Sanção penal

De forma geral, punição, castigo, ou sanção penal quando aplicadas usando as leis de um país específico, é a imposição de um resultado indesejável ou desagradável sobre um grupo ou indivíduo, imposto por uma autoridade - em contextos que vão desde a disciplina infantil ao direito penal - como resposta e dissuasão a uma determinada ação ou comportamento que é considerado indesejável ou inaceitável . O raciocínio pode ser condicionar uma criança a evitar o auto-risco, impor a conformidade social (em particular, nos contextos de educação compulsória ou disciplina militar), defender normas, proteger contra danos futuros (em particular, os crimes violentos), e manter a lei - e o respeito pela lei - sob a qual o grupo social é governado. ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] O castigo pode ser auto-infligido como com auto-flagelação e mortificação da carne no ambiente religioso, mas é na maioria das vezes uma forma de coerção social.

No Brasil

A sanção, ou pena, deverá ser cumprida em regime fechado, se a pena for superior a 8 anos; em regime semiaberto se a pena for de 4 a 8 anos; e em regime aberto se a pena for inferior a 4 anos.^[6]

Teorias

Os fins das penas são explicados pelas seguintes teorias:

Teoria Absoluta ou da Retribuição - Para essa teoria, a pena é a retribuição do mal injusto praticado pelo criminoso.
Teoria Relativa, Finalista, Utilitária ou da Prevenção - Divide-se em prevenção especial e prevenção geral.

A prevenção especial consiste na ameaça (exemploː pena de prisão suspensa na sua execução) ou segregação (pena de prisão efectiva) imposta ao condenado face à sociedade, tentando a sua reeducação com vista ao não cometimento futuro de novos crimes.
A prevenção geral é representada pela intimidação dirigida ao ambiente social em que o crime foi cometido, fazendo com que as pessoas não cometam crimes por receio de receber punição idêntica ou semelhante que viram aplicar ao condenado (pena ou castigo exemplar, para servir de exemplo aos demais). Esta é a teoria vigente no actual Código Penal Português.

Teoria Mista, Eclética, Intermediária ou Conciliatória - A pena tem a dupla função: de punir o criminoso e prevenir a prática do crime pela reeducação e pela intimidação coletiva. É a adotada pela reforma de 1984, pois é, ao mesmo tempo retributiva e preventiva, conforme dispõe a parte final do artigo 59 do Código Penal brasileiro de 1940:

“

[...] estabelecerá, conforme seja necessário e suficiente para reprovação e prevenção do crime.

”

Segundo esta teoria, portanto, a pena tem caráter retributivo e preventivo. O seu caráter preventivo se desdobra em:

Geral negativo – é o poder intimidatório que a pena representa a toda sociedade, destinatária da norma penal;

Geral positivo – demonstra e reafirma a existência e a eficiência do direito penal;

Especial negativo – tem caráter intimidativo ao autor de uma infração penal para que não volte a delinquir, recolhendo-o ao cárcere, quando necessário, evitando, deste modo, a prática de outras infrações;

Especial positivo – busca a ressocialização do condenado, reinserindo-o na sociedade.

Etapas Evolutivas da Sanção Penal

Vingança privada: o próprio ofendido se incumbia de realizar a vingança.
Vingança pública: a comunidade realizava a vingança como forma de evitar uma reação desproporcional ao delito.
Iluminismo: Cesare Beccaria
Criminologia e vitimologia atuais.

Referências

↑ Hugo, Adam Bedau (19 de fevereiro de 2010). «Punishment, Crime and the State». Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Consultado em 4 de agosto de 2010. The search for a precise definition of punishment that exercised some philosophers (for discussion and references see Scheid 1980) is likely to prove futile: but we can say that legal punishment involves the imposition of something that is intended to be burdensome or painful, on a supposed offender for a supposed crime, by a person or body who claims the authority to do so.
↑ and violates the law or rules by which the group is governed. McAnany, Patrick D. (agosto de 2010). «Punishment». Online. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Consultado em 4 de agosto de 2010. Punishment describes the imposition by some authority of a deprivation—usually painful—on a person who has violated a law, rule, or other norm. When the violation is of the criminal law of society there is a formal process of accusation and proof followed by imposition of a sentence by a designated official, usually a judge. Informally, any organized group—most typically the family, in rearing children—may punish perceived wrongdoers.
↑ Hugo, Adam Bedau (19 de fevereiro de 2010). «Theory of Punishment». Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Consultado em 4 de agosto de 2010. Punishment under law... is the authorized imposition of deprivations—of freedom or privacy or other goods to which the person otherwise has a right, or the imposition of special burdens—because the person has been found guilty of some criminal violation, typically (though not invariably) involving harm to the innocent. (The classical formulation, conspicuous in Hobbes, for example, defines punishment by reference to imposing pain rather than to deprivations.) This definition, although imperfect because of its brevity, does allow us to bring out several essential points.
↑ Peters, Richard Stanley (1966). Ethics and Education. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 267–68. JSTOR 3120772. Punishment... involves the intentional infliction of pain or of something unpleasant on someone who has committed a breach of rules... by someone who is in authority, who has a right to act in this way. Otherwise, it would be impossible to distinguish 'punishment' from 'revenge'. People in authority can, of course, inflict pain on people at whim. But this would be called 'spite' unless it were inflicted as a consequence of a breach of rules on the part of the sufferer. Similarly a person in authority might give a person £5 as a consequence of his breaking a rule. But unless this were regarded as painful or at least unpleasant for the recipient it could not be counted as a case of 'punishment'. In other words at least three criteria of (i) intentional infliction of pain (ii) by someone in authority (iii) on a person as a consequence of a breach of rules on his part, must be satisfied if we are to call something a case of 'punishment'. There are, as is usual in such cases, examples that can be produced which do not satisfy all criteria. For instance there is a colloquialism which is used about boxers taking a lot of punishment from their opponents, in which only the first condition is present. But this is a metaphorical use which is peripheral to the central use of the term.

In so far as the different 'theories' of punishment are answers to questions about the meaning of 'punishment', only the retributive theory is a possible one. There is no conceptual connection between 'punishment' and notions like those of 'deterrence', 'prevention' and 'reform'. For people can be punished without being prevented from repeating the offence, and without being made any better. It is also a further question whether they themselves or anyone else is deterred from committing the offence by punishment. But 'punishment' must involve 'retribution', for 'retribution' implies doing something to someone in return for what he has done.... Punishment, therefore, must be retributive—by definition.
↑ Kleining, John (outubro de 1972). «R.S. Peters on Punishment». British Journal of Educational Studies. 20 (3): 259–69. JSTOR 3120772. doi:10.1080/00071005.1972.9973352. Unpleasantness inflicted without authority is revenge, and if whimsical, is spite.... There is no conceptual connection between punishment, or deterrence, or reform, for people can be punished without being prevented from repeating the offence, and without being made better. And it is also a further question whether they themselves, or anyone else is deterred from committing the offence by punishment.
↑ Seção 1ː das Penas Privativas de Liberdade. Disponível em http://www.soleis.com.br/ebooks/criminal1-9.htm. Acesso em 5 de fevereiro de 2016.

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[stanford-crimeState-1] Hugo, Adam Bedau (19 de fevereiro de 2010). «Punishment, Crime and the State». Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Consultado em 4 de agosto de 2010. The search for a precise definition of punishment that exercised some philosophers (for discussion and references see Scheid 1980) is likely to prove futile: but we can say that legal punishment involves the imposition of something that is intended to be burdensome or painful, on a supposed offender for a supposed crime, by a person or body who claims the authority to do so.

[punGR-2] violates the law or rules by which the group is governed. McAnany, Patrick D. (agosto de 2010). «Punishment». Online. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Consultado em 4 de agosto de 2010. Punishment describes the imposition by some authority of a deprivation—usually painful—on a person who has violated a law, rule, or other norm. When the violation is of the criminal law of society there is a formal process of accusation and proof followed by imposition of a sentence by a designated official, usually a judge. Informally, any organized group—most typically the family, in rearing children—may punish perceived wrongdoers.

[stanford-theoryOf-3] Hugo, Adam Bedau (19 de fevereiro de 2010). «Theory of Punishment». Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Consultado em 4 de agosto de 2010. Punishment under law... is the authorized imposition of deprivations—of freedom or privacy or other goods to which the person otherwise has a right, or the imposition of special burdens—because the person has been found guilty of some criminal violation, typically (though not invariably) involving harm to the innocent. (The classical formulation, conspicuous in Hobbes, for example, defines punishment by reference to imposing pain rather than to deprivations.) This definition, although imperfect because of its brevity, does allow us to bring out several essential points.

[Peters1966-4] Peters, Richard Stanley (1966). Ethics and Education. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 267–68. JSTOR 3120772. Punishment... involves the intentional infliction of pain or of something unpleasant on someone who has committed a breach of rules... by someone who is in authority, who has a right to act in this way. Otherwise, it would be impossible to distinguish 'punishment' from 'revenge'. People in authority can, of course, inflict pain on people at whim. But this would be called 'spite' unless it were inflicted as a consequence of a breach of rules on the part of the sufferer. Similarly a person in authority might give a person £5 as a consequence of his breaking a rule. But unless this were regarded as painful or at least unpleasant for the recipient it could not be counted as a case of 'punishment'. In other words at least three criteria of (i) intentional infliction of pain (ii) by someone in authority (iii) on a person as a consequence of a breach of rules on his part, must be satisfied if we are to call something a case of 'punishment'. There are, as is usual in such cases, examples that can be produced which do not satisfy all criteria. For instance there is a colloquialism which is used about boxers taking a lot of punishment from their opponents, in which only the first condition is present. But this is a metaphorical use which is peripheral to the central use of the term.

In so far as the different 'theories' of punishment are answers to questions about the meaning of 'punishment', only the retributive theory is a possible one. There is no conceptual connection between 'punishment' and notions like those of 'deterrence', 'prevention' and 'reform'. For people can be punished without being prevented from repeating the offence, and without being made any better. It is also a further question whether they themselves or anyone else is deterred from committing the offence by punishment. But 'punishment' must involve 'retribution', for 'retribution' implies doing something to someone in return for what he has done.... Punishment, therefore, must be retributive—by definition.

[j-kleining-5] Kleining, John (outubro de 1972). «R.S. Peters on Punishment». British Journal of Educational Studies. 20 (3): 259–69. JSTOR 3120772. doi:10.1080/00071005.1972.9973352. Unpleasantness inflicted without authority is revenge, and if whimsical, is spite.... There is no conceptual connection between punishment, or deterrence, or reform, for people can be punished without being prevented from repeating the offence, and without being made better. And it is also a further question whether they themselves, or anyone else is deterred from committing the offence by punishment.

[6] Seção 1ː das Penas Privativas de Liberdade. Disponível em http://www.soleis.com.br/ebooks/criminal1-9.htm. Acesso em 5 de fevereiro de 2016.

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