick and the wind’s song and the white sail’s shaking,
And a grey mist on the sea’s face, and a grey dawn breaking.
I must down to the seas again, for the call of the running tide
Is a wild call and a clear call that may not be denied;
And all I ask is a windy day with the white clouds flying,
And the flung spray and the blown spume, and the sea-gulls crying.
I must down to the seas again, to the vagrant gypsy life,

To the gull’s way and the whale’s way where the wind’s like a whetted knife;
And all I ask is a merry yarn from a laughing fellow-rover,
And quiet sleep and a sweet dream when the long trick’s over.
By John Masefield. (1878-1967)
67. (EFOMM – 2021)

According to the text:
(A) The title refers to a disease that could commonly occur working onboard vessels at sea.
(B) The seagulls are crying because of the blown spume and the flung spray.
(C) The voice of the poem has a strong desire to hear a story from a seafarer.
(D) The whetted knife is going to be used to cut the seagulls and the whales like the wind.
(E) The voice of the poem wants to have an amazing adventure at sea by sailing in very bad
weather.
68. (EFOMM – 2021)
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Based on the passage below, mark the correct option.

By the end of our first two weeks in Holland, we had fallen head over heels for the country. It's a
historic, visual, artistic and cultural feast that is compact and easy to get around thanks to its
efficient trains, buses and bike routes.
(Adapted from: Sail Magazine, August 2018.)
Considering the previous passage, the underlined phrase 'head over heels' is closest in meaning
to:
(A) Bewildered
(B) Gleeful
(C) At ease
(D) In love
(E) Stupefied
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4.1 GABARITO
1. D 36. C
2. D 37. D
3. D 38. A
4. A 39. C
5. D 40. D
6. B 41. E
7. B 42. B
8. C 43. D
9. B 44. C
10. D 45. A
11. D 46. C
12. D 47. B
13. C 48. A
14. B 49. D
15. A 50. B
16. D 51. E
17. C 52. B
18. C 53. E
19. B 54. B
20. D 55. E
21. E 56. B
22. C 57. E
23. E 58. D
24. E 59. C
25. E 60. E
26. C 61. B
27. C 62. B
28. E 63. C
29. A 64. C
30. A 65. E
31. C 66. C
32. C 67. C
33. D 68. D
34. B
35. D
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5. QUESTÕES COMENTADAS

In “I’m looking forward to”, the underlined words, in the text, is closest in meaning to, to
be _________.
b. unpleasant
A expressão “I’m looking forward to” significa “eu mal posso esperar”, “eu estou
ansioso, empolgado, por alguma coisa que está por vir.”. Unpleasant significa
desagradável, não correspondendo ao sentido. ERRADA.
c. unhappy
Unhappy significa infeliz. Também não correspondendo ao sentido de estar ansioso,
empolgado. ERRADA.
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d. hopeless
Hopeless significa sem esperança. ERRADA.
e. excited
Excited significa justamente animado, empolgado. CORRETA.
Gabarito: D

“Trick or treat”, in bold type, in the text, means
Observe o trecho do texto que explica a tradição do “Trick or treat”: This gave origin to the
“trick or treat” tradition: groups of children dressed like witches and ghosts visit many houses to
ask for sweets. If they do not get their treats, they play a trick. = Isso deu origem ao “trick or
treat”: grupos de crianças vestidas como bruxas e fantasmas visitam muitas casas para pedir
doces. Se elas não conseguem os doces (treats), elas fazem uma travessura (trick).
b. a celebration of someone’s birthday.
Como vimos, o “trick or treat” não é a comemoração do aniversário de alguém.
ERRADA.
c. an event in which is someone’s wedding.
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O “trick or treat” não é um evento em que é o casamento (wedding) de alguém.

ERRADA.
d. a day when people thank for the end of the harvest.

De acordo com o texto, o “trick or treat” não é um dia em que as pessoas agradecem
pelo fim da colheita (harvest). ERRADA.
e. an activity in which children knock on door of houses to ask for candies.

De fato, segundo o texto, o “trick or treat” é uma atividade em que as crianças
batem na porta das casas para pedir doces. CORRETA.
Gabarito: D
They arrived at the court in plenty of time and went straight to the robing room. It was
crowded with solicitors and counsil.
Adapted from Reading for Meaning
3 – (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2020) The words, “in plenty of time”, in bold type in
the paragraph, is closest in meaning to __________.
a) late
b) on time
c) over time
d) in good time
A alternativa A está incorreta. A palavra “late” traz o sentido de atrasado, enquanto “in
plenty of time” significa que chegaram numa hora boa, com tempo sobrando. As duas expressões
não tem relação de significação.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “on time” traz o sentido de que chegaram na
hora certa, enquanto “in plenty of time” significa que chegaram numa hora boa, com tempo
sobrando. As duas expressões não tem relação de significação.
A alternativa C está incorreta. A expressão “over time” traz o sentido de que chegaram
com o tempo, enquanto “in plenty of time” significa que chegaram numa hora boa, com tempo
sobrando. As duas expressões não tem relação de significação.
A alternativa D está correta. A expressão “in good time” traz o mesmo sentido de “in plenty
of time” no texto. As duas expressões significam que chegaram numa boa hora, com tempo
sobrando.
GABARITO: D
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Halloween
One fall day, as you walk down the street, you might see ghosts, strange animals, and other
weird things. What’s going on? It’s probably October 31, or Halloween. Halloween is a day when
people go out wearing costumes and colorful makeup.
People think that Halloween started in Ireland during the 400s. October 31 was the end of
summer, and people believe that everyone who died during the year come back on that day. To
scare away the dead, people put on costumes and went out into the streets to make noise.
Different cultures have different ways of celebrating Halloween. In the United States, it’s
the night when children dress up in costumes and go to neighbors’ houses to “trick or treat”, or
ask for candy. Some adults wear funny or scary costumes and go to parties or parades. Halloween
has become a fun holiday for both adults and children.
Adapted from Interchange.
4 –(Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2020) All the underlined words from the text are
phrasal verbs, except:
a) end of
b) dress up
c) went out
d) scare away
A alternativa A está correta. “End of” não é um phrasal verb porque cada palavra
representa uma unidade de sentido. Num phrasal verb, devemos ter apenas uma unidade de
sentido para a expressão..
A alternativa B está incorreta. “Dress up” é um phrasal verb que significa vestir-se para
uma ocasião especial, estar bem vestido.
A alternativa C está incorreta. “Went out” é um phrasal verb que significa sair (de um
ambiente fechado, como uma casa ou um prédio).
A alternativa D está incorreta. “Scare away” é um phrasal verb que significa assustar.
GABARITO: A
Reasons why the Airbus A380 failed

On 14 February 2019, Airbus announced their A380s have been cancelled, with production
ending in 2021. After 12 years of shaky business and development, its closure didn’t come as a
surprise. The dream is over for the world’ largest passenger airliner. Why was the king of the
airliners forced to land so quikly? Here’s what happened:
• poor business planing finds itself at the heart of the A380’s downfall. Most of all A380’ eggs
were put in a basket called Emirates, Airbus biggest buyer.
• bigger isn’t always better. With a wingspan of almost 80 meters was difficult to guide the
giant four-turbine around airports.
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• airbus failed to antecipate how consumer’s tastes in air travel would change over the years.
Passengers nowadays prefer smaller airports, using direct routes to their destinations.
• although a seating capacity of 800 may seem impressive at first, it is not easy to fill them
up, even when you give discounts and make promotions.
Airbus A380’ closure perhaps teaches us all a lesson or two. Dream big, but keep your feet
on the ground.
Adapted from https://www.slashgerar.com.
5 –(Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2020) In “... Dream big, but keep your feet on the
ground.”, the expression is closest in meaning to: _______________________.
a) Be careful about your dreams
b) It’s possible to dream without consequences
c) Don’t do anything without be sure that it will work
d) Try to achieve your wishes being realistic and sensible
A alternativa A está incorreta. O texto não diz para ter cuidado com nossos sonhos, mas
sim que devemos sonhar com os pés no chão, ou seja, de forma responsável e realista.
A alternativa B está incorreta. O texto não diz que é possível sonhar sem consequências,
mas sim que devemos sonhar com os pés no chão, ou seja, de forma responsável e realista.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O texto não diz para não fazer nada sem ter certeza de que
dará certo, mas sim que devemos sonhar com os pés no chão, ou seja, de forma responsável e
realista.
A alternativa D está correta. O texto afirma que devemos tentar atingir nossos desejos
sendo realistas e sensatos. Isso é exatamente o significado de sonhar com os pés no chão.
GABARITO: D
6 –(Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2020) In”...Most of all the A380’s eggs were put in a
basket called Emirates(...)”, we can infer that Airbus ______________.
a) is the Emirates’ best customer
b) have no other alternative left if Emirates fails
c) made investments on the open market for many years
d) put most of their efforts into Emirates, but have another plans to get sucess
A alternativa A está incorreta. O texto diz que a Emirates é o melhor cliente do A380, e não
que o A380 é o melhor cliente da Emirates.
A alternativa B está correta. O texto diz que o Airbus A380 não tem outra alternativa além
da Emirates, já que diz que a empresa colocou a maioria dos seus ovos na Emirates. Repare que
há, ainda, um erro gramatical na frase que parece não ter sido intencional por parte do
examinador, que é o uso do verbo “have” ao invés de “has”, já que Airbus é uma empresa e pode
ser substituída por “it”.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O texto não diz que a Airbus fez investimentos no mercado
aberto, mas sim que a Airbus colocoi a maioria dos seus ovos do A380 numa única cesta chamada
Emirates.
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A alternativa D está incorreta. O texto afirma que a Airbus colocou a maioria dos seus
eforços na Emirates, mas não diz que a empresa tem outros planos para atingir o sucesso com
seu modelo A380. Repare que há, ainda, mais dois erros gramaticais na frase que parece não ter
sido intencional por parte do examinador, que é o uso do verbo “have” ao invés de “has”, já que
Airbus é uma empresa e pode ser substituída por “it”, além do uso da palavra “another” antes do
substantivo no plural “plans”.
GABARITO: B

The phrasal verb “turning away from” (line 1) is closest in meaning to: _____________
a) looking after
b) abandoning
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c) putting up with
d) requesting
Comentário:
No trecho “More and more people are turning away from their doctors and,
instead, going to individuals who have no medical training”, o sentido do phrasal verb
indicado é de que mais e mais pessoas estão largando seus médicos, abandonando-os, em
busca da cura milagrosa.
a. cuidando
ERRADA.
b. abandonando.
CORRETA, conforme explicado.
c. aturando, tolerando.
ERRADA.
d. solicitando
ERRADA.
Gabarito: B
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91

In “Will also has got one standout star” (lines 17 and 18), the text means that Will has a /
an ____________ the group.
a) person who feels left behind in
b) foreign celebrity in
c) exceptionally good person in
d) a person who doesn’t belong to
Comentário:
Acertar a questão depende da compreensão do adjetivo standout, que caracteriza
algo que se destaca, por ser excepcionalmente bom. Assim, Will tem no grupo
a. uma pessoa que se sente deixada para trás
Não corresponde ao sentido explicado. ERRADA.
b. uma celebridade estrangeira
Também não corresponde ao sentido explicado. ERRADA.
c. pessoa excepcionalmente boa
Alternativa de acordo com o sentido de standout. CORRETA.
d. uma pessoa que não pertence
Não corresponde ao sentido explicado. ERRADA.
Gabarito: C
Airports ‘vunerable’ to attack

The 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack was a terrorist ramming attack which
occurred on Saturday 30 June 2007, when a dark green Jeep Cherokee loaded with propane
canisters was driven into the glass doors of the Glasgow International Airport terminal and set
ablaze. It was the first terrorist attack to take place in Scotland. Security bollards outside the
entrance stopped the car from entering the terminal, although the doors were damaged.
Security consultant Chris Yates said many of the changes put in place at Glasgow had been
copied at other UK airports. But he said that although some “weak points” in airport had been
addressed, others remained.
Since the attack, cars no longer drop off passengers outside the main terminal building,
which was fitted with bomb-proof glass.
Fonte:BBC News
GLOSSARY
(car) ramming attack – ataque no qual um veículo choca-se contra um local
propane canister – container de metal contendo gás propano
bollard – poste usado para manter um veículo fora de uma área em particular
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In ‘(…) a Jeep Cherokee was driven into the glass doors and set ablaze’, (lines 3 - 5), it
means that the vehicle hit into the glass doors and _________________, except:
a) burnt
b) blew up
c) caught fire
d) burst into flames
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A expressão “set ablaze” significa pegou fogo, e “burnt”
significa queimou. Podemos dizer que essa é uma substituição satisfatória.
A alternativa B está correta. A expressão “set ablaze” significa pegou fogo, enquanto “blew
up” significa explodiu. Pegar fogo e explodir são coisas diferentes.
A alternativa C está incorreta. A expressão “set ablaze” significa pegou fogo, e “caught fire”
significa pegou fogo. Podemos dizer que essa é uma substituição satisfatória.
A alternativa D está incorreta. A expressão “set ablaze” significa pegou fogo, e “burst into
flames” significa pegou fogo. Podemos dizer que essa é uma substituição satisfatória.
GABARITO: B
Why I stopped mispronouncing my Igbo name

In Nigeria, the language spoken by one of the largest ethnic groups, the Igbo, is in danger
of dying out – which is odd because the population is growing. In the past this didn’t worry Nkem
Ifejika, who is himself Igbo but never learned the language.
When he is in Nigeria, he says his parents are Igbo. He might throw in that he partly grew
up in the United Kingdom. In Britain, He says he’s Nigerian, though he often adds explainers about
having been educated at British schools and lived outside Nigeria since he was 12 years old.
Nkem Ifejika can speak English, French among others. However, he can’t speak the
language of his ancestors. Igbo is a tonal language, so the words with the wrong stresses and
tones either change their meaning, or worse, become unintelligible. In Igboland, as it’s informally
known, names have meaning and history. Nkemakonam means “may I not lack what is mine”,
while Ifejika means “what I have is greater”. By mispronouncing his names, he was throwing away
generation of history, and disregarding his parents’ careful choice.
His indefatigable and proudly wife, who is also Igbo, helped him out when they met. Now
he knows how to pronounce his name properly, with the correct tones and with pride.
Fonte: BBC NewsWorld Service

In ‘(...) the Igbo is in danger of dying out (...)’, (paragraph 1), it means that the language is
in danger of ______________.
a) being minority
b) being less spoken
c) becoming unclear
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d) going into extinction

Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. O texto diz que a língua lgbo já é falada por uma minoria e
corre risco de desaparecer. Portanto, não podemos dizer que ela corre o risco de ser falada por
uma minoria, isso já é uma realidade.
A alternativa B está incorreta. O texto diz que a língua lgbo já é menos falada do que era
no passado e corre risco de desaparecer. Portanto, não podemos dizer que ela corre o risco de
ser menos falada, isso já é uma realidade.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O texto diz que a língua deixa de ser clara quando as palavras
são pronunciadas de forma errada, mas isso não tem a ver com o preenchimento da lacuna, que
deve indicar o risco de a língua desaparecer.
A alternativa D está correta. O texto diz que a língua corre o risco de desaparecer ou ser
extinta, como diz a alternativa.
GABARITO: D
Finding a taste of Japan in São Paulo’s Liberdade neighborhood

Home of the largest Japanese community outside of Japan, São Paulo’s Liberdade
neighborhood is a city within a city, with many specialty shops for Japanese food and home
products.
Since most of the products are imported directly from Japan, and many do not contain a
Portuguese ingredient version, shop owners and employees are always at hand for a quick
translation.
Fonte: The Rio Times/Brazil News

The words “at hand”, underlined in the text, mean _____.
a) busy
b) distant
c) worried
d) available
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A expressão “at hand” usada no texto tem a intenção de
dizer que sempre há um funcionário ou o próprio dono da loja disponível para fazer uma rápida
tradução do rótulo do produto, e não que eles estão sempre ocupados para fazer a tradução,
como diz a alternativa.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “at hand” usada no texto tem a intenção de
tradução do rótulo do produto, e não que eles estão sempre distantes para fazer a tradução, como
diz a alternativa.
A alternativa C está incorreta. A expressão “at hand” usada no texto tem a intenção de
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tradução do rótulo do produto, e não que eles estão sempre preocupados para fazer a tradução,
A alternativa D está correta. A expressão “at hand” usada no texto tem a intenção de dizer
que sempre há um funcionário ou o próprio dono da loja disponível para fazer uma rápida
tradução do rótulo do produto, exatamente como diz a alternativa com o uso da palavra
“available”.
GABARITO: D
LINKIN PARK – LEAVE OUT ALL THE REST

I dreamed I was missing
You were so scared
But no one would listen
Cause no one else cared
After my dreaming
I woke with this fear
What am I leaving
When I'm done here?
So, if you're asking me, I want you to know
When my time comes
Forget the wrong that I've done
Help me leave behind some reasons to be missed
And don't resent me
And when you're feeling empty
Keep me in your memory
Adapted from https://www.lyricfind.com/
The word leave out, underlined in the text, means

a) remember.
b) put up with.
c) dream of.
d) put aside.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A expressão “leave out” significa deixar de lado, esquecer,
enquanto “remember” significa lembrar.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “leave out” significa deixar de lado, esquecer,
enquanto “put up with” significa tolerar.
A alternativa C está incorreta. A expressão “leave out” significa deixar de lado, esquecer,
enquanto “dream of” significa sonhar sobre algo.
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A alternativa D está correta. A expressão “leave out” significa deixar de lado, esquecer, e
a expressão “put aside” significa, exatamente, deixar de lado.
GABARITO: D
Kenosha shooting: National Guard deployed after black man shot

The governor of the US state of Wisconsin has deployed the National Guard to maintain
"public safety" after police shot a black man on Sunday.
Jacob Blake is reportedly in a stable condition after officers shot him multiple times as he
tried to get into a car in the city of Kenosha. Protests erupted in the city soon after, and authorities
imposed an emergency overnight curfew. Governor Tony Evers has now called up the National
Guard to aid local police.
In a press release, Governor Evers said the "limited mobilisation" - made at the request of
local officials - was to help law enforcement "protect critical infrastructure" and make sure people
can demonstrate safely.
"Every person should be able to express their anger and frustration by exercising their First
Amendment rights and report on these calls to action without any fear of being unsafe," he said.
A curfew will also come into effect at 20:00 local time (01:00 GMT) until 07:00 on Tuesday.
The governor also called a special session of the state legislature on 31 August to discuss a
package of laws announced earlier this year on accountability and transparency of the police.
Mr Evers announced the legislation in the wake of the police killing of George Floyd in the
neighbouring state of Minnesota. His death in May highlighted police brutality and racism in the
US and sparked protests around the world.
What's the latest from Kenosha?
Hundreds of people marched on police headquarters on Sunday night to demonstrate
against the shooting. Vehicles were set on fire and protesters shouted "we won't back down" as
officers used tear gas to try to disperse the crowds. Organisers have called for further
demonstrations in the Wisconsin city on Monday.
Clyde McLemore, a member of a nearby chapter of the Black Lives Matter movement,
issued a call on Facebook for a march through the city starting at midday.
Reports suggest up to 200 members of the National Guard will be deployed on Monday.
Lawmakers "have failed to act" in the two months since he announced the "commonsense
policies", the governor tweeted. "I am urging the Legislature to rise to this occasion and give this
special session the urgent and productive effort this moment demands and that the people of
Wisconsin deserve," he wrote.
Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53897641.

In “Mr Evers announced the legislation in the wake of the police killing of George Floyd”
(paragraph 5), the underlined expression can be replaced by
a) before
b) in order to
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c) after
d) awake
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A palavra “before” significa antes, enquanto “in the wake
of” significa logo após algo ter acontecido, nesse caso, a morte de George Floyd.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “in order to” significa para que, enquanto “in
the wake of” significa logo após algo ter acontecido, nesse caso, a morte de George Floyd.
A alternativa C está correta. A palavra “after” significa depois, exatamente o mesmo
significado de “in the wake of”, que significa logo após algo ter acontecido, nesse caso, a morte
de George Floyd.
A alternativa D está incorreta. A palavra “awake” significa acordado, enquanto “in the wake
of” significa logo após algo ter acontecido, nesse caso, a morte de George Floyd.
GABARITO: C
Arrest Dog
A police department has temporarily stopped the use of arrest dogs after a shocking
bodycam footage came to light.
The video shows US police officers ordering a dog to attack an unresisting black man. The
suspect was already handcuffed when the dog latched onto his leg for 20 seconds. In the video, a
police officer can be heard repeatedly praising the animal, saying ´good boy´.
The police department said that the officer had been placed on administrative leave.
According to the suspect, the injury was avoidable; however, he also said that he suffered
permanent nerve and tendon damage with infections that could lead to amputation.
The incident happened almost one month before George Floyd´s death.
https://www.newsinlevels.com

“...came to light.”, underlined in the text is closest in meaning to _______ . Except:
a) was disclosed
b) was lighted up
c) was revealed
d) got public
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. “Came to life” significa foi revelado, veio a público. “Was
disclosed” significa foi revelado e tem a mesma significação de “came to light” no contexto
apresentado.
A alternativa B está correta. “Came to life” significa foi revelado, veio a público. “Was
lighted up” significa foi iluminado, ou foi aceso e não tem a mesma significação de “came to light”
no contexto apresentado.
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A alternativa C está incorreta. “Came to life” significa foi revelado, veio a público. “Was
revealed” significa foi revelado e tem a mesma significação de “came to light” no contexto
apresentado.
A alternativa D está incorreta. “Came to life” significa foi revelado, veio a público. “Got
public” significa tornou-se público e tem a mesma significação de “came to light” no contexto
apresentado.
GABARITO: B
This Is Me - Keala Settle
I am not a stranger to the dark

Hide away, they say
'Cause we don't want your broken parts
I've learned to be ashamed of all my scars
Run away, they say
No one'll love you as you are
But I won't let them break me down to dust
I know that there's a place for us
For we are glorious
When the sharpest words wanna cut me down
I'm gonna send a flood, gonna drown 'em out
I am brave, I am bruised
I am who I'm meant to be, this is me
Look out 'cause here I come
And I'm marching on to the beat I drum
I'm not scared to be seen
I make no apologies, this is me
(Adapted from
https://www.google.com/search?q=letra+da+musica+this+is+me&rlz=1C1SQJL_pt-
BRBR910BR910&oq=letra+da+musica+this+is+me+&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l3j46j0l3.4731j0j15
&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8)
15. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) The underlined expression “break me down
to dust”, in the text, means that the person
a) Was mentally destroyed, in an irreversible way

b) Was literally broken to dust
c) Wasn’t affected at all
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d) Was physically affected

Comentários:
A alternativa A está correta. A expressão “break me down to dust” (me quebrar em pó)
significa que a pessoa foi mentalmente destruída, de forma irreversível, assim como esta
opção indica.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “break me down to dust” (me quebrar em
pó) não significa que a pessoa foi literalmente quebrada até virar pó, mas sim, que a pessoa
foi mentalmente destruída, de forma irreversível.
A alternativa C está incorreta. A expressão “break me down to dust” (me quebrar em
pó) não significa que a não foi afetada de forma alguma, mas sim, que a pessoa foi
mentalmente destruída, de forma irreversível.
A alternativa D está incorreta. A expressão “break me down to dust” (me quebrar em
pó) não significa que a pessoa foi fisicamente afetada, mas sim, que a pessoa foi mentalmente
destruída, de forma irreversível.
GABARITO: A
Covid vaccine studies call for more black and Asian volunteers in UK
More people from black and Asian backgrounds, as well as over-65s, are being urged to
volunteer to help ensure potential coronavirus vaccines work for everyone.
Researchers say 270,000 people across the UK have signed up for vaccine studies but
thousands more are needed, in particular from groups more vulnerable to Covid.
Just 7% of those who have signed up to NHS registers so far are from minority ethnic
groups – half the proportion in the overall population. Of those who have signed up, 11,000 are
Asian and 1,200 are black. More people aged over the age of 65 or with chronic diseases are also
needed.
Kate Bingham, the chair of the government’s vaccine taskforce, said: “Researchers need
data from different communities and different people to improve understanding of the vaccines.
The only way to pull this off is through large clinical trials.
“We want to ensure the data we get actually represents the different people from
different backgrounds in the UK. This includes people who are over 65, frontline healthcare
workers, or have existing health conditions, and we need people from the communities which
have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic, from black, Asian and other minority
ethnic backgrounds.”
Depending on their particular ethnicity, people from BAME communities have a risk of
death from coronavirus between 10% and 100% higher than that of white Britons, according to
Public Health England. Those of Bangladeshi heritage are at greatest risk, and the Office for
National Statistics has calculated that black people in England and Wales are 1.9 times more likely
to die of Covid than their white counterparts, after other factors are taken into account.
Researchers in the UK are currently looking at six different potential Covid-19 vaccines,
each of which urgently requires thousands of diverse volunteers to help speed up development.
The equalities minister, Kemi Badenoch, said she was volunteering for vaccine trials being
conducted by the US biotechnology company Novavax at Guy’s and St Thomas’ hospital trust in
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London, and she urged others to sign up to the NHS vaccine registry, the database created to help
populate clinical studies.
“We have to ensure every community trusts a future vaccine to be safe and that it works
across the entire population,” said Badenoch. “Together we can be part of the national effort to
end this pandemic for good.”
(Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53997900)
16. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) The words HAVE SIGNED UP and PULL this
OFF in the text are
a) Irregular verbs
b) Modal verbs
c) Are not verbs
d) Phrasal verbs
Comentários:
Os verbos em questão são phrasal verbs, que são os verbos frasais ou verbos
preposicionados. Esses verbos, quando adicionados de uma preposição, mudam seu sentido,
fazendo uma nova e única unidade de sentido.
GABARITO: D
17. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) According to the text, choose the best
response
a) People who are over the age of 65 are not relevant for the research
b) People with existing health conditions are not taken into consideration in the research
c) Some communities have been disproportionately affected by Covid-19
d) Black people are almost two times more likely to get Covid-19 than white people
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. De acordo com o texto, não é correto afirmar que
pessoas com mais de 65 anos não são relevantes para a pesquisa, já que o texto diz o contrário.
A alternativa B está incorreta. De acordo com o texto, não é correto afirmar que pessoas
com condições de saúde já existentes não são levadas em consideração na pesquisa, já que o
texto diz que essas pessoas também devem participar.
A alternativa C está correta. De acordo com o texto, é correto afirmar que determinadas
comunidades são afetadas de formas diferentes pelo coronavírus. O seguinte trecho do texto
mostra isso: “people from the communities which have been disproportionately affected by
the pandemic”.
A alternativa D está incorreta. De acordo com o texto, não é correto afirmar que os
negros tem quase duas vezes mais chances de pegar Covid-19, pois o texto fala isso em relação
à taxa de casos fatais, e não em relação ao número de infectados.
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GABARITO: C
ESPN to Lay Off 300 Employees

ESPN will lay off 300 employees, about 6 percent of its worldwide staff, and let 200 open
positions go unfilled, Jimmy Pitaro, the network’s chairman, told employees in a memo on
Thursday.
“Prior to the pandemic, we had been deeply engaged in strategizing how best to position
ESPN for future success amidst tremendous disruption in how fans consume sports,” Pitaro ____
in a memo that was obtained by The New York Times. “The pandemic’s significant impact on our
business clearly accelerated those forward-looking discussions.”
The cuts will affect most divisions across the company, but are concentrated in broadcast
production.
Like many companies, ESPN’s business has been ravaged by the coronavirus pandemic.
ESPN will pay more than $7 billion for the rights to show live sports in 2020, the lifeblood of ESPN’s
nine cable channels. But for four months this year, from March to July, there were almost no
games to show. Even with the resumption of most professional and college sports, ESPN has
faced low viewership and a sluggish advertising market.
This is the latest in a string of layoffs for ESPN in recent years. About 300 employees
were laid off in 2015, and about 250 were laid off in two waves in 2017, including a number
of high-profile on-air employees.
The layoffs come as ESPN continues to confront the long-term decline of pay television.
The number of households paying for television peaked at 100.5 million in 2014; today that
number is close to 80 million. While the timing and severity of the layoffs were driven by the
pandemic, they are also a further reorientation toward a fully digital and streaming future.
“Placing resources in support of our direct-to-consumer business strategy, digital, and, of
course, continued innovative television experiences, is more critical than ever,” Pitaro wrote in
the memo. In 2018, ESPN started ESPN+, a sports streaming service that costs $5 a month. At the
end of June, ESPN+ had 8.5 million subscribers.
(Adapted from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/05/sports/espn-
layoffs.html?action=click&module=Latest&pgtype=Homepage)
18. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) Choose the best alternative according to the
text
a) The number of people who will be fired from ESPN is the largest part of your total staff
b) The pandemic is not related to mass layoff on ESPN
c) Employee cuts will not equally affect all areas of ESPN
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d) ESPN is the only company that has been deeply affected by the pandemic
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. De acordo com o texto, não é correto afirmar que o
número de pessoas que serão demitidas da ESPN é a maior parte de sua equipe total, mas sim,
corresponde a 6% de sua equipe total. Isso pode ser confirmado com o trecho “ESPN will lay
off 300 employees, about 6 percent of its worldwide staff…”.
A alternativa B está incorreta. De acordo com o texto, não é correto afirmar que a
pandemia não está relacionada a demissão em massa na ESPN, mas sim, que está diretamente
relacionada. Isso pode ser confirmado com o trecho “The pandemic’s significant impact on our
business clearly accelerated those forward-looking discussions”.
A alternativa C está correta. De acordo com o texto, é correto afirmar que o corte de
funcionários não irá afetar igualmente todas as áreas da ESPN. Isso pode ser confirmado com
o trecho “The cuts will affect most divisions across the company, but are concentrated in
broadcast production”.
A alternativa D está incorreta. De acordo com o texto, não é correto afirmar que a ESPN
foi a única empresa que foi profundamente afetada pela pandemia, mas sim, que não foi a
única. Isso pode ser confirmado com o trecho “Like many companies, ESPN’s business has been
ravaged by the coronavirus pandemic”.
GABARITO: C
19. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) According to the text, we can infer that
a) This massive layoff is something new for ESPN

b) The pandemic has really affected many companies, even large ones, that have the resources
to cope with unforeseen circumstances
c) With the pandemic, the company's audience increased a lot
d) The number of people accompanying ESPN has increased over the years, and has declined in
the pandemic
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. De acordo com o texto, não é correto afirmar que essa
demissão em massa é algo novo para a ESPN, mas sim, que já aconteceu antes. Isso pode ser
confirmado com o trecho “This is the latest in a string of layoffs for ESPN in recent years. About
300 employees were laid off in 2015…”.
A alternativa B está correta. De acordo com o texto, é correto afirmar que a pandemia
realmente afetou as empresas, incluindo as grandes, que possuem recursos para arcar com
circunstancias imprevistas, assim como esta opção indica. Isso pode ser confirmado com o
trecho “Like many companies, ESPN’s business has been ravaged by the coronavirus pandemic.
ESPN will pay more than $7 billion for the rights to show live sports in 2020…”.
A alternativa C está incorreta. De acordo com o texto, não é correto afirmar que com a
pandemia, a audiência da empresa aumentou muito, mas sim, que diminuiu. Isso pode ser
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confirmado com o trecho “Even with the resumption of most professional and college sports,
ESPN has faced low viewership and a sluggish advertising market”.
A alternativa D está incorreta. De acordo com o texto, não é correto afirmar que o
número de pessoas acompanhando a ESPN aumentou com os anos e diminuiu com a
pandemia, mas sim, que diminuiu muito desde 2014. Isso pode ser confirmado com o trecho
“The layoffs come as ESPN continues to confront the long-term decline of pay television. The
number of households paying for television peaked at 100.5 million in 2014; today that number
is close to 80 million”.
GABARITO: B
Pidgins and creoles

Pidgin Languages
A pidgin is a system of communication which has grown up among people who do not share a
common language, but who want to talk to each other, for trading or other reasons. Pidgins have
been variously called ‘makeshift’, ‘marginal’, or ‘mixed’ languages. They have a limited
vocabulary, a reduced grammatical structure, and a much narrower range of functions, compared
to the languages which gave rise to them. They are the native language of no one, but they are
nonetheless a main means of communication for millions of people, and a major focus of interest
to those who study the way languages change.
It is essential to avoid the stereotype of a pidgin language, as perpetrated over the years in
generations of children’s comics and films. The ‘Me Tarzan, you Jane’ image is far from the reality.
A pidgin is not a language which has broken down; nor is it the result of baby talk, laziness,
corruption, primitive thought processes, or mental deficiency. On the contrary: pidgins are
demonstrably creative adaptations of natural languages, with a structure and rules of their own.
Along with creoles, they are evidence of a fundamental process of linguistic change, as languages
come into contact with each other, producing new varieties whose structures and uses contract
and expand. They provide the clearest evidence of language being created and shaped by society
for its own ends, as people adapt to new social circumstances. This emphasis on processes of
change is reflected in the terms pidginization and creolization.
Most pidgins are based on European languages – English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and Portuguese
– reflecting the history of colonialism. However, this observation may be the result only of our
ignorance of the languages used in parts of Africa, South America, or South-east Asia, where
situations of language contact are frequent. One of the best-known non-European pidgins is
Chinook Jargon, once used for trading by American Indians in north-west USA. Another is Sango,
a pidginized variety of Ngbandi, spoken widely in west-central Africa.
Because of their limited function, pidgin languages usually do not last for very long – sometimes
for only a few years, and rarely for more than a century. They die when the original reason for
communication diminishes or disappears, as communities move apart, or one community learns
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the language of the other. (Alternatively, the pidgin may develop into a creole.) The pidgin French
which was used in Vietnam all but disappeared when the French left; similarly, the pidgin English
which appeared during the American Vietnam campaign virtually disappeared as soon as the war
was over. But there are exceptions. The pidgin known as Mediterranean Lingua Franca, or Sabir,
began in the Middle Ages and lasted until the 20th century.
Some pidgins have become so useful as a means of communication between languages that they
have developed a more formal role, as regular auxiliary languages. They may even be given official
status by a community, as lingua francas. These cases are known as ‘expanded pidgins’, because
of the way in which they have added extra forms to cope with the needs of their users, and have
come to be used in a much wider range of situations than previously. In time, these languages
may come to be used on the radio, in the press, and may even develop a literature of their own.
Some of the most widely used expanded pidgins are Krio (in Sierra Leone), Nigerian Pidgin English,
and Bislama (in Vanuatu). In Papua New Guinea, the local pidgin (Tok Pisin) is the most widely
used language in the country.
It is possible to infer from the text that

a) pidgin languages are a new tendency in our globalized world.
b) the pidgin Tok Pisin is the native language of people in Papua New Guinea.
c) in the future, pidgin languages will be the most spoken languages in the world.
d) a pidgin is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between individuals or groups of people.
e) the last pidgin language disappeared in the 20th century.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. O texto não fala que as línguas pidgin são uma nova tendência, pois
elas sempre existiram por conta das necessidades de comunicação que surgiam entre diferentes
povos e culturas.
A alternativa B está incorreta. Em momento algum o texto fala que a língua pidgin Tok Pisin é a
língua nativa de Papua Nova Guiné. O texto apenas diz que esse pidgin é a língua mais falado no
local.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O texto não diz, nem nos permite concluir que os pidgins serão as
línguas mais faladas no mundo no futuro.
A alternativa D está correta. Podemos inferir do texto que os pidgins são construídas de maneira
improvisada, ou por convenção entre indivíduos ou grupos de pessoas, exatamente como diz a
alternativa.
A alternativa E está incorreta. O texto diz que o pidgin conhecido como Sabir ou Língua franca
mediterrânea surgiu na idade média e durou até o século xx, mas o texto não diz que essa era a
última língua pidgin a desaparecer.
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GABARITO: D
In line paragraph 4, “They die when the original reason for communication diminishes or
disappears, as communities move apart (...)”, the phrasal verb in bold is closest in meaning to:
( a ) unite
( b ) get together
( c ) respect each other
( d ) strengthen
( e ) break up
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. O phrasal verb “move apart” significa separar-se, romper o
relacionamento, enquanto “unite” significa unir. Não há relação entre as palavras.
A alternativa B está incorreta. O phrasal verb “move apart” significa separar-se, romper o
relacionamento, enquanto “get together” significa estar juntos. Não há relação entre as palavras.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O phrasal verb “move apart” significa separar-se, romper o
relacionamento, enquanto “respect each other” significa respeitar um ao outro. Não há relação
entre as palavras.
A alternativa D está incorreta O phrasal verb “move apart” significa separar-se, romper o
relacionamento, enquanto “strengthen” significa fortalecer-se. Não há relação entre as palavras.
A alternativa E está correta. O phrasal verb “move apart” significa separar-se, romper o
relacionamento, e “break up” significa finalizar uma relação. Portanto, o phrasal verb “break up”
é a alternativa que tem significado mais próximo de “move apart”.
GABARITO: E
22. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – Inédita)
Which is the correct option to replace the expression “have no” in the paragraph below so that
It’s terrible when you wake up and realize you have no bread left for your breakfast.
a) Get rid of
b) Are short of
c) Run out of
d) Get away with
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e) Check up on
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. “Get rid of” é uma expressão que significa se livrar de algo. O
enunciado nos pede a alternativa que pode substituir a expressão “have no”. “have no” e “get rid
of” não possuem relação de significação.
A alternativa B está incorreta. “Are short of” significa ter pouco de alguma coisa. A frase diz que
é terrível quando você percebe que não sobrou nenhum pão, não que é terrível quando você
percebe que tem pouco pão.
A alternativa C está correta. “Run out of” é uma expressão que significa ficar sem alguma coisa
(quando essa coisa acaba). Nesse caso, “run out of” substitui perfeitamente a expressão “have
no”. É terrível quando você percebe que não sobrou nenhum pão para o seu café da manhã.
A alternativa D está incorreta. “Get away with” é uma expressão que significa escapar de
determinada situação sem ser pego ou punido. Essa expressão não possui nenhuma relação de
significação com a expressão “have no”.
A alternativa E está incorreta. “Check up on” é uma expressão que significa checar/averiguar
alguma situação específica. A expressão não possui nenhuma relação de significação com a
expressão “have no” apontada pelo enunciado.
GABARITO: C
In: "Have you bought a new TV?"

"Yes, I’ve bought that top brand’s new model."
Which phrasal verb can substitute the underlined word?
(A) run into
(B) let down
(C) picked out
(D) turned out
(E) picked up
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. Em “have you bought a new TV?”, temos o verbo “bought”, que é
o particípio do verbo “buy” (comprar). O phrasal verb “run into” significa esbarrar com alguém,
dar um “encontrão” em alguém. Portanto, não se pode substituir um pelo outro.
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A alternativa B está incorreta. Em “have you bought a new TV?”, temos o verbo “bought”, que é
o particípio do verbo “buy” (comprar). O phrasal verb “let down” significa desapontar. Portanto,
não se pode substituir um pelo outro.
A alternativa C está incorreta. Em “have you bought a new TV?”, temos o verbo “bought”, que é
o particípio do verbo “buy” (comprar). O phrasal verb “pick out” significa escolher. Portanto, não
se pode substituir um pelo outro.
A alternativa D está incorreta. Em “have you bought a new TV?”, temos o verbo “bought”, que é
o particípio do verbo “buy” (comprar). O phrasal verb “turn out” significa acontece, como em
“acontece que ele virou um grande empresário”. Portanto, não se pode substituir um pelo outro.
A alternativa E está correta. Em “have you bought a new TV?”, temos o verbo “bought”, que é o
particípio do verbo “buy” (comprar). O phrasal verb “pick up” significa comprar. Portanto, a
substituição seria perfeita.
GABARITO: E
Chapter 1 - Madras 1986

“He knows too much. I must ask you to do nothing.”
“But this time I caught him in the act. I have proof, witnesses, everything. There is no possible
doubt.”
“I said he knows too much! The company can’t afford to have any problems. Our position is very
sensitive in this country. We can’t afford to take risks. I am telling you once again – you will do
nothing. And if there is any trouble, I’m afraid I shall have to hold you personally responsible. So
be sensible for once in your life.”
“I see. So you are telling me to close my eyes to corruption and behave as if nothing has happened.
Is that right?”
“I didn’t put it quite like that. But, if you insist, yes. What Vish does or doesn’t do is a minor matter
compared with the company’s global strategy. Just try to get things in perspective. After all, you
won’t be stuck in Madras for ever – I’ll make sure that you are not. So just go with the flow for a
bit longer. When you’re in your next post this will all seem a very long way away, I can assure you.
But meantime, no trouble. I hope I’ve made myself clear. Oh, and, by the way, I advise you to
forget that we have had this conversation. Goodbye.”
Dick Sterling put the phone down. His hands were trembling. He was furious with himself for
failing to persuade his boss in Delhi, Keith Lennox, to support him, and was disgusted at the
mixture of veiled threats and vague promises Lennox had made.
Adapted from MALEY, Alan. He knows too much. Cambridge University Press, 1999. P.6
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The sentence “So just go with the flow for a bit longer.” (paragraph 5), the expression go with the
flow means
[A] don’t accept corruption.
[B] don’t accept bribery.
[C] don’t fight vague promises.
[D] don’t accept threats.
[E] don’t fight prevailing trends.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A expressão “go with the flow” significa ir com o fluxo, não fazer
nada diferente do normal. A alternativa diz não aceite corrupção.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “go with the flow” significa ir com o fluxo, não fazer
nada diferente do normal. A alternativa diz não aceite propina.
A alternativa C está incorreta. A expressão “go with the flow” significa ir com o fluxo, não fazer
nada diferente do normal. A alternativa diz não lute contra promessas vagas.
A alternativa D está incorreta. A expressão “go with the flow” significa ir com o fluxo, não fazer
nada diferente do normal. A alternativa diz não aceite ameaças.
A alternativa E está correta. A expressão “go with the flow” significa ir com o fluxo, não fazer nada
diferente do normal. A alternativa diz não lute contra tendências predominantes, exatamente o
mesmo sentido do enunciado.
GABARITO: E
Frequently Asked Questions – Instagram

What is Instagram?
It’s an application for your mobile phone that enables you to edit pictures you have taken with
your mobile phone camera using built-in filters and share them with others. If you have an
Instagram account you can tag pictures, rate and comment on other people’s pictures and follow
other users.
How much is your app?
$0.00.
Where does the name come from?
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When we were kids we loved playing around with cameras. We loved how different types of old
cameras marketed themselves as “instant” - something we take for granted today. We also felt
that the snapshots people were taking were like telegrams in that they got sent over the wire to
others - so we figured why not combine the two?
How did the idea come about?
We love taking photos. We always assumed taking interesting photos required a big bulky camera
and a couple years of art school. But as mobile phone cameras got better and better, we decided
to challenge that assumption. We created Instagram to solve three simple problems:
- Mobile photos always come out looking mediocre. Our awesome looking filters transform your
photos into professional-looking snapshots.
- Sharing on multiple platforms is a pain - we help you take a picture once, then share it (instantly)
on multiple services.
- Most uploading experiences are clumsy and take forever - we’ve optimized the experience to be
fast and efficient.
How does privacy work?
We have adopted a follower model that means if you’re “public” on Instagram, anyone can
subscribe to follow your photos. We do, however, have a special private option. In this mode, a
user can make sure he/she must approve all follow requests before they go through.
Who can see my photos?
All photos are public by default which means they are visible to anyone who has an account. If
you choose to make your account private, then only people who follow you on Instagram will be
able to see your photos.
Adapted from https://instagram.com/about/faq/#
In the sentence “We loved how different types of old cameras marketed themselves as “instant”
- something we take for granted today.” (question 3), the expression something we take for
granted means
[A] Something we have to give someone. [B] Something we have to do everyday.
[C] Something we usually value a lot. [D] Something we don’t have to learn.
[E] Something we don’t give much importance to.
Comentários:
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A alternativa A está incorreta. A expressão “something we take for granted” significa alguma coisa
que tomamos como óbvio, nada além do normal. A alternativa diz que é algo que devemos dar a
alguém.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “something we take for granted” significa alguma coisa
que tomamos como óbvio, nada além do normal. A alternativa diz que é algo que devemos fazer
todos os dias.
A alternativa C está incorreta. A expressão “something we take for granted” significa alguma coisa
que tomamos como óbvio, nada além do normal. A alternativa diz que é algo que nós
normalmente valorizamos muito.
A alternativa D está incorreta. A expressão “something we take for granted” significa alguma coisa
que tomamos como óbvio, nada além do normal. A alternativa diz que é algo que não precisamos
aprender.
A alternativa E está correta. A expressão “something we take for granted” significa alguma coisa
que tomamos como óbvio, nada além do normal. A alternativa diz que é algo para o qual não
damos muita importância, o que coincide com a definição dada anteriormente.
GABARITO: E
We’re so well educated – but we’re useless

Record numbers of students have entered higher education in the past 10 years, but despite being
the most educated generation in history, it seems that we’ve grown increasingly ignorant when it
comes to basic life skills.
Looking back on my first weeks living in student halls, I consider myself lucky to still be alive. I
have survived a couple of serious boiling egg incidents and numerous cases of food-poisoning,
probably from dirty kitchen counters. Although some of my clothes have fallen victim to ironing
experimentation, I think I have now finally acquired all the domestic skills I missed out in my
modern education.
Educationist Sir Ken Robinson says that our current education system dislocates people from their
natural talents and deprives us of what used to be passed from generation to generation – a
working knowledge of basic life skills. Today’s graduates may have earned themselves distinctions
in history, law or economics, but when it comes to simple things like putting up a shelf to hold all
their academic books, or fixing a hole in their on-trend clothes, they have to call for help from a
professional handyman or tailor.
Besides what we need to know for our own jobs, we must have practical skills. We don’t grow our
own crops, build our own houses, or make our own clothes anymore; we simply buy these things.
Unable to create anything ourselves, what we have mastered instead is consumption.
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Sociologist Saskia Sassen argues that the modern liberal state has created a middle class that isn’t
able to “make” anymore. I suggest that we start with the immediate reintroduction of some of
the most vital aspects of “domestic science” education. Instead of only maths, language and
history, we should create an interactive learning environment in schools where craftsmanship and
problem-solving are valued as highly as the ability to absorb and regurgitate information. We need
to develop children into people that not only think for themselves, but are also able to act for
themselves.
Adapted from http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/ mortarboard/2013/feb/25/well-educated-
but-useless
In the sentence “I think I have now finally acquired all the domestic skills I missed out in my
modern education.” (paragraph 2), the words missed out mean
[A] didn’t miss.
[B] didn’t want.
[C] didn’t have.
[D] didn’t like.
[E] didn’t need.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A expressão “missed out” significa dizer as habilidades domésticas
que eu não tinha, ou que me faltavam, enquanto a alternativa fala que são habilidades que não
faltavam.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “missed out” significa dizer as habilidades domésticas
que eu não tinha, ou que me faltavam, enquanto a alternativa fala que são habilidades que eu
não queria.
A alternativa C está correta. A expressão “missed out” significa dizer as habilidades domésticas
que eu não tinha, ou que me faltavam, exatamente o que diz a alternativa.
A alternativa D está incorreta. A expressão “missed out” significa dizer as habilidades domésticas
não gostava.
A alternativa E está incorreta. A expressão “missed out” significa dizer as habilidades domésticas
não precisava.
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GABARITO: C
The sentence “The police minister has been accused of encouraging a heavy-handed approach
towards people” (paragraph 11) can be correctly paraphrased in the following terms:
[A] The police minister has been accused of being courageous on a heavy-handed approach
towards people.
[B] The police minister was accused of encouraging a violent approach towards people.
[C] The police minister has been accused of encouraging a harsh approach towards people.
[D] The police minister has been accused of being violent when approaching people.
[E] The police minister has accused people of approaching people in a heavy-handed way.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. O trecho no enunciado diz que o ministro tem sido acusado de
encorajar uma abordagem dura, enquanto a alternativa diz que ele tem sido acusado de ser
corajoso numa abordagem dura.
A alternativa B está incorreta. O trecho no enunciado diz que o ministro tem sido acusado de
encorajar uma abordagem dura, enquanto a alternativa diz que ele foi acusado. O erro da
alternativa é mudar o tempo verbal do present perfect para o past simple.
A alternativa C está correta. O trecho no enunciado diz que o ministro tem sido acusado de
encorajar uma abordagem dura, exatamente o que diz a alternativa.
A alternativa D está incorreta. O trecho no enunciado diz que o ministro tem sido acusado de
encorajar uma abordagem dura, enquanto a alternativa diz que ele tem sido acusado de ser
violento ao abordar pessoas.
A alternativa E está incorreta. O trecho no enunciado diz que o ministro tem sido acusado de
encorajar uma abordagem dura, enquanto a alternativa diz que ele tem acusado pessoas de
aboradar pessoas duramente.
GABARITO: C
'Deep remorse': Japanese emperor marks 75th anniversary of surrender

Naruhito reflects on war actions at Covid-curtailed ceremony, marked elsewhere by former foes
as Victory in the Pacific or VJ Day
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Japan has marked the 75th anniversary of its surrender in the second world war with Emperor
Naruhito expressing “deep remorse” over his country’s wartime actions at a sombre annual
ceremony curtailed by the coronavirus pandemic.
Naruhito pledged to reflect on the war’s events and ___1____ hope that the tragedy would never
be repeated. There was no word of apology from the prime minister, Shinzo Abe, who gave thanks
for the sacrifices of the Japanese war dead.
“Reflecting on our past and bearing in mind the feelings of deep remorse, I earnestly hope that
the ravages of war will never be repeated,” Naruhito said in a short speech at the event in Tokyo
marking the 75th anniversary of Japan’s surrender on 15 August 1945.
Amid virus fears and worries about the fading memories of the fast-ageing war generation, about
500 participants, reduced from 6,200 last year, mourned the dead with a minute of silence. Masks
___2____ and there was no singing of the Kimigayo national anthem.
Naruhito has promised to follow in the footsteps of his father, who devoted his 30-year career to
making amends for a war fought in the name of Hirohito, the current emperor’s grandfather.
Abe has increasingly sought to whitewash Japan’s brutal past since taking office in December
2012. He has not acknowledged Japan’s wartime hostilities during 15 August speeches, which had
previously been a nearly 20-year tradition that ___3____ with the 1995 apology of the Socialist
party prime minister Tomiichi Murayama.
Abe said the peace that Japan enjoys today was built on the sacrifices of those who died in the
war. He pledged that Japan would reflect on lessons from history and will not repeat the war
devastation. He listed damage inflicted on Japan and its people, including the US atomic bombings
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, firebombings of Tokyo and the fierce battle of Okinawa.
He pledged to play a greater role in tackling global problems. Under his goal of turning Japan into
a “beautiful” and “normal” nation, Abe has steadily pushed to cleanse Japan of its embarrassing
wartime history and build up its military by stretching the interpretation of Japan’s war-
renouncing constitution. It includes acquiring greater missile defence capability in the face of a
growing military threat from North Korea and China.
Abe stayed away from a Tokyo shrine that honours convicted war criminals among the war dead.
He sent a ritual cash, seeking to avoid angering China and South Korea, which consider the
Yasukuni shrine a symbol of Japan’s militarism. It honours 2.5 million war dead, mostly Japanese,
but among them are senior military and political figures convicted of war crimes.
Adapted from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/15/deep-remorse-japanese-
emperor-marks-75th-anniversary-of-surrender
In the sentence “Abe has increasingly sought to whitewash Japan’s brutal past since taking office
in December 2012.” (paragraph 6), the expression sought to whitewash means
[A] that he wants to compliment Japan’s actions during the war.
[B] that he doesn’t like to reflect on the war’s events.
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[C] that he thinks Japan’s actions were right during the war.
[D] that he is trying to express his gratitude to Japan’s war heroes.
[E] that he is seeking to hide Japan’s brutal past.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. O trecho no enunciado diz que o primeiro ministro tem tem tentado
encobrir o passado brutal do Japão, enquanto a alternativa diz que ele quer elogiar as ações
japonesas durante a guerra.
A alternativa B está incorreta. O trecho no enunciado diz que o primeiro ministro tem tem tentado
encobrir o passado brutal do Japão, enquanto a alternativa diz que ele não que refletir sobre as
ações japonesas durante a guerra.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O trecho no enunciado diz que o primeiro ministro tem tem tentado
encobrir o passado brutal do Japão, enquanto a alternativa diz que ele acha qua as ações
japonesas na guerra estavam corretas.
A alternativa D está incorreta. O trecho no enunciado diz que o primeiro ministro tem tem tentado
encobrir o passado brutal do Japão, enquanto a alternativa diz que ele quer expressar gratidão
aos heróis de guerra japoneses.
A alternativa E está correta. O trecho no enunciado diz que o primeiro ministro tem tem tentado
encobrir o passado brutal do Japão, exatamente o que diz a alternativa. Ele está tentando
esconder o passado brutal do Japão.
GABARITO: E
Iowans struggle to find help, strength after powerful storm devastates homes, farms
CEDAR RAPIDS, Iowa — In the five days since a massive storm system laid waste to this city, Ethel
Fontenette, 65, has been trying to make sure neighbors in her retirement community stay well
fed.
With many older people who use wheelchairs trapped in their apartments and food rotting in
their fridges, she set up a grill in the parking lot as some residents work as runners, carrying food
down to cook and then up again to feed people.
Even though the power is back, they still need help.
“No one starved,” Fontenette said. But “we have a long way to go.”
Iowans have “endured the unimaginable,” Gov. Kim Reynolds (R) said Friday, as the state tries to
recover from Monday’s derecho. The violent thunderstorm — which struck with the force of a
Category 2 hurricane with little warning — lasted 14 hours with wind speeds that reached 140
miles an hour. It devastated scores of communities in the Hawkeye State, and Cedar Rapids, a city
of more than 125,000 people, was among the hardest hit. Most homes and businesses sustained
damage, trees and wires are down everywhere, roads are blocked, and hospitals are overrun.
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The National Guard brought some relief to the stricken area as the week ended, and Reynolds
announced at a news conference Friday that the state will apply Monday for a federal disaster
declaration that would provide financial assistance to affected homeowners and cover repairs for
critical infrastructure.
Affected Iowans say they feel as if they are living on an island or as if the derecho hurled them
back into a previous century, with no electricity, spotty cellphone coverage and a lack of clarity
about what the future holds.
“People didn’t know. We couldn’t communicate to the outside world,” said Zack Kucharski,
executive editor of the Cedar Rapids Gazette, who described not being able to reach his parents,
either physically or by phone, even as he tried to keep the newsroom running.
Adapted form https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/iowans-struggle-to-find-help-
strength-after-powerful-storm-devastates-homes
In the sentence “In the five days since a massive storm system laid waste to this city...” (paragraph
3), the expression laid waste to means
[A] devastated.
[B] went through.
[C] kept away from.
[D] almost hit.
[E] helped.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está correta. A expressão “laid waste to” quer dizer devastou, assim como a
palavra “devastated”.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “laid waste to” quer dizer devastou, enquanto “went
through” significa passou por.
A alternativa C está incorreta. A expressão “laid waste to” quer dizer devastou, enquanto “kept
away from” significa ficou longe de.
A alternativa D está incorreta. A expressão “laid waste to” quer dizer devastou, enquanto “almost
hit” significa quase atingiu.
A alternativa E está incorreta. A expressão “laid waste to” quer dizer devastou, enquanto “helped”
significa ajudou.
GABARITO: A
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Many COVID-19 patients lost their sense of smell. Will they get it back?
IN EARLY MARCH, Peter Quagge began experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, such as chills
and a low-grade fever. As he cut pieces of raw chicken to cook for dinner one night, he noticed he
couldn’t smell the meat. “Must be really fresh,” he remembers thinking. But the next morning he
couldn’t smell the Dial soap in the shower or the bleach he used to clean the house. “It sounds
crazy, but I thought the bleach had gone bad,” he says. When Quagge stuck his head into the
bottle and took a long whiff, the bleach burned his eyes and nose, but he couldn’t smell a thing.
The inability to smell, or anosmia, has emerged as a common symptom of COVID-19.
Quagge was diagnosed with COVID-19, though he was not tested, since tests were not widely
available at the time. He sought anosmia treatment with multiple specialists and still has not fully
recovered his sense of smell.
Case reports suggest that anywhere between 34 and 98 percent of hospitalized patients
with COVID-19 will experience anosmia. One study found that COVID-19 patients are 27 times
more likely than others to lose their sense of smell, making anosmia a better predictor of the
illness than fever.
For most COVID-19 patients who suffer anosmia, the sense returns within a few weeks,
and doctors don’t yet know if the virus causes long-term smell loss. While not being able to smell
may sound like a small side effect, the results can be devastating. The sense is intricately tied up
in self-preservation—the ability to smell fire, chemical leaks, or spoiled food—and in our ability
to pick up on complex tastes and enjoy food.
“So many of the ways we connect with each other is over meals or over drinks,” says
Steven Munger, director of the Center for Smell and Taste at the University of Florida. “If you can’t
fully participate in that, it creates a sort of social gap.”
Smell even plays a role in our emotional lives, connecting us to loved ones and memories.
People without smell often report feeling isolated and depressed and losing their enjoyment in
intimacy. Now scientists are starting to unravel how COVID-19 affects this critical sense, hoping
those discoveries will help thousands of newly anosmic people looking for answers.
What the nose knows
The olfactory system, which allows humans and other animals to smell, is essentially a
way of decoding chemical information. When someone takes a big sniff, molecules travel up the
nose to the olfactory epithelium, a small piece of tissue at the back of the nasal cavity. Those
molecules bind to olfactory sensory neurons, which then send a signal by way of an axon, a long
tail that threads through the skull and delivers that message to the brain, which registers the
molecules as, say, coffee, leather, or rotting lettuce.
Scientists still don’t fully understand this system, including exactly what happens when it
stops working. And most people don't realize how common smell loss really is, Munger says. “That
lack of public understanding means there’s less attention to try to understand the basic functions
of the system.”
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People can lose their sense of smell after suffering a viral infection, like influenza or the
common cold, or after a traumatic brain injury. Some are born without any sense of smell at all
or lose it because of cancer treatments or diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. It may also
fade as people age. While smell disorders aren’t as apparent as hearing loss or vision impairment,
data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) show that nearly 25 percent of Americans over
the age of 40 report some kind of change in their sense of smell, and over 13 million people have
a measurable disorder like anosmia, the total loss of smell, or hyposmia, a partial loss. Such
conditions can last for years or even be permanent.
It’s not clear if COVID-19 anosmia is different from other instances of smell loss caused by
a virus, but those who experience anosmia due to COVID-19 appear to be unique in a few ways.
First, they notice the loss of the sense immediately because it’s not accompanied by the
congestion or stuffiness that generally characterizes the early stages of virally induced anosmia.
“It’s very dramatic,” says Danielle Reed, associate director of the Monell Chemical Senses
Center in Philadelphia, which studies smell and taste loss. “People just cannot smell anything.”
Another notable difference is that many patients with COVID-19 who report losing their
sense of smell get it back relatively quickly, in just a few weeks, unlike most people who
experience anosmia from other viruses, which can last months or years.
Quagge estimates he’s recovered about 60 percent of his sense of smell so far, but he says
in the early days, without any information about when or if he’d ever get it back, he was scared.
An avid amateur chef, he had to rely on his family to tell him if the milk was bad, and he couldn’t
smell his wife’s perfume. “Stuff that gets to your soul,” he says. “It bummed me out.”
(Adapted from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/thousands-covid-19-
patients-lost-sense-smell-will-get-back-cvd/)
What does the expression "Bummed me out" (thirteenth paragraph) mean?

a) makes me feel down.
b) makes me feel happy.
c) makes me feel angry.
d) makes me feel nauseated.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está correta. A expressão "Bummed me out" significa que algo te deixou triste,
assim como "makes me feel down".
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão não significa que algo te deixou feliz, mas sim que te
deixou triste.
A alternativa C está incorreta. A expressão não significa que algo te deixou com raiva, mas sim
que te deixou triste.
A alternativa D está incorreta. A expressão não significa que algo te deixou enjoado, mas sim que
te deixou triste.
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GABARITO: A
Which is the correct option to replace the verb “continue”

in the paragraph below so that the meaning remains
the same?
It’s difficult for students to ______________ their studies with so many distractions going on at
the same time.
a) Get rid of
b) Run out of
c) Keep up with
d) Get away with
e) Check up on
enunciado nos pede a alternativa que pode substituir o verbo “continue”. “Continue” e “get rid
of” não possuem relação de significação
A alternativa B está incorreta. “Run out of” é uma expressão que significa ficar sem alguma coisa
(quando essa coisa acaba). A frase diz que é difícil para os alunos continuar com seus estudos, não
que os alunos vão ficar sem seus estudos.
A alternativa C está correta. “Keep up with” significa manter-se em ou manter o ritmo,

dependendo do contexto. Nesse caso, “keep up with” substitui perfeitamente o verbo “continue”.
É difícil manter o ritmo de estudos com tantas distrações acontecendo ao mesmo tempo.
significação com o verbo “continue”.
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alguma situação específica. A expressão não possui nenhuma relação de significação com o verbo
“continue” apontado pelo enunciado.
GABARITO: C
Which is the correct option to replace the expression “have little” in the paragraph below so that
It’s difficult for drivers when they have little gas and there is no gas station around.
a) Get rid of
b) Run out of
c) Are short of
d) Get away with
e) Check up on
Comentários:
enunciado nos pede a alternativa que pode substituir a expressão “have little”. “have little” e “get
rid of” não possuem relação de significação.
(quando essa coisa acaba). A frase diz que é difícil para os motoristas quando eles têm pouca
gasolina, não que os motoristas não tem gasolina alguma.
A alternativa C está correta. “Are short of” significa ter pouco de alguma coisa. Nesse caso, “are
short of” substitui perfeitamente a expressão “have little”. É difícil para os motoristas quando eles
têm pouca gasolina e não há nenhum posto de gasolina por perto.
significação com a expressão “have little”.
expressão “have little” apontada pelo enunciado.
GABARITO: C
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Which option is correct?

a) She gave me two precious advices.
b) Poaching is an essential activity in natural reserves.
c) Brazil have hosted the olimpics in 2016.
d) I am used to running 5 kilometers a day.
e) There was a search to determine Brazil’s population in 2010.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. Não é correto dizer “two precious advices”, seria correto
dizer “two precious pieces of advice”, pois advice é um substantivo incontável e que, portanto,
não varia em número, ou seja, não tem plural.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A palavra “Poaching” significa caça furtiva, e não faz sentido que
uma atividade de caça seja essencial em reservas naturais, onde a caça é, via de regra, proibida
completamente por serem áreas de conservação ambiental.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O erro desta alternativa está no uso do verbo “have hosted” que
está conjugado de forma incorreta. A forma correta de escrever seria “hosted”, pois trata-se de
uma situação já encerrada no passado e que sabemos exatamente quando ocorreu. Por isso, o
past simple seria o tempo verbal adequado, e não o present perfect.
A alternativa D está correta. A expressão “i am used to” significa que se está acostumado a fazer
algo e, no inglês, essa estrutura exige que o verbo subsequente seja escrito no gerúndio,
exatamente como aparece na alternativa.
A alternativa E está incorreta. Não é correto usar “search” para falar de pesquisa. Portanto, seria
correto escrever “research”.
GABARITO: D
Mark the option which corresponds to the correct sentences.

I – The person who defends a person in court is called witness.
II – The pregnant woman was in labor because her water broke.
III – Mooring is an important process when the ship is sailing.
IV – That child was birthed in July.
V – The pregnant woman was taken to the delivery room in order to give birth.
a) I and II
b) II and V
c) III and V
d) II and IV
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e) III and IV
Comentários:
A sentença I está incorreta. A pessoa que defende outra num tribunal é chamada de advogado,
e não testemunha. Em inglês, usamos a palavra “lawyer” e não a palavra “witness.
A sentença II está correta. A mulher grávida estava em trabalho de parto porque sua bolsa
estourou.
A sentença III está incorreta. A palavra “mooring” significa amarração. A amarração é o ato de
“amarrar”, ou prender o navio ao porto quando ele está atracando. Portanto, amarração é um
processo importante na atracação do navio, e não quando ele está navegando, pois quando está
navegando, não é necessário amarrar o navio a lugar algum.
A sentença IV está incorreta. O erro da alternativa está no uso da palavra “birthed”. A palavra
certa a ser utilizada nessa situação seria “born”.
A sentença V está correta. A mulher grávida foi levada à sala de parto para dar à luz.
Temos as sentenças II e V corretas.
GABARITO: B
Which option is correct to complete the sentences below?

6. He heard her ______ the dinner.
7. He saw her ______ the cake.
8. I watched him ______ the guitar.
9. In order to get thin, you need to ______ hard.
10. He couldn’t see what _______ on in his neighborhood yesterday.
a) make / bake / played / working out / were going
b) made / baking / play / work out / has been going
c) making / bake / playing / working out / had been going
d) making / baking / playing / work out / was going
e) make / baked / play / worked out / is going
Comentários:
A sentença 1 deve ser preenchida por “making”. Ele a ouviu fazendo o jantar. Ele a ouviu
enquanto ele preparava, por isso precisamos usar o verbo no gerúndio “making”.
A sentença 2 deve ser preenchida por “baking”. Não é possível usar “bake” nesse contexto,
pois assar um bolo não é algo instantâneo, mas sim um processo, pois a pessoa precisa colocar o
bolo no forno, esperar o tempo correto e depois retirar do forno. Portanto precisamos usar o
gerúndio para demonstrar que a pessoa assistiu a todo o processo.
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A sentença 3 deve ser preenchida por “playing”. A frase dá a entender que a pessoa assistia
enquanto o outro tocava violão, e isso é um processo em andamento. Por isso, devemos usar o
gerúndio nesse caso.
A sentença 4 deve ser preenchida por “work out”. Para emagracer, você precisa se exercitar
muito. O uso do verbo “work out” no presente é necessário por se tratar de um fato atemporal.
A sentença 5 deve ser preenchida por “was going”. O uso da expressão de tempo “yesterday”
indica que a lacuna deve ser preenchida com o tempo verbal past continuous.
Temos a sequência: making / baking / playing / work out / was going.
GABARITO: D
Which is the correct way to complete the paragraph below?

The distinctive black and white mammal is regarded as an "umbrella species". Protecting the
forests in which it lives ______ good for many other animals and plants, including birds and small
carnivores. Yet, large predators such as leopards, wolves and the little-known Asian wild dog, or
dhole, which tend to range far and wide, seem to have fared badly.
Since panda reserves ______ in the 1960s, all four species ______ from a big proportion of
reserves. Leopards ______ from 81% of reserves, snow leopards from 38%, wolves from 77% and
Asian wild dogs from 95%.
a) had been / were set up / were lost / has disappeared
b) was / was set up / have been lost / had disappeared
c) has been / were set up / have been lost / have disappeared
d) has been / has been set up / were lost / were disappeared
e) have been / has been set up / has been lost / was disappeared
Comentários:
A primeira lacuna deve ser preenchida por “has been”. Proteger as florestas nas quais ele vive
tem sido bom para muitos outros animais e plantas. Estamos falando de algo que foi iniciado no
passado e dura até agora. Portanto, o present perfect é o tempo verbal ideal para preencher a
lacuna.
A segunda lacuna deve ser preenchida por “were set up”. O texto diz que as reservas dos pandas
foram instituídas nos anos 1960. Portanto, estamos falando de algo que aconteceu no passado e
sabemos exatamente quando aconteceu e, por isso, devemos usar o past simple nesse caso.
A terceira lacuna deve ser preenchida por “have been lost”. O texto quer dizer que todas as
quatro espécies têm sido perdidas e, por isso, devemos usar o present perfect, por se tratar de
um processo que começou com a criação das reservas e dura até hoje.
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A quarta lacuna deve ser preenchida por “have disappeared”. Deve-se usar o present perfect
porque os leopardos estão desaparecendo como um processo que começou na década de 1960
e dura até hoje.
Temos a sequência: has been / were set up / have been lost / have disappeared.
GABARITO: C
Which of the following sentences expresses probability?

a) She can choose what she wants to do for a living.
b) One should have great balance to do yoga.
c) You must have your homework done by the end of the day.
d) He did a great job! I think he should get a promotion.
e) People mustn’t park his car in this parking spot.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A alternativa diz que ela pode escolher o que ela quer fazer para
viver. Não há ideia de probabilidade na frase, mas sim de possibilidade.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A alternativa diz que a pessoa precisa ter ótimo equilíbrio para fazer
yoga. Isso nos introduz uma ideia de necessidade, não de probabilidade.
A alternativa C está incorreta. Seu dever de casa tem que estar pronto até o fim do dia. Essa frase
não nos passa ideia de probabilidade, como pede o enunciado.
A alternativa D está correta. Ele fez um ótimo trabalho! Eu acho que ele deve ser promovido.
Esta frase nos passa a ideia de probabilidade que o enunciado nos pede. Uma vez que ele fez um
ótimo trabalho, é provável que ele seja promovido.
A alternativa E está incorreta. As pessoas não podem estacionar o carro nessa vaga. Há uma ideia
de proibição, não de probabilidade, nessa frase.
GABARITO: D
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences below.

VI.He sat ______ the chair.
VII.The cat jumped ______ the counter.
VIII.They were sitting ______ the tree.
IX.The car went ______ the tunnel.
X.I have liked that song ______ 1999.
a) on / off / by /through / since
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b) in / in / by / on / since
c) on / of / in / in / in
d) over / to / at / in / in
e) in / under / in / through / on
Comentários:
A sentença I deve ser preenchida por “on”. Trata-se da regência do verbo sentar (sit). Quem senta,
senta “em” algum lugar. Em Inglês, essa preposição é “on”.
A sentença II deve ser preenchida por “off”. “Jump off” significa pular saindo de algum lugar. O
gato pulou saindo do balcão.
A sentença III deve ser preenchida por “by“. Eles estavam sentados perto da árvore. O uso da
preposição “by” é ideal porque eles não estavam sentados em cima da árvore, mas sim na área
da árvore, sob a árvore.
A sentença IV deve ser preenchida por “through”. O uso da preposição “through” é ideal porque
o carro atravessa o túnel, o carro passa através do túnel, por dentro dele.
A sentença V deve ser preenchida por “since”. O uso do present perfect no início da frase indica
que a pessoa gosta da música desde 1999. Para usar a preposição “in”, o verbo deveria estar
conjugado no past simple.
Temos a sequência: on / off / by / through / since
GABARITO: A
Which is the correct option to replace the expression “have few” in the paragraph below so that
It’s difficult when you have few tools and need to repair a power generator.
a) Get rid of
b) Run out of
c) Are short of
d) Get away with
e) Check up on
Comentários:
enunciado nos pede a alternativa que pode substituir a expressão “have few”. “have few” e “get
rid of” não possuem relação de significação.
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(quando essa coisa acaba). A frase diz que é difícil quando você tem poucas ferramentas, não que
você não tem ferramenta alguma.
A alternativa C está correta. “Are short of” significa ter pouco de alguma coisa. Nesse caso, “are
short of” substitui perfeitamente a expressão “have few”. É difícil é difícil quando você tem poucas
ferramentas e precisa fazer um reparo no gerador de energia.
significação com a expressão “have few”.
expressão “have few” apontada pelo enunciado.
GABARITO: C
Steve Jobs debuts the iPhone

On January 9, 2007, Apple Inc. CEO Steve Jobs unveils the iPhone—a touchscreen mobile phone
with an iPod, camera and Web-browsing capabilities, among other features—at the Macworld
convention in San Francisco. Jobs, dressed in his customary jeans and black mock turtleneck,
called the iPhone a “revolutionary and magical product that is literally five years ahead of any
other mobile phone.” When it went on sale in the United States six months later, on June 29,
amidst huge hype, thousands of customers lined up at Apple stores across the country to be
among the first to purchase an iPhone.
In November 2007—by which point more than 1.4 million iPhones had been sold—Time magazine
named the sleek, 4.8-ounce device, originally available in a 4GB, $499 model and an 8GB, $599
model, its invention of the year. The iPhone went on sale in parts of Europe in late 2007, and in
parts of Asia in 2008. In July 2008, Apple launched its online App Store, enabling people to
download software applications that let them use their iPhones for games, social networking,
travel planning and an every growing laundry list of other activities. Apple went on to over 10
updated models of the iPhone.
The iPhone helped turned Apple, which Jobs (1955-2011) co-founded with his friend Stephen
Wozniak in California in 1976, into one of the planet’s most valuable corporations. In 2012, five
years after the iPhone’s debut, more than 200 million had been sold. The iPhone joined a list of
innovative Apple products, including the Macintosh (launched in 1984, it was one of the first
personal computers to feature a graphical user interface, which allowed people to navigate by
pointing and clicking a mouse rather than typing commands) and the iPod portable music player
(launched in 2001), that became part of everyday modern life.
Adaptado de https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/steve-jobs-debuts-the-iphone
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In the sentence “The iPhone helped turned Apple, which Jobs (1955-2011) co-founded with his
friend Stephen Wozniak in California in 1976, into one of the planet’s most valuable
corporations”, which refers to
[A] iPhone. [B] Jobs. [C] Stephen Wozniak.
[D] Apple. [E] Corporations.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A palavra “which” está retomando “Apple”, que é a empresa da
qual Jobs é co-fundador, e não a palavra “iPhone”.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A palavra “which” está retomando “Apple”, que é a empresa da
qual Jobs é co-fundador, e não o Steve Jobs em si.
A alternativa C está incorreta. A palavra “which” está retomando “Apple”, que é a empresa da
qual Jobs é co-fundador, e não Stephen Wozniak.
A alternativa D está correta. A palavra “which” está retomando “Apple”, que é a empresa da qual
Jobs é co-fundador, exatamente como diz a alternativa.
A alternativa E está incorreta. A palavra “which” está retomando “Apple”, que é a empresa da
qual Jobs é co-fundador, e não a palavra “corporations”.
GABARITO: D
The sentence “When it went on sale in the United States six months later, on June 29, amidst
huge hype, thousands of customers lined up at Apple stores across the country to be among the
first to purchase an iPhone” means that people
[A] were indifferent apple’s new launch.
[B] just wanted to spend money on anything.
[C] needed a device that plays music, takes photos and access the internet.
[D] wanted cheaper cell phones like Apple’s iPhone.
[E] Wanted the status of having a technologically advanced device.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. O trecho nos leva a entender que as pessoas estavam ansiosas para
comprar seu iPhone, e não que estavam indiferentes ao lançamento da Apple.
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A alternativa B está incorreta. O trecho nos leva a entender que as pessoas estavam ansiosas para
comprar seu iPhone, e não que queriam simplesmente gastar dinheiro com qualquer coisa.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O trecho nos leva a entender que as pessoas estavam ansiosas para
comprar seu iPhone, e não que eles precisavam de algo que nunca existiu antes.
A alternativa D está incorreta. O trecho nos leva a entender que as pessoas estavam ansiosas para
comprar seu iPhone, e não que queriam comprar telefones baratos, até porque o iPhone sempre
foi um telefone caro.
A alternativa E está correta. O trecho nos leva a entender que as pessoas estavam ansiosas para
comprar seu iPhone justamente porque queriam ser os primeiros a possuir aquela tecnologia.
Quando o trecho diz “amidst huge hype”, ele quer dizer que havia uma alvoroço coletivo pelo
produto, uma espécie de nova “moda”.
GABARITO: E
In the sentence “Time magazine named the sleek, 4.8-ounce device”, the word sleek can be
replaced by
[A] beautiful.
[B] gleaming.
[C] respectable.
[D] thin.
[E] expensive.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. O vocábulo “sleek” indica que algo é brilhoso, reluzente, e não
bonito como diz a alternativa.
A alternativa B está correta. O vocábulo “sleek” indica que algo é brilhoso, reluzente, mesmo
significado de “gleaming”, que significa limpo, polido, reluzente.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O vocábulo “sleek” indica que algo é brilhoso, reluzente, e não
respeitável como diz a alternativa.
A alternativa D está incorreta. O vocábulo “sleek” indica que algo é brilhoso, reluzente, e não fino
A alternativa E está incorreta. O vocábulo “sleek” indica que algo é brilhoso, reluzente, e não caro
GABARITO: B
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What Leads Us to this Belief that Connections to and Experiences with the Natural World Are
So Important?
1 There is an emerging awareness and concern that children are less and less likely to
have experiences that involve the simplest interactions with nature—the plants, animals, and the
earth around them—as a part of their continuous learning process. As we look at the children
around us, we observe them living increasingly unhealthy lifestyles. For many, childhood is spent
overly plugged in and programmed inside their homes, schools, and community settings in
humanmade environments, eliminating the out-of-doors, the benefits of nature, and all that
exists in the natural environment (Wike, 2006).
2 Even a generation ago, children spent more time outside, because it was the normal
thing for children to do. Adults did not question the value of time spent out-of-doors and had
much less anxiety about the risks involved. Children walked and played outdoors and planted
things in the dirt; they rode their bikes, invented games, and spent the majority of their time in
less structured activities and natural environments. Very young children carried out these
activities in their yards and immediate neighborhoods. Urban environments offered the
occasional playground and vacant lot. Older children roamed beyond their neighborhoods to
adjacent lands, streams, woods, or urban parks. Exposure to the natural world brought
opportunities for children to make sense of their surroundings and to develop their own sense of
“place.”
3 Over a relatively short time, we adults have allowed this connection to the natural
world to slip gradually away from children’s lives. Evidence of this trend surrounds us:
• Children now spend nearly 30 hours a week watching a TV or computer screen,
listening to something through headphones or, for older children, using cell
phones or media players;
• Children experience increasingly timed and structured family lifestyles with less
emphasis on unstructured outside time. Particularly in more densely populated
countries, urban growth has eliminated green spaces and natural environments.
Fewer families are vacationing in national parks (Fish, 2007). Together these
changes keep many children separated from nature and without time for solitude
or um-programmed experiences.
• Instructional time outside, recess, or unstructured playtime is being eliminated
from the school day (Clements, 2007).
• Outdoor play spaces or playgrounds have become safer at some sites due to
national playground standards, but in other locations, play spaces have been
eliminated or often lack the natural elements that encourage a different kind of
interaction among children (Moore & Wong, 1997).
• The curriculum for children in centers and schools is becoming narrower, with
more time spent on teacher-directed lessons and testing and less time spent
investigating and learning through activities that build on a child’s sense of
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wonder, curiosity, and the benefit of first-hand experiences (Hyson, 2003;

McMurrer, 2007; Marcon, 1999).
4 Consequently, we have gradually found our children growing up in a clash of optimal
and minimal learning opportunities. Optimally, technology opens worlds never before so readily
available to children; however, the opening of this side of learning has contributed to shutting the
door to children’s access to the more natural environment that gives a lasting attachment to
children’s sense of place and their awareness of the habitat and environment nearest to them.
This lack of connection can engender both apathy and ignorance in children’s early perceptions
of the world around them and their roles in enjoying, learning from, and protecting it.
(Adapted from: https://www.education.ne.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2017/07/Call_to_Action.pdf)
According to the text, which option completes the sentence below correctly?
In the past, it was the normal thing for children to ______.
a) spent more time outside
b) spend more time indoors
c) question the value of time spent out-of-doors
d) spend more time outdoors
e) spend their times in programmed inside activities
A alternativa A está incorreta. O erro da alternativa está no uso do verbo

conjugado no Simple Past (spent), quando deveria estar no Simple Present (spend)
para que possa se encaixar corretamente na frase do enunciado.
A alternativa B está incorreta. Não é correto dizer que no passado, era normal
que as crianças passassem mais tempo dentro de casa, já que o texto diz o contrário
disso no trecho: “Even a generation ago, children spent more time outside”.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O texto diz que os ADULTOS NÃO questionavam
o valor do tempo passado fora de casa. Porém o texto não fala nada sobre as crianças
questionarem ou não o tempo passado fora de casa.
A alternativa D está correta. O texto diz exatamente o que é dito pela
alternativa, que as crianças, no passado, passavam mais tempo fora de casa. Isso é
confirmado pelo trecho: “Even a generation ago, children spent more time outside,
because it was the normal thing for children to do”.
A alternativa E está incorreta. O texto, de fato, diz que as crianças passam o
tempo em atividades programadas em ambientes internos. Porém, o texto fala que
essa é a realidade das crianças nos dias de hoje, não no passado.
GABARITO: D
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What's the meaning of the word "engender" in paragraph 4?

a) Point out.
b) Disagree.
c) Give rise to.
d) Endanger .
e) Be caused by.
A alternativa A está incorreta. “Point out” significa apontar/destacar algo, enquanto

“engender” significa causar/ser causa de. Não há, portanto, relação de sentido entre as
expressões.
A alternativa B está incorreta. “Disagree” significa discordar de algo, enquanto “engender”
significa causar/ser causa de. Não há, portanto, relação de sentido entre as expressões.
A alternativa C está correta. “Give rise to” significa dar crescimento a algo/ser a causa de,
que é exatamente o significado de “engender”, ser a causa de algo. Por isso, essa é a alternativa
correta.
A alternativa D está incorreta. “Endanger” significa colocar em perigo ou risco, enquanto
“engender” significa causar/ser causa de. Não há, portanto, relação de sentido entre as
expressões.
A alternativa E está incorreta. “Be caused by” significa ser causado por,ou seja, ser a
consequência de algo, não a causa. Já “engender” significa causar/ser causa de. Não há, portanto,
relação de sentido entre as expressões.
GABARITO: C
According to the text, which option is correct?

a) Today children have the maximum and the minimum at the same time when it comes to
learning opportunities.
b) In the past, education was better beacause children had access to more outside time at
schools.
c) Thanks to technology education is better today, since children have instant access to things
other generations didn’t.
d) Technology access will give children the necessary will to fight for the planet environment in
the future.
e) The fact the unstructure playtime is being eliminated from the school day is a good thing for
raising awareness of the habitat nearest to the children.
A alternativa A está correta. O texto diz que as crianças de hoje têm o máximo e o mínimo
ao mesmo tempo quando se trata de oportunidades de aprendizagem. Isso ocorre porque a
internet otimiza grandemente o aprendizado, dando acesso às mais diversas informações. Por
outro lado, as atividades externas estão diminuindo drasticamente o que empobrece a
aprendizagem sensorial em relação ao meio ambiente.
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A alternativa B está incorreta. Não se pode dizer que antigamente a educação era melhor
pelo fato de que havia mais tempo de atividades externas. O texto não fala que hoje é melhor ou
pior, ele apenas mostra diferenças dizendo o que melhorou e o que piorou, mas não é possível
chegar a uma conclusão final de qual educação é melhor, a de hoje ou a do passado.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O texto fala da prontidão do acesso às informações qua a
tecnologia proporciona como algo bom, porém cita outros pontos que são negativos em relação
à educação de hoje em dia. Portanto, o texto não nos permite definir qual é a melhor educação,
a de hoje ou a do passado.
A alternativa D está incorreta. Não se pode dizer que o acesso à tecnologia vai dar às
crianças de hoje a força de vontade necessária para lutar pelo meio ambiente no futuro. O texto
diz que a falta de atividades sensoriais, de experiências vividas na natureza pode diminuir o senso
de habitat no ambiente que as rodeia.
A alternativa E está incorreta. O texto diz o contrário da alternativa, que a falta de atividade
não estruturada ao ar livre no dia a dia escolar diminui a consciência ambiental das crianças.
GABARITO: A
Which option completes the sentence below correctly?

One of the most interesting projects handed over more than a ton of tin cans, glass
bottles, and old climbing tools to artists in Nepal, _______?
(Adapted from:
https://ngl.cengage.com/assets/downloads/grex_pro0000000538/grex2_su8.pdf)
a) doesn’t it
b) hasn't it
c) didn’t it
d) don't they
e) didn’t they
A alternativa A está incorreta. Não podemos usar “doesn’t it” pelo fato de que essa tag é
usada em frases conjugadas no presente, enquanto a frase apresentada está no passado, como
podemos observar pelo verbo “handed over”.
A alternativa B está incorreta. Não podemos usar “hasn’t it” porque a frase está conjugada
no Simple Past. Apenas se usa “hasn’t it” quando a frase está conjugada no Present Perfect.
A alternativa C está correta. O uso de “didn’t it” é perfeito nesse caso, já que a frase está
conjugada no tempo verbal Simple Past e na afirmativa. Logo, a question tag precisa usar o auxiliar
“did” e estar na negativa (didn’t).
A alternativa D está incorreta. “Don’t they” só pode ser utilizado quando a frase está
conjugada no presente, o que não acontece nesse caso, já que a frase está no Simple Past.
A alternativa E está incorreta. “Didn’t they” estaria incorreto nessa situação porque a
expressão “one of the...” indica que estamos falando de apenas um projeto, e não de vários.
Portanto, não podemos usar o pronome “They” na question tag, mas sim o pronome “it”, pois
estamos falando de um único projeto.
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GABARITO: C
Assinale a alternativa que pode substituir ‘binning’ na sentença “In his shoes I imagine myself
binning the bus pass and walking home for a salad supper.” (parágrafo 3) mantendo o mesmo
sentido do texto e a correção gramatical.
A ( ) using
B ( ) throwing away
C ( ) putting away
D ( ) keeping
E ( ) putting in my pocket
A alternativa A está incorreta. A expressão “binning” siginifica jogar fora, já que em inglês
britânico, usa-se o termo “bin” para designar lata de lixo. “Using” significa usando, e nada tem a
ver com a intenção do texto de dizer que jogaria o bilhete fora. Ao substituir por “using”,
estaríamos dizendo que o autor se imagina usando o bilhete do ônibus, ao invé de jogando-o fora.
A alternativa B está correta. O Phrasal Verb “throwing away” pode ser considerado um sinônimo
da expressão “binning”, já que ambos significam “jogar fora/jogar no lixo”
A alternativa C está incorreta. O Phrasal Verb “put away” significa organizar/colocar no lugar. Não
se trata, portanto, de expressões sinônimas. Ao substituir um pelo outro, teríamos alteração de
significado.
A alternativa D está incorreta. Substituir “binning” por“keeping”, traria alteração de sentido para
o trecho, pois ao usar “keeping”, estaríamos dizendo que o autor guardou o bilhete de ônibus ao
invés de jogá-lo fora.
A alternativa E está incorreta. “Putting in my pocket” significa colocando no meu bolso. Teríamos
a mesma alteração de sentido presente na substituição proposta por “keeping”, já que as duas
alternativas representariam a mesma ação por parte do autor neste contexto, a de guardar o
bilhete de ônibus, e não de jogá-lo fora.
GABARITO: B
ITA - 2019
The lengths countries go to for a seat at UN top table
132
Glad-handing, parties and concerts by U2 and Celine Dion - how countries campaign for a seat
on the United Nations Security Council.
It likely won't come down to the gift bags or the parties but that doesn't mean Canada, Norway
and Ireland are leaving it to chance.
From Norway, General Assembly delegations will get a badge covered with fabric from the
tapestry used to decorate the council chamber's walls.
Canada is offering greeting cards, chocolates, and Canada branded facemasks.
The small tokens for delegations ahead of the 17 June vote come after lengthy campaigns by the
three nations for one of two coveted non-permanent seats up for grabs on the security council,
which is tasked with ensuring global peace and security.
The seats they are campaigning for are set aside for the "Western Europe and Others" [WEOG]
regional grouping on the council.
The winners will serve a two-year term on the 15-member body.
Campaign season for the contested seats means "a lot of parties, a lot of events" at the UN's
headquarters in New York, says Stephanie Fillion, a journalist who covers the global body for news
site PassBlue.
Campaigns can be elaborate affairs with slick promotional materials and plenty of wining and
dining, and countries announce they will run years in advance
In 2018, Ireland invited diplomats to a New York concert by Irish rockers U2, and Canada did
something similar for a concert by Canadian songstress Celine Dion this year.
Canada says it's shelled out roughly $1.74m (£1.37m) and has 13 full-time staff working on the
campaign. And as of late last year, Ireland spent a reported $800,000 and Norway $2.8m.
Why do countries want a seat on the council?
Members states get three things in return for a seat, says Adam Chapnick, a professor of defence
studies at the Royal Military College of Canada.
Those are access, relevance, and influence.
"For two years, day in and day out, a country that is not a great power will have direct access to
the five permanent members in addition to whomever else might be on the council at that time,"
he says.
He adds: "With that access comes relevance."
"All of a sudden you're really popular around the world because if somebody else can't reach the
Chinese or the Americans or the French, they know you can."
The council has significant responsibilities. It can authorise peacekeeping operations, impose
international sanctions, and determine how the UN should respond to conflicts around the world.
But the council isn't always in the mood to collaborate, says Mr Chapnick.
"There are times when you can actually change the international rules of the game and there are
other times where you absolutely can't. And that's entirely unpredictable."
133
Adaptado de < https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52973244>
48. (ITA – 2019)
De acordo com o texto, é incorreto dizer que

A ( ) a Irlanda, Noruega e o Canadá estão há dois anos concorrendo por vagas permanentes no
conselho de segurança da ONU.
B ( ) os países querem participar do conselho de segurança para ter acesso, relevância e influência.
C ( ) a temporada de campanhas significa muitas festas e eventos na sede da ONU em Nova Iorque.
D ( ) os países estão concorrendo a vagas reservadas para o grupo regional da Europa ocidental e
outros.
E ( ) os vencedores farão parte do conselho formado por 15 membros pelo período de dois anos.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. O erro da alternativa é dizer que os países estão concorrendo a
vagas para o conselho permanente de segurança da ONU, pois o texto afirma que esses países
concorrem a vagas temporárias no conselho de segurança.
A alternativa B está correta. O texto diz exatamente o que é dito pela alternativa no trecho:
“Members states get three things in return for a seat, says Adam Chapnick, a professor of defence
studies at the Royal Military College of Canada. Those are access, relevance, and influence”.
A alternativa C está correta. O texto diz exatamente o que é dito pela alternativa no trecho:
“Campaign season for the contested seats means "a lot of parties, a lot of events" at the UN's
headquarters in New York”.
A alternativa D está correta. O texto diz exatamente o que é dito pela alternativa no trecho: “The
seats they are campaigning for are set aside for the "Western Europe and Others" [WEOG]
regional grouping on the council”.
A alternativa E está correta. O texto diz exatamente o que é dito pela alternativa no trecho: “The
winners will serve a two-year term on the 15-member body”.
GABARITO: A
49. (ITA – 2019)
Assinale a alternativa INCORRETA. No texto, o autor afirma que

A ( ) diplomatas foram convidados pela Irlanda a assistir um show da banda U2 em Nova Iorque.
B ( ) diplomatas foram convidados pelo Canadá a assistir um show da Celine Dion em Nova Iorque.
C ( ) o conselho de segurança é reponsável por garantir a paz e a segurança global.
D ( ) a Irlanda já gastou 800.000 libras em seus esforços de campanha por um lugar no conselho
de segurança.
134
E ( ) o conselho torna os membros populares por terem acesso e influência com as maiores
potências globais.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está correta. O texto diz isso no trecho: “In 2018, Ireland invited diplomats to a
New York concert by Irish rockers U2”.
A alternativa B está correta. O texto diz isso no trecho: “In 2018, Ireland invited diplomats to a
New York concert by Irish rockers U2, and Canada did something similar for a concert by Canadian
songstress Celine Dion this year”.
A alternativa C está correta. O texto diz isso no trecho: “the security council, which is tasked with
ensuring global peace and security”.
A alternativa D está incorreta. O erro da alternativa está no fato de dizer que a Irlanda gastou
800.000 libras, quando, na verdade, a Irlanda gastou 800.000 dólares.
A alternativa E está correta. O texto expressa exatamente o que é dito pela alternativa. Isso pode
ser evidenciado no trecho: “All of a sudden you're really popular around the world because if
somebody else can't reach the Chinese or the Americans or the French, they know you can”.
GABARITO: D
50. (ITA – 2019)
A palavra ou expressão sublinhada na primeira coluna pode ser substituída pela palavra ou
expressão na segunda coluna em todas as opções, mantendo o mesmo sentido, EXCETO em:
A ( ) The seats they are campaigning for are set aside for[…] → reserved
B ( ) All of a sudden you're really popular around the world […]. → gradually
C ( ) Campaign season for the contested seats means […]. → disputed
D ( ) The winners will serve a two-year term on the 15-member body.[...] → period
E ( ) […]Canadian songstress Celine Dion this year. → singer
Comentários
A alternativa A está correta. “set aside” pode ser substituído por “reserved” sem prejuízo de
sentido, já que são palavras sinônimas e significam reservados.
A alternativa B está incorreta. “All of a sudden” está sendo usado no sentido de “de repente”.
“Gradually” significa gradualmente e não pode substituir “all of a sudden” no contexto
apresentado pela questão.
A alternativa C está correta. “contested” significa disputados e, nesse contexto, pode ser
substituída por “disputed” sem prejuízo de sentido ao texto, já que “contested” tem exatamente
o mesmo sentido de disputados.
A alternativa D está correta. “term” é um sinônimo de “period” e o último pode substituir o
primeiro sem nenhum prejuízo de sentido ao texto. Ambos significam período de tempo.
135
A alternativa E está correta. “songstress” pode ser substituída por “singer” sem alteração de
sentido do texto. Trata-se de palavras sinônimas que significam cantora.
GABARITO: B
EFOMM - 2017
Pidgins and creoles

Pidgin Languages
A pidgin is a system of communication which has grown up among people who do not
share a common language, but who want to talk to each other, for trading or other
reasons. Pidgins have been variously called ‘makeshift’, ‘marginal’, or ‘mixed’ languages.
They have a limited vocabulary, a reduced grammatical structure, and a much narrower
range of functions, compared to the languages which gave rise to them. They are the
native language of no one, but they are nonetheless a main means of communication for
millions of people, and a major focus of interest to those who study the way languages
change.
It is essential to avoid the stereotype of a pidgin language, as perpetrated over the years
in generations of children’s comics and films. The ‘Me Tarzan, you Jane’ image is far from
the reality. A pidgin is not a language which has broken down; nor is it the result of baby
talk, laziness, corruption, primitive thought processes, or mental deficiency. On the
contrary: pidgins are demonstrably creative adaptations of natural languages, with a
structure and rules of their own. Along with creoles, they are evidence of a fundamental
process of linguistic change, as languages come into contact with each other, producing
new varieties whose structures and uses contract and expand. They provide the clearest
evidence of language being created and shaped by society for its own ends, as people
adapt to new social circumstances. This emphasis on processes of change is reflected in
the terms pidginization and creolization.
Most pidgins are based on European languages – English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and
Portuguese – reflecting the history of colonialism. However, this observation may be the
result only of our ignorance of the languages used in parts of Africa, South America, or
South-east Asia, where situations of language contact are frequent. One of the best-
known non-European pidgins is Chinook Jargon, once used for trading by American
Indians in north-west USA. Another is Sango, a pidginized variety of Ngbandi, spoken
widely in west-central Africa.
Because of their limited function, pidgin languages usually do not last for very long –
sometimes for only a few years, and rarely for more than a century. They die when the
original reason for communication diminishes or disappears, as communities move apart,
or one community learns the language of the other. (Alternatively, the pidgin may
develop into a creole.) The pidgin French which was used in Vietnam all but disappeared
when the French left; similarly, the pidgin English which appeared during the American
Vietnam campaign virtually disappeared as soon as the war was over. But there are
136
exceptions. The pidgin known as Mediterranean Lingua Franca, or Sabir, began in the
Middle Ages and lasted until the 20th century.
Some pidgins have become so useful as a means of communication between languages
that they have developed a more formal role, as regular auxiliary languages. They may
even be given official status by a community, as lingua francas. These cases are known as
‘expanded pidgins’, because of the way in which they have added extra forms to cope
with the needs of their users, and have come to be used in a much wider range of
situations than previously. In time, these languages may come to be used on the radio, in
the press, and may even develop a literature of their own. Some of the most widely used
expanded pidgins are Krio (in Sierra Leone), Nigerian Pidgin English, and Bislama (in
Vanuatu). In Papua New Guinea, the local pidgin (Tok Pisin) is the most widely used
language in the country.
51. (EFOMM – 2017)
In line 65, “(...) they have added extra forms to cope with the needs of their users (...)”,
the phrasal verb in bold is closest in meaning to:
( a ) foresee
( b ) support
( c ) respect
( d ) realize
( e ) handle
A alternativa A está incorreta. “Foresee” é um verbo que significa: antecipar determinado

acontecimento ou informação. Este termo não substitui adequadamente o phrasal verb
em questão.
A alternativa B está incorreta. “Support” é um verbo que significa: dar apoio. Este termo
não substitui adequadamente o phrasal verb em questão.
A alternativa C está incorreta. “Respect” é um verbo que significa: respeitar. Este termo
não substitui adequadamente o phrasal verb em questão.
A alternativa D está incorreta. “realize” é um verbo que significa: perceber, dar-se conta
de algo. Este termo não substitui adequadamente o phrasal verb em questão.
A alternativa E está correta. “handle” é um verbo que significa: manejar, gerenciar,
administrar ou lidar com uma situação. “to cope with” significa: assimilar, lidar com uma
situação. Portanto, existe uma proximidade de significação entre eles.
52. (EFOMM – 2017)
Which option can NOT be inferred from the text? A pidgin language is:
( a ) a simplified means of linguistic communication.
( b ) the native language of a speech community.
137
( c ) employed in situations such as commerce.

( d ) a contact language.
( e ) constructed impromptu, or by convention, between individuals or groups of people.
A alternativa A está correta. O seguinte trecho corrobora esta afirmação: “They have a
limited vocabulary, a reduced grammatical structure, and a much narrower range of
functions, compared to the languages which gave rise to them”
A alternativa B está incorreta. O texto diz que “pidgin language” não é língua nativa de
ninguém. Isso se evidencia no trecho: “They are the native language of no one”.
A alternativa C está correta. O texto diz que o comércio é um dos motivos para o
surgimento de uma “pidgin language”. Isso é visto no trecho: “A pidgin is a system of
communication which has grown up among people who do not share a common
language, but who want to talk to each other, for trading or other reasons.
A alternativa D está correta. O texto afirma que a “pidgin language” é uma língua de
contato no trecho: “the languages used in parts of Africa, South America, or South-east
Asia, where situations of language contact are frequent”.
A alternativa E está correta. O texto diz que essas línguas são desenvolvidas a partir de
convenções feitas entre pessoas que precisam se comunicar. “A pidgin is not a language
which has broken down; nor is it the result of baby talk, laziness, corruption, primitive
thought processes, or mental deficiency. On the contrary: pidgins are demonstrably
creative adaptations of natural languages, with a structure and rules of their own”.
Adele - Someone Like You
I heard that you're settled down

That you found a girl and you're married now
I heard that your dreams came true
Guess she gave you things, I didn't give to you
Old friend, why are you so shy?
Ain't like you to hold back or hide from the light
I hate to turn up out of the blue, uninvited

But I couldn't stay away, I couldn't fight it
I had hoped you'd see my face
And that you'd be reminded that for me, it isn't over
(Adapted from https://www.letras.mus.br/adele/1778689/)
138
What is the main verb tense used in the first paragraph of the text above?
a) Present Perfect.
b) Past Perfect.
c) Simple Present.
d) Past Perfect Continuous.
e) Simple Past.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. O tempo verbal predominante no primeiro parágrafo do texto é o
simple past.
A alternativa B está incorreta. O tempo verbal predominante no primeiro parágrafo do texto é o
simple past.
A alternativa C está incorreta. O tempo verbal predominante no primeiro parágrafo do texto é o
simple past.
A alternativa D está incorreta. O tempo verbal predominante no primeiro parágrafo do texto é o
simple past.
A alternativa E está correta.
“Heard” é o passado do verbo hear (ouvir), “settled down” é o passado de settle down
(sossegar), “found” é o passado de find (encontrar), “came true” é o passado de come true
(tornar-se realidade), gave é o passado de give (dar). Todos os verbos citados anteriormente
estão no simple past.
GABARITO: E
In the excerpt “I hate to turn up out of the blue, uninvited” the expression in bold means
a) blue as the sky.

b) unexpectedly.
c) once in a blue moon.
d) rarely.
e) promptly.
Comentários:
139
A alternativa A está incorreta. A expressão “out of the blue” não significa blue as the sky (azul
como o céu).
A alternativa B está correta. A expressão “out of the blue” significa aparecer do nada, sem aviso.
E portanto, é sinônimo de inesperadamente (unexpectedly)
A alternativa C está incorreta. A expressão “once in a blue moon” significa raramente e portanto,
não é sinônimo de “out of the blue” que significa inesperadamente.
A alternativa D está incorreta. O advérbio “raraly” (raramente) não é sinônimo de “out of the
blue” que significa inesperadamente.
A alternativa E está incorreta. O advérbio “promptly” (prontamente) não é sinônimo de “out of
the blue” que significa inesperadamente.
GABARITO: B
Choose the option that contains only uncountable nouns
a) beauty, iron, information, newspaper, baggage.

b) beauty, bee, information, newspaper, wool.
c) song, iron, information, paper, wool.
d) song, bee, information, newspaper, baggage.
e) beauty, iron, information, paper, wool.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. Newspaper = jornal (contável)
A alternativa B está incorreta. Bee = abelha e Newspaper = jornal (contáveis)
A alternativa C está incorreta. Song = música (contável). Cuidado, pois o substantivo “music” é
incontável.
A alternativa D está incorreta. Song = música, Bee = abelha e Newspaper = jornal (contáveis)
A alternativa E está correta. Todos os substantantivos da lista são incontáveis.
GABARITO: E
Text IV
There’s no end to the benefits of donating blood for those who need it.
140
According to the American Red Cross, one donation can save as many as three lives, and someone
in the United States needs blood every two seconds.
It turns out that donating blood doesn’t just benefit recipients. There are health benefits for
donors, too, on top of the benefits that come from helping others.
Donating blood has benefits for your emotional and physical health. According to a report by the
Mental Health Foundation, helping others can: reduce stress, improve your emotional well-being,
benefit your physical health, help get rid of negative feelings, provide a sense of belonging and
reduce isolation.
Research has found further evidence of the health benefits that come specifically from donating
blood.
“According to a report by the Mental Health Foundation, helping others can: reduce stress, […],
help get rid of negative feelings […]”. The expression “get rid of” in bold in the text means
a) put away
b) throw away
c) put up with
d) find out
e) work out
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. put away = guardar, prender.
A alternativa B está correta. A expressão “to get rid of” significa “livrar-se de” e portanto é
sinônimo de “to throw away” que significa “jogar fora”.
A alternativa C está incorreta. put up with = tolerar.
A alternativa D está incorreta. find out = descobrir.
A alternativa E está incorreta. work out = malhar (academia).
GABARITO: B
“They could spend two hours improving their health by exercising,”

The underlined word can be replaced by:
a) coming up with
b) puting up with
141
c) puting away
d) turning down
e) brushing up on
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. Come up with significa pensar/falar algo novo ou aparecer com
algo e portanto não se encaixa no contexto.
A alternativa B está incorreta. Put up with = tolerar, aguentar algo ou alguém.
A alternativa C está incorreta. Put away = guardar.
A alternativa D está incorreta. Turn down = recusar.
A alternativa E está correta. Brush up on = improve = get better (melhorar). É Exatamente o que
o texto diz, melhor sua saúde através de exercícios.
GABARITO: E
Brexit was meant to make Britain global. It has made us friendless

It is not a secret that Britain is leaving the EU. The coronavirus crisis has dominated 2020 but not
obliterated memory of the years before. Still, to be on the safe side, the government is spending
£93m on a Brexit refresher campaign with the slogan “check, change, go”.
This is aimed at people who have dealings with Europe and might be under the illusion that it will
be as easy in the future as it has been in the past. No one has done more to cultivate that
misapprehension than Boris Johnson. The government’s new message on Brexit is to disregard
what the prime minister used to say on the subject.
The essential issue here is that Brexit can make EU membership go away, but not the EU itself.
When the only problem was being inside, escape was the only solution worth talking about.
Hardline Eurosceptics were no more bothered by the issue of how an ex-member state might
manage relations with Brussels than arsonists are interested in what to do with ashes.
As a result of that complacency, the UK does not have a policy towards the EU, only an impulse
away from it and that is of fading relevance. No one followed us out. The fire didn’t catch.
It is important to distinguish strategic European policy from the detail of borders, tariffs and
regulations. The UK has a detailed agenda for that stuff and negotiations are ongoing. If those
talks fail, there is always the World Trade Organization (as Brexit ultras never tire of pointing out).
But even if it were economically sensible to fall back on WTO rules (and it isn’t), the question of
Britain’s geopolitical alignment would still remain unanswered.
142
The rubric for the current talks is “the future relationship”, but the UK has narrowed the
discussion to exclude everything apart from trade. Johnson took foreign policy, security and
defence cooperation – the stuff of which international alliances are made – off the table.
European leaders were baffled by that choice, which seemed to defer discussion of something no
less urgent than fish quotas and customs declarations, and more important in the long term.
The UK position is consistent with the Eurosceptic doctrine of pristine sovereignty. In that view,
EU institutions eat national power. Every programme, even something as ostensibly benign as the
Erasmus scheme for student exchanges, is a trap. The whole point of new “global” Britain, as an
upgrade from the old European version, is that it is freer to deal with other global players peer-
to-peer.
The limitations of that approach are quickly becoming clear. In January, the government
announced that it would allow Huawei, the Chinese telecoms company, a limited role in
developing British 5G infrastructure. Yesterday, the limit became an exclusion, starting next year.
The shift follows pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complain, with good reason, that
Huawei has the potential to be a conduit for Beijing security interests and want its kit stripped out
of the network even sooner. The more decisive factor is US sanctions against the company and
the demand from Washington that Britain be more demonstrative in its transatlantic loyalty. The
unambiguous message from the White House is that trade and security policy are intertwined. A
country that wants a deal to access US markets can expect to have its foreign investment relations
vetted for intimacy with undesirable states. Beijing has warned of trade retaliation against
countries deemed hostile to Huawei.
Any prime minister would prioritise the security alliance with the US over a commercial deal with
China. But Johnson happens to be the first prime minister to be confronted with the choice in
stark, binary terms, because his trade policy is a blank sheet of paper and Donald Trump is holding
the pen.
As an EU member, Britain’s trade deals were brokered by the European commission, which
mobilised the scale of the single market – 28 countries; 450 million consumers – as leverage in
negotiations. That is what concessions in national sovereignty buy, and every government that
has felt the benefits considers it a price worth paying. The UK was no exception. David Cameron
was a casual Tory Eurosceptic, happy to play-fight against Brussels banditry, but when the choice
became real he campaigned to remain. Would Johnson have been a leaver if his Downing Street
ambitions had come to fruition five years earlier and he had spent some time hobnobbing with
fellow heads of government at EU summits? I doubt it.
In less volatile times an independent seat at the WTO would have been meagre compensation for
losing Britain’s influence as one of the big three EU members. As international trade policy gets
ever deeper submerged in geopolitical manoeuvres, that swap looks like the worst part-exchange
in strategic history, even if you throw in a new royal yacht and call it Britannia.
Johnson knows it, too. If the prime minister thought the WTO was where the action happens, he
would nominate a credible, intelligent statesman with a reputation for probity as Britain’s
candidate to be the next director general. He offered Liam Fox instead. (Fox will not get the job.)
143
The UK is sliding into a strategic void because its only foreign policy is a plan that devalues old
European alliances and shifts the balance of power to other continents when trying to make new
deals. Johnson cannot address this challenge without exposing the basic flaw in Brexit, which is
that the sovereignty he so jealously demands from Brussels buys no clout in Washington, Beijing
or anywhere else.
The UK national interest requires a new strategic partnership with the EU, but Johnson refuses
even to include that concept in the negotiation. The obstacle used to be confidence that Britain
had no need of Europe. It looks now more like fear of admitting how much of Europe Britain still
needs.
Adapted from (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jul/15/brexit-britain-
partnership-boris-johnson)
What word could replace the word “misapprehension” in the second paragraph?
a) mistake
b) culture
c) made up
d) misconception
e) unapprehension
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. “mistake” significa erro. Já “misapprehension” significa má
compreensão. Portanto, não se pode dizer que “mistake” poderia substituir “misapprehension”.
A alternativa B está incorreta. “culture” significa cultura. Já “misapprehension” significa má
compreensão. Portanto, não se pode dizer que “culture” poderia substituir “misapprehension”.
A alternativa C está incorreta. “made up” significa inventado. Já “misapprehension” significa má
compreensão. Portanto, não se pode dizer que “made up” poderia substituir
“misapprehension”.
A alternativa D está correta. “misconception” significa exatamente o mesmo que
“misapprehension” nesse contexto, ou seja, mal entendido.
A alternativa E está incorreta. “unapprehension” não existe em inglês. Já “misapprehension”
significa má compreensão. Portanto, não se pode dizer que “unapprehension” poderia substituir
“misapprehension”.
GABARITO: D
144
“is that it is freer to deal with other global players peer-to-peer.” in paragraph 7, the word in bold
refers to
a) European version
b) Upgrade
c) “global” Britain
d) Point
e) Trap
Comentários:
O período inicia falando que a razão da nova Bretanha “global”, como uma atualização da antiga
versão europeia, é que ela – e aqui é que surge o “it”, que está retomando a Bretanha “global”-
é mais livre para lidar com outros players globais. Isso nos leva ao gabarito de letra C.
GABARITO: C
Which option completes the paragraph below correctly?

An engineer I worked _____ told me he was impressed because I could deal ______ aggressive
dogs. He had no ideia what workshops I had attended ______. That’s why I could walk ______
those dogs.
(A) With / of / to / -
(B) At / from / about / with
(C) With / with / of / -
(D) With / for/ to / with
(E) With / with / to / -
Comentários:
A primeira lacuna deve ser preenchida por “with”. A frase quer dizer que eu podia lidar com
cães agressivos. Who deals, deals with someone/something. Quem lida, lida com alguém ou
alguma coisa. Portanto, a regência do verbo “deal” pede a preposição “with”.
A segunda lacuna deve ser preenchida por “with”. A frase quer dizer que eu trabalhava com
alguém. Who works, works with someone. Quem trabalha, trabalha com alguém. Portanto, a
regência do verbo “work” pede a preposição “with”.
145
A terceira lacuna deve ser preenchida por “to”. Trata-se da regência do verbo “to attend”. Who
attends, attends to something. Que participa, participa de alguma coisa. Então, a preposição
“to” é exigida pelo verbo “to attend”.
A quarta lacuna deve ser preenchida por “-”. Ao dizer a expressão caminhar com cães ou levar o
cachorro para passear, em inglês, dizemos “walk the dog”, ou seja, não se usa preposição
alguma para essa situação.
Temos a sequência: with / with / to / -
GABARITO: E
Mark the CORRECT alternative.

“Huawei has the potential to be a conduit for Beijing security interests and want its kit stripped
out of the network even sooner.” (paragraph 9)
If something is stripped out, it means that
A) it’s something that lost its clothes in the network.
B) it’s something withdrawn from their network.
C) it’s something broken in their network.
D) it’s something that needs to be assessed in their network.
E) it’s something bathed in the network.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A alternativa diz que é algo que perdeu suas roupas, o que não tem
nada a ver com o contexto apresentado, que fala sobre tecnologia.
A alternativa B está correta. Trata-se de algo retirado, pois os kits da Huawei precisam ser
retirados da rede.
A alternativa C está incorreta. Essa alternativa diz que trata-se de algo quebrado na rede, mas na
verdade, precisa-se retirar os kits da rede.
A alternativa D está incorreta. A alternativa diz que é algo que precisa ser avaliado, mas na
verdade, é algo que precisa ser retirado da rede.
A alternativa E está incorreta. Essa alternativa diz que é algo que é banhado na rede, e isso não
tem absolutamente nenhum sentido no contexto apresentado.
GABARITO: B
Mark the alternative which has the sentence below correctly reported.
The shift follows pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complain.
146
The author
A) replied: “the shift follows pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complain”
B) said that the shift followed pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complained.
C) asked the readers if the shift follows pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complain.
D) asked readers if the shift followed pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complained.
E) said the shift follows pressure on Johnson from Tory MPs who complain.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. No “reported speech”, não se usa dois pontos para uma citação,
mas sim a pessoa que está reportando dá a informação de maneira fluida. Exemplo: “He said that
he saw me in the restaurant yesterday” (ele disse que me viu no restaurante ontem).
A alternativa B está correta. A alternativa usa o reported speech de forma correta, pois “volta”
um tempo verbal em direção ao passado na hora de reportar aquilo que foi dito. A frase original
estava no present simple, logo a frase foi reportada usando o Past Simple
(said/followed/complained).
A alternativa C está incorreta. O erro da alternativa consiste no fato de que o autor não perguntou
nada aos leitores, mas sim disse. Portanto, o reported speech deveria começar com “said” ao
invés de “asked”.
A alternativa D está incorreta. Mais uma vez o erro está em dizer que o autor perguntou algo,
dessa vez aos passageiros. O autor não perguntou nada, apenas disse. Portanto, o reported
speech deveria começar com “said” ao invés de “asked”.
A alternativa E está incorreta. O erro da alternativa foi não alterar o tempo verbal na hora de
reportar a informação. No trecho original, verbo usado foi “follows” (simple present) e
“complain” (simple present), logo, no reported speech deve-se usar “followed” e “complained”
(past simple).
GABARITO: B
Singapore overtakes US as world’s most competitive economy

Sherisse Pham
Singapore has knocked the United States out of top spot in the World Economic Forum’s
annual competitiveness report.
The index takes stock of an economy’s competitive landscape, measuring factors such as
macroeconomic stability, the infrastructure, the labor market and the innovation capability.
Singapore pushed the world lergest economy down to second place this year. Hong Kong,
the Netherlands and Switzerland rounded out the top five. Hong Kong climbed four spots from
last year’s report, despite the political crisis taking a toll on its economy. The financial hub
147
received high marks for its macroeconomic stability and financial system, but fell short on its
capability to innovate.
Adapted from CNN.com
63. (EEAR – BCT – 2021)
The expression “taking a toll on its economy”, in bold type in the text, means that it
___________ on the economy.
a) has a good impact
b) has a desired effect
c) has a very bad effect
d) has an unacceptable effect
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A expressão “taking a toll” significa que a crise política cobrou um
preço, ou gerou um prejuízo para a economia. Essa definição não tem relação com a expressão
“has a good impact” que significa ter um bom impacto.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “taking a toll” significa que a crise política cobrou um
“has a desired effect” que significa ter o efeito desejado.
A alternativa C está correta. A expressão “taking a toll” significa que a crise política cobrou um
preço, ou gerou um prejuízo para a economia. Essa definição tem relação com a expressão “has
a very bad effect” que significa ter um efeito muito ruim.
A alternativa D está incorreta. A expressão “taking a toll” significa que a crise política cobrou um
“has an unacceptable effect” que significa ter um efeito inaceitável.
GABARITO: C
Development of world’s first autonomous, zero-emissions feeder postponed amid

COVID-19 crisis
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the changed global outlook, the development of the
world’s first autonomous and electric container vessel Yara Birkeland is put on hold, Norwegian
company Yara announced.
Yara has decided to pause further development of the vessel and will assess next steps
together with its partners, the company stated. The hull of the Yara Birkeland vessel was launched
to sea in Romania in February 2020.
The ship is expected to arrive at the Norwegian shipyard in May where it will be fitted with
various control- and navigation systems and undergo testing before delivery to Yara.
Yara and technology company Kongsberg teamed up in 2017 with the ambition to build the
world's first autonomous and zero-emission container vessel.
148
Replacing 40,000 truck journeys a year, Yara Birkeland seeks to reduce NOx and CO2
emissions and improve road safety in a densely populated urban area in Norway.
(Adapted from: https://safety4sea.com)
.
64. (EFOMM – 2021)
According to the article:
a) Covid-19 pandemic urged the development of the world’s first autonomous, zero-emission
feeder.
b) Norwegian Company Yara issued a statement about the launching of the new watercraft fully
manned.
c) Unmanned craft can whittle down the discharge of foul air and greenhouse gases.
d) Yara and Kongsberg technology company split up due to the virus outbreak.
e) Autonomous and zero-emission feeders are salvege vessels that can stow the level of
pollutants.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. O erro da alternativa está no uso da palavra “urged” que significa
gerar urgência, pressa, enquanto o texto diz que a pandemia travou o desenvolvimento do navio.
A alternativa B está incorreta. O erro desta alternativa está no uso do termo “manned”. O termo
correto seria “unmanned”, tendo em vista que o navio é autônomo.
A alternativa C está correta. A alternativa diz que a embarcação pode reduzir a emissão de óxido
nitroso e dióxido de carbono, exatamente como diz o texto. A alternativa apenas usa vocabulário
diferente do usado pelo texto.
A alternativa D está incorreta. O erro está no uso do phrasal verb “split up”, pois as empresas não
cortaram relações ou se separaram, mas sim resolveram em conjunto colocar em espera o
desenvolvimento do navio autônomo.
A alternativa E está incorreta. O erro é chamar “feeders” de navios de salvamento, pois eles são,
na verdade, navios de carga.
GABARITO: C
65. (EFOMM – 2021)
Which of the statements are TRUE about the article

VI. The pandemic forestalled additional improvement of the feeder vessel.
VII. The ship will enable a depletion of road freight and road hazards.
VIII. The vessel will be scrapped straight away.
IX. The norwegian shipyard went bankrupt due to the changed global outlook.
X. The ship will be fitted with outdated controls and navigation systems.
a) I and V
b) IV and V
c) II and V
d) III and IV
e) I and II
149
Comentários:
A afirmativa I está correta. O texto diz que o desenvolvimento do projeto foi postergado,
exatamente o que diz a afirmativa com diferentes palavras.
A afirmativa II está correta. O texto diz que o navio elétrico autônomo vai permitir uma diminuição
da quantidade de jornadas de caminhão para distribuir carga e ainda diminui o perigo nas
estradas, exatamente como diz a afirmativa.
A afirmativa III está incorreta. O erro está em dizer que o navio será sucateado imediatamente, já
que o texto não diz nada sobre isso.
A afirmativa IV está incorreta. O erro está em dizer que o estaleiro norueguês faliu, já que o texto
não diz nada sobre isso.
A afirmativa V está incorreta. O erro está em dizer que o navio será equipado com sistemas
obsoletos, já que o texto diz o contrário disso.
GABARITO: E
66. (EFOMM – 2021)

In “[…] the world’s first autonomous and electric container vessel Yara Birkeland is put on
hold[…]”, the idiom in bold means:
a) Put away
b) Put about
c) Put off
d) Put across
e) Put up
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A expressão “put on hold” significa colocar em espera. A expressão
“put away” significa organizar, colocar no lugar, não havendo correlação com a expressão do
enunciado.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “put on hold” significa colocar em espera. A expressão
“put about” não é um phrasal verb de fato, não havendo correlação com a expressão do
enunciado.
A alternativa C está correta. A expressão “put on hold” significa colocar em espera. A expressão
“put off” significa adiar, postergar, havendo correlação com a expressão do enunciado.
A alternativa D está incorreta. A expressão “put on hold” significa colocar em espera. A expressão
“put across” não é um phrasal verb de fato, não havendo correlação com a expressão do
enunciado.
A alternativa E está incorreta. A expressão “put on hold” significa colocar em espera. A expressão
“put up” significa colocar para cima, levantar, não havendo correlação com a expressão do
enunciado.
GABARITO: C
Sea-Fever
150
By
John Masefield
I must down to the seas again, to the lonely sea and the sky,
And all I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by,
And the wheel’s kick and the wind’s song and the white sail’s shaking,
And a grey mist on the sea’s face, and a grey dawn breaking.
I must down to the seas again, for the call of the running tide
Is a wild call and a clear call that may not be denied;
And all I ask is a windy day with the white clouds flying,
And the flung spray and the blown spume, and the sea-gulls crying.
I must down to the seas again, to the vagrant gypsy life,

To the gull’s way and the whale’s way where the wind’s like a whetted knife;
And all I ask is a merry yarn from a laughing fellow-rover,
And quiet sleep and a sweet dream when the long trick’s over.
By John Masefield. (1878-1967)
67. (EFOMM – 2021)

According to the text:
(A) The title refers to a disease that could commonly occur working onboard vessels at sea.
(B) The seagulls are crying because of the blown spume and the flung spray.
(C) The voice of the poem has a strong desire to hear a story from a seafarer.
(D) The whetted knife is going to be used to cut the seagulls and the whales like the wind.
(E) The voice of the poem wants to have an amazing adventure at sea by sailing in very bad
weather.
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. “Sea-fever” não se trata de uma doença, mas sim da saudade que
o autor tem de estar no mar.
A alternativa B está incorreta. O texto usa a expressão “seagulls crying”, mas não estabelece a
relação de causa e consequência que a alternativa estabelece. Por isso a alternativa está errada.
A alternativa C está correta. O trecho: “And all I ask is a merry yarn from a laughing fellow-rover”
comprova o que é dito pela alternativa, que o autor quer escutar uma história de um
companheiro marítimo.
A alternativa D está incorreta. O texto diz que o vento é como uma faca afiada, enquanto a
alternativa diz que a faca será usada para cortar baleias e gaivotas.
A alternativa E está incorreta. A expressão “very bad weather” é o que elimina a alternativa, tendo
em vista que o autor não diz, em momento algum, que deseja navegar em tempo muito ruim.
151
GABARITO: C
68. (EFOMM – 2021)

Based on the passage below, mark the correct option.
By the end of our first two weeks in Holland, we had fallen head over heels for the country. It's a
historic, visual, artistic and cultural feast that is compact and easy to get around thanks to its
efficient trains, buses and bike routes.
(Adapted from: Sail Magazine, August 2018.)
Considering the previous passage, the underlined phrase 'head over heels' is closest in meaning
to:
(A) Bewildered
(B) Gleeful
(C) At ease
(D) In love
(E) Stupefied
Comentários:
A alternativa A está incorreta. A expressão “head over heels” é usada para dizer que se gosta
muito de algo, ou que se apaixonou por algo. Já “bewildered” significa estar confuso, o que não
tem relação com a expressão do enunciado.
A alternativa B está incorreta. A expressão “head over heels” é usada para dizer que se gosta
muito de algo, ou que se apaixonou por algo. Já “gleeful” significa estar alegre, o que não tem
relação com a expressão do enunciado.
A alternativa C está incorreta. A expressão “head over heels” é usada para dizer que se gosta
muito de algo, ou que se apaixonou por algo. Já “at ease” significa estar à vontade, o que não
tem relação com a expressão do enunciado.
A alternativa D está correta. A expressão “head over heels” é usada para dizer que se gosta muito
de algo, ou que se apaixonou por algo. “In love” significa estar apaixonado, que é o mesmo
significado da expressão do enunciado.
A alternativa E está incorreta. A expressão “head over heels” é usada para dizer que se gosta
muito de algo, ou que se apaixonou por algo. Já “stupefied” significa estar estupefato, o que não
tem relação com a expressão do enunciado
GABARITO: D
152
6.0 VERSÕES DAS AULAS
Caro aluno! Para garantir que o curso esteja atualizado, sempre que alguma mudança no
conteúdo for necessária, uma nova versão da aula será disponibilizada.
7.0 REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA

https://www.inglesonline.com.br/palavras-cognatas-em-ingles/
https://www.todamateria.com.br/falsos-cognatos-no-ingles-false-friends/
153
8.0 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS

Caro(a) aluno(a),
Parabéns por mais uma aula concluída, você acabou de encerrar a última aula do
nosso curso extensivo de língua inglesa!
Uma vez concluída esta aula, é importante que você tenha em mente que revisões
são necessárias em intervalos regulares para garantir a melhor assimilação. Grife as partes
que você julgar mais relevantes de cada aula. Dessa forma, você facilitará muito seu
processo de revisão e assimilará a matéria de forma otimizada.
A dinâmica que você observou nesta aula será utilizada em todas as demais do
nosso curso. Assim, você terá sempre uma explicação clara, objetiva e direto ao ponto
de todos os assuntos abordados, além de muitos, muitos exercícios para que você possa
praticar e evoluir em sua preparação.
Daremos sempre muitos bizus de prova para facilitar seu caminho até a aprovação!
Eu estou à disposição no nosso Fórum de Dúvidas! Lá, eu ou

outros membros da nossa equipe responderemos suas dúvidas em
até 24 horas! Não leve dúvidas para a sua prova! Estamos aqui para
te dar todo o suporte necessário para que você alcance seu
objetivo! Estamos juntos nessa caminhada, ok?
Espero que você tenha gostado da aula e, acima de tudo, que esta aula tenha
enriquecido seus conhecimentos.
Descanse e se prepare para o nosso próximo encontro!
Forte abraço,
Leonardo Pontes
@prof_leonardo_pontes
Leonardo Pontes
154

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ESTRATÉGIA MILITARES – Leonardo Pontes

Idioms / Phrasal Verbs

Professor Leonardo Pontes

4.0 QUESTÕES DE PROVAS ANTERIORES 38

6.0 VERSÕES DAS AULAS 153

7.0 REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA 153

8.0 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 154

• Better late than never – Antes tarde do que nunca

• Once and for all – De uma vez por todas

• We are even – Estamos quites

• Maybe some other time – Fica para a próxima

Vimos expressões idiomáticas em Inglês formadas por palavras similares às palavras em

• Between a rock and a hard place – Entre a cruz e a espada

• Get up on the wrong side of the bed – Acordar com o pé esquerdo

• Every Jack to his trade – Cada macaco no seu galho

• Short temper – Pavio curto

• Nothing ventured, nothing gained – Quem não arrisca, não petisca

• It’s time to face the music – É hora de encarar os fatos

• Burn the midnight oil – Varar a noite

• When hell freezes over – No dia de são nunca

• Piece of cake – Mamão com açúcar

A expressão “mamão com açúcar”, em Inglês, é um “pedaço de bolo” – piece of cake,

• It’s a catch 22 – Beco sem saída

A expressão “Beco sem saída” - It's a catch 22, teve

para recusar as missões de bombardeio, de acordo com o

• Cry over the spilled milk – Chprar o leite derramado

• Once in a blue moon – Uma vez na vida, outra na morte

• Every other day – Dia sim, dia não

Veremos agora várias expressões idiomáticas que já apareceram em textos de provas de

WALK IN ANOTHER’S SHOES

O texto está falando sobre bullying e, na linha em que há a expressão idiomática,

She will carry her purse all day long.

He carried out the air conditioning maintenance.

Verbo to carry out.

• Future – will carry out

3.2. Transitivos ou Intransitivos

3.3. Separáveis e Inseparáveis

3.3.1. Tabela de verbos

3.4. Similaridade entre Phrasal Verbs

§ Look up to – I look up to my mother – Eu admiro minha mãe

3.5. Formas Eficientes de aprender Phrasal Verbs

Primeiramente, eu apresentarei a você a forma que eu considero ineficiente. Muitas

3.6 Lista de Phrasal Verbs

Ø Break down – not to work properly – Quebrar/parar de funcionar de maneira adequada

Ø Break in – To enter a place illegally – Invadir determinado lugar

Ø Break out – To escape from a place or situation – Escapar de um lugar ou situação

Ø Bring up – To mention a certain subject during a conversation – Mencionar determinado

Ø Bump into – To accidentally meet/hit someone – Esbarrar ou encontrar com alguém

Ø Call off – To cancel – Cancelar ou desmarcar algum evento.

Ø Calm down – To become less agitated/nervous/anxious – Acalmar-se.

Ø Carry on – To persist despite the obstacles – Persistir apesar dos obstáculos.

Ø Carry out – To accomplish a task – Fazer/executar uma tarefa.

Ø Catch up – To reach someone/something ahead of you – Alcançar alguém ou algo.

Ex.: Is the onion chopped up yet? – A cebola já está picada?

Ø Come out – To appear – Aparecer

Ø Cool off – To calm down – Acalmar-se.

Ø Count on – To rely on someone – Confiar/Contar com alguém.

Ø Cover up – To hide/conceal – Ocultar/esconder algo.

Ø Deal with – To handle a situation – Lidar com uma situação.

Ø Do over – To do again – Fazer algo novamente.