One prerequisite for the examination of questioned handwriting is a background knowledge of the l... more One prerequisite for the examination of questioned handwriting is a background knowledge of the language and script in which the document is written. This paper gives a brief history of the development of Gurumukhi script, and its copybook forms. The general features of Gurumukhi handwriting such as style, size, slant, skill, angularity, arrangement of writings, spacing and alignment were studied in samples of Gurumukhi script provided by 50 individuals.
Rheumatoid arthritis is known to produce deformity of the joints and muscles which can affect the... more Rheumatoid arthritis is known to produce deformity of the joints and muscles which can affect the handwriting of an individual significantly. Examination of such handwriting specimens can become a challenging task for the document examiners. This can affect the accuracy of their opinions upon the related cases. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine the effects of rheumatoid arthritis on handwriting characteristics qualitatively and statistically. The study also included qualitative analysis and comparison of line quality defects of copied writings and writings affected by rheumatoid arthritis. Handwriting characteristics were analyzed qualitatively and statistically in old writings vs affected writings. All these handwriting characteristics were also analyzed qualitatively in copied writings vs affected writings. The results of the study showed significant deteriorating effects of rheumatoid arthritis on almost all handwriting characteristics, except for characteristics...
Authenticity of the photocopied documents must be determined as a prime requirement before consid... more Authenticity of the photocopied documents must be determined as a prime requirement before considering them in place of original documents. Determination of the authenticity of photocopied documents includes identification of alteration by examining various features. The typed, printed, handwritten and signature portion of black as well as colour photocopied samples were examined under Olympus SZX7 Stereomicroscope (magnification 4 Ă— 40). These samples were examined up to 3rd generation for various physical features. The results of this study showed that the alterations were detected in 37/100 (37%) black and 8/20 (40%) colour samples, when all the features were considered collectively. However, when the generation of photocopies was increased, the detection of the alterations became difficult because recopying of the altered copy hide most of the characteristics of alterations.
A study related to Dot-matrix printers has been carried out in order to analyze the effect of cha... more A study related to Dot-matrix printers has been carried out in order to analyze the effect of change of substrate on its printing characteristics. Twenty Dot-matrix printers and five types of substrates or white pages have been selected for the study. The printouts have been taken on all the five types of white papers from each of the twenty Dot-matrix printers. These printouts have been examined using stereomicroscope 4x40magnification and VSC 2000 C to examine the features such as change in colour of ink, lustre of printing text, impact of printing, spreading of ink, background noise, UV fluorescence and absorption spectra. It has been concluded that the physical characteristics of dot-matrix printing gets changed by changing the type of substrate even in case of the same printer. Thus, the results of this study would definitely help the forensic document examiners to give an accurate opinion on the cases related to Dot-matrix printouts, specifically in the examination of multiple...
Ascertainment of the generation (i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd generation etc.) of a photocopy of a (potenti... more Ascertainment of the generation (i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd generation etc.) of a photocopy of a (potentially manipulated) document is a great challenge to the forensic document examiner, and further more such a finding is useful in trying to establish whether the photo -copied document has been manipulated. In the present study, an at tempt has been made to tackle this type of problem by using the image processing technique.
The widespread use of photocopiers has made it necessary for documents examiners to find some met... more The widespread use of photocopiers has made it necessary for documents examiners to find some method of linking questioned documents to an individual photocopier. The examination of photocopied documents for the determination of their nature and source includes physical and chemical analyses of the photocopies. The physical analysis includes examination of toner type, toner fusion, the splattering effect of toner and defect marks on black photocopy samples. in the present study, photocopied samples from sixty two photocopiers were examined for their physical characteristics under a stereo microscope and were classified into fifty two groups. So, the examinations on the basis of physical characteristics proved to be very significant and useful as they helped to achieve the aforementioned aim.
One prerequisite for the examination of questioned handwriting is a background knowledge of the l... more One prerequisite for the examination of questioned handwriting is a background knowledge of the language and script in which the document is written. This paper gives a brief history of the development of Gurumukhi script, and its copybook forms. The general features of Gurumukhi handwriting such as style, size, slant, skill, angularity, arrangement of writings, spacing and alignment were studied in samples of Gurumukhi script provided by 50 individuals.
Rheumatoid arthritis is known to produce deformity of the joints and muscles which can affect the... more Rheumatoid arthritis is known to produce deformity of the joints and muscles which can affect the handwriting of an individual significantly. Examination of such handwriting specimens can become a challenging task for the document examiners. This can affect the accuracy of their opinions upon the related cases. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine the effects of rheumatoid arthritis on handwriting characteristics qualitatively and statistically. The study also included qualitative analysis and comparison of line quality defects of copied writings and writings affected by rheumatoid arthritis. Handwriting characteristics were analyzed qualitatively and statistically in old writings vs affected writings. All these handwriting characteristics were also analyzed qualitatively in copied writings vs affected writings. The results of the study showed significant deteriorating effects of rheumatoid arthritis on almost all handwriting characteristics, except for characteristics...
Authenticity of the photocopied documents must be determined as a prime requirement before consid... more Authenticity of the photocopied documents must be determined as a prime requirement before considering them in place of original documents. Determination of the authenticity of photocopied documents includes identification of alteration by examining various features. The typed, printed, handwritten and signature portion of black as well as colour photocopied samples were examined under Olympus SZX7 Stereomicroscope (magnification 4 Ă— 40). These samples were examined up to 3rd generation for various physical features. The results of this study showed that the alterations were detected in 37/100 (37%) black and 8/20 (40%) colour samples, when all the features were considered collectively. However, when the generation of photocopies was increased, the detection of the alterations became difficult because recopying of the altered copy hide most of the characteristics of alterations.
A study related to Dot-matrix printers has been carried out in order to analyze the effect of cha... more A study related to Dot-matrix printers has been carried out in order to analyze the effect of change of substrate on its printing characteristics. Twenty Dot-matrix printers and five types of substrates or white pages have been selected for the study. The printouts have been taken on all the five types of white papers from each of the twenty Dot-matrix printers. These printouts have been examined using stereomicroscope 4x40magnification and VSC 2000 C to examine the features such as change in colour of ink, lustre of printing text, impact of printing, spreading of ink, background noise, UV fluorescence and absorption spectra. It has been concluded that the physical characteristics of dot-matrix printing gets changed by changing the type of substrate even in case of the same printer. Thus, the results of this study would definitely help the forensic document examiners to give an accurate opinion on the cases related to Dot-matrix printouts, specifically in the examination of multiple...
Ascertainment of the generation (i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd generation etc.) of a photocopy of a (potenti... more Ascertainment of the generation (i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd generation etc.) of a photocopy of a (potentially manipulated) document is a great challenge to the forensic document examiner, and further more such a finding is useful in trying to establish whether the photo -copied document has been manipulated. In the present study, an at tempt has been made to tackle this type of problem by using the image processing technique.
The widespread use of photocopiers has made it necessary for documents examiners to find some met... more The widespread use of photocopiers has made it necessary for documents examiners to find some method of linking questioned documents to an individual photocopier. The examination of photocopied documents for the determination of their nature and source includes physical and chemical analyses of the photocopies. The physical analysis includes examination of toner type, toner fusion, the splattering effect of toner and defect marks on black photocopy samples. in the present study, photocopied samples from sixty two photocopiers were examined for their physical characteristics under a stereo microscope and were classified into fifty two groups. So, the examinations on the basis of physical characteristics proved to be very significant and useful as they helped to achieve the aforementioned aim.
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