Background: This study was carried out to reveal the effect of individual and group education don... more Background: This study was carried out to reveal the effect of individual and group education done by a nurse on smoking dependency and smoking cessation motivation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: The present randomized controlled trial study was conducted in Iran. A total of 255 patients were randomly divided into three groups: 1) individual education, 2) group education, and 3) control. Data were collected using the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and Smoking Cessation Motivation Questionnaire (Q-MAT) one time before the intervention and two times after intervention (1st and 3rd months). Findings: The mean scores of motivation for smoking cessation and smoking dependency in patients in the individual and group education were significantly better than the control group after the intervention (1st and 3rd months) (P < 0.05). Although there was no significant difference in the mean scores of smoking cessation motivation and smoking dependency in patients in the individual education and group education groups after education, the status of the patients in the group education was slightly better. Conclusion: Education by nurses might have a significant impact on smoking cessation motivation and smoking dependency in patients with CAD. Further studies are recommended.
Background: The imbalance between the public needs and the number of the medical graduates has cr... more Background: The imbalance between the public needs and the number of the medical graduates has created problems in recruitment of young physicians who are trained to provide medical and health services in the country. Purpose: To assess the attitudes of interns at Qazvin university of Medical Sciences towards their future profession in 2001-2002. Methods: This descriptive study assesses the viewpoints of all 120 interns though a self-administered questionnaire. Results: The finding indicated that 77.5% of the students were in the age range of 22 to 27 with the average of 26.4 years. Of all cases 67.5% wished to continue their training to become a specialist and 6.7% decided to work as a general practitioner. Of all students, 95.8% expected their future income to be low, to an extent which will not provide a comfortable life for them of all cases, 89.2% believed that the present system of medical education does not give them the necessary capabilities and skills to practice efficiently in the future. Conclusion: The students' viewpoints on fulfillment of their economic needs and provision of a comfortable life for them and their families were negative; however, regarding fulfillment of their mental and emotional needs and participation in a scientific field, they were positive. Keywords: INTERN, MEDICAL PROFESSION
The use of corticosteroids is one of the methods put forward for the strengthening and speeding u... more The use of corticosteroids is one of the methods put forward for the strengthening and speeding up the process of labor. After identification of glucocorticoid receptors in human amnion, the role of corticosteroids in starting the process of labor has been studied in numerous studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intravenous Dexamethasone on preparing the cervix and on labor induction. A randomized, clinical, and double-blind trial was conducted on 172 women divided into a control and an experimental group. The inclusion criteria were that they had to be primparous, in or before the 40th week of pregnancy, and with Bishop scores (B.S.s) of 4 or lower. The exclusion criteria were diabetes, preeclampsia, macrosomia, twin pregnancy, rupture of the membrane (ROM), breech, and women suffering from background diseases. The B.S.s of the women was measured in charge of the study, and each woman was intravenously injected with eight milligrams of Dexamethasone or eight milligrams of distilled water. Four hours after the injections, the B.S.s of the participants was measured, and they were put under the conditions of labor induction using oxytocin. Information was collected in checklists A and B. The patients were compared with respect to B.S., the time the induction started, the average interval between the start of induction and the beginning of the active phase of childbirth, and the average length of time between the start of the active phase and the second stage of childbirth. The first and five minutes Apgar scores of the two groups of women were compared. The frequencies, the means, and the standard deviations were calculated using the SPSS - 16 software, and analysis of the results was performed with the Student's t- test and the chi-square test with with P<0.05. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of their age, period of pregnancy, and B.S. at the start of the study. The average B.S. of women four hours after the injections with Dexamethasone was 5.9 ± 1.57, and the corresponding figure for women in the control group was 4.6 ± 1.72. These figures were significantly different at P<0.001. The average interval between labor induction and the start of the active phase in the group injected with Dexamethasone was significantly less than that of the control group (2.87±0.93 versus 3.80± 0.93 at P<0.001). The average duration of the active phase of the second stage of childbirth was 3.47±1.10 hours in the experimental group and 3.6 ± 0.99 hours in the control group at P<0.49. These two figures were not significantly different. The Apgar scores of the first and fifth minutes after the birth of the children of the two groups of women were not significantly different. It was found that intravenous Dexamethasone improves the Bishop score of the cervix and thus causes softening of the cervix and reduces the length of time between labor induction and the start of the active phase of childbirth.
Introduction: Infertility is considered as a major healthcare problem in many communities. The ma... more Introduction: Infertility is considered as a major healthcare problem in many communities. The main part of infertility is related to environmental conditions and is preventable. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to determine the status of smoking habit, caffeine intake and body mass index (BMI) in infertile and healthy women aged 25-40 years. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 144 infertile and 144 healthy women in Tehran during 2013-2014. Demographic data, food consumption and anthropometric measurements were collected through questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and Chi-Square, T-Test and Logistic regression. PResults: The mean of caffeine intake in infertile women (140.68±105.32) was more than healthy women (122.5±96.8), but the difference was not significant (P=0.98). There was no significant relation between smoking and caffeine intake with infertility. The mean body mass index in infertile and healthy women were 26.74±4.11 and 24.98±2.88 kg/m2, respectively. Significant difference was observed between BMI in the subjects, so that the frequency of obesity was higher among infertile women (P<0.002). Conclusion: Regarding the prevalence of infertility in Iran and the relationship between obesity and infertility, it is necessary to teach about nutrition and prognosis in terms of negative consequences of overweight and obesity.
Introduction: Infertility is one of the major health problem in different communities. A consider... more Introduction: Infertility is one of the major health problem in different communities. A considerable part of infertility is related to environmental factors and is preventable. According to the prevalence of infertility in iran, and the role of life-style related factors such as: dietary pattern, exercise and weight management in causing reproductive problems, this study was performed with aim to compare food intake, physical activity and weight of infertile women and healthy women aged 25-40 years. Methods: This descriptive and analytic study was performed on 144 infertile women and 144 healthy women referred to Vali-Asr Fertility Research Center, Tehran Gynecology Hospital, and Health Center of East Tehran during 2013 to 2014. General information, dietary intake and physical activity were collected through interviews. Anthropometric measurements were recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and using T- test, Chi-square test and logistic regression. PResults: Mean weight was 69.01±11.29 kg and 64.48±7.95 kg in infertile and healthy women, respectively. Mean weight (P= 0.007) and body mass index (P = 0.009) were significantly different between two groups. The duration of daily physical activity in infertile women was less than healthy women, and mainly had light activity, but, there was no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). Intake of calorie (P= 0.027), protein (P=0.008), carbohydrate (P< 0.001), selenium (P = 0.004), zinc (P<0.001), and vitamin C (P=0.019) were more in infertile women than healthy women. Total fat (P= 0.04), vitamin E (P=0.038) and iron (P<0.001) intake was higher in healthy women than infertile women. After adjusting for confounding factor (consumed energy), only carbohydrate intake was significant between two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: lack of physical activity and extra calorie intake are of the causes of obesity. Since the frequency of overweight and obesity in infertile women was 2.2 times more than healthy women, it seems that proper nutrition and exercise can play a role in the prevention and treatment of infertility.
Orientation of public and physicians to the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is one o... more Orientation of public and physicians to the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is one of the most prominent symbols of structural changes in the health service system. The aim of his study was a determination of knowledge, attitude, and practice of general practitioners in complementary and alternative medicine. This cross- sectional study was conducted in Qazvin, Iran in 2013. A self-administered questionnaire was used for collecting data including four information parts: population information, physicians' attitude and knowledge, methods of getting information and their function. A total of 228 physicians in Qazvin comprised the population of study according to the deputy of treatment's report of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. A total of 150 physicians were selected randomly, and SPSS Statistical program was used to enter questionnaires' data. Results were analyzed as descriptive statistics and statistical analysis. Sixty percent of all responders were male. About sixty (59.4) percent of participating practitioners had worked less than 10 years.96.4 percent had a positive attitude towards complementary and alternative medicine. Knowledge of practitioners about traditional medicine in 11 percent was good, 36.3% and 52.7% had average and little information, respectively. 17.9% of practitioners offered their patients complementary and alternative medicine for treatment. Although there was little knowledge among practitioners about traditional medicine and complementary approaches, a significant percentage of them had attitude higher than the lower limit.
Accurate and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of patient with urinary tract infection (U... more Accurate and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of patient with urinary tract infection (UTI) are essential for the prevention or restriction of permanent damage to the kidneys in children. The aim of this study was to compare renal ultrasonography (US) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan in the diagnosis of patients with febrile urinary tract infection. This study involved the medical records of children with febrile urinary tract infection who were admitted to the children's hospital in Qazvin, Iran. Pyelonephritis was diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests and abnormal DMSA renal scans. The criteria for abnormality of renal US were an increase or a decrease in diffuse or focal parenchymal echogenicity, loss of corticomedullary differentiation, kidney position irregularities, parenchymal reduction and increased kidney size. Of the 100 study patients, 23% had an abnormal US and 46% had an abnormal DMSA renal scan. Of the latter patients, 15 had concurrent abnormal US (P value ≤ 0.03, concordance rate: 18%). Renal US had a sensitivity of 32%, specificity of 85%, positive predictive value of 65% and negative predictive value of 60%. Of the 77 patients with normal US, 31 (40.2%) had an abnormal DMSA renal scan. Despite the benefits and accessibility of renal US, its value in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis is limited.
Vitiligo Vulgaris is a pigment disorder as the lack of skin pigmentation which its most prevalent... more Vitiligo Vulgaris is a pigment disorder as the lack of skin pigmentation which its most prevalent cause is autoimmune. Vitamin D has various effects on the natural and acquired immune of the body because of its effectiveness on the T cells and B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.The object of this study was assessment of the Vitamin D in patients with vitiligo vulgaris in dermatologic clinics in Qazvin in 2012. The 100 patients with Vitiligo were studied through a cross-sectional study. The required data were collected by the questionnaire (age, gender, job, family background, consumption of the dairies and vitamin D supplements), examination (type of skin) and para clinical test (measurement of the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level). The 42 (42%) and 58 (58%) people of the population under study were respectively male and female. The mean age of the population under study was 28.7±1.17. The mean serum of 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 42±24.14 which had a significance difference with a normal level (p<0.04). The mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level among patients with Vitiligo had a significance difference with a normal level.
Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) (<2500 grams) is a significant contributing factor to inf... more Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) (<2500 grams) is a significant contributing factor to infant mortality. Inadequate intake of healthy food during pregnancy could adversely affect the growth and health of the fetus, and unhealthy dietary patterns during pregnancy are among the main risk factors in LBW. Given the importance of children's health, the present study aimed to compare the dietary patterns during pregnancy in the mothers of the infants with LBW and normal weight in the south of Tehran, Iran. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2015 on 262 healthy mothers referring to a health center in the south of Tehran, Iran. The participants had given birth within the past three months at the time of the study. Data on the demographic characteristics and dietary patterns of the subjects were collected using a questionnaire. Major dietary patterns were determined using principal component analysis. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22 using independent sample t-test and Chi-square to evaluate the correlations between the quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The rate of LBW was higher in the mothers with unhealthy dietary patterns during pregnancy. In addition, significant correlations were observed between birth weight and maternal education level, occupation status, and healthy dietary patterns (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, adherence to a healthy diet during pregnancy could have a positive effect on pregnancy outcomes and reducing the risk of LBW.
Background: This study was carried out to reveal the effect of individual and group education don... more Background: This study was carried out to reveal the effect of individual and group education done by a nurse on smoking dependency and smoking cessation motivation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: The present randomized controlled trial study was conducted in Iran. A total of 255 patients were randomly divided into three groups: 1) individual education, 2) group education, and 3) control. Data were collected using the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and Smoking Cessation Motivation Questionnaire (Q-MAT) one time before the intervention and two times after intervention (1st and 3rd months). Findings: The mean scores of motivation for smoking cessation and smoking dependency in patients in the individual and group education were significantly better than the control group after the intervention (1st and 3rd months) (P < 0.05). Although there was no significant difference in the mean scores of smoking cessation motivation and smoking dependency in patients in the individual education and group education groups after education, the status of the patients in the group education was slightly better. Conclusion: Education by nurses might have a significant impact on smoking cessation motivation and smoking dependency in patients with CAD. Further studies are recommended.
Background: The imbalance between the public needs and the number of the medical graduates has cr... more Background: The imbalance between the public needs and the number of the medical graduates has created problems in recruitment of young physicians who are trained to provide medical and health services in the country. Purpose: To assess the attitudes of interns at Qazvin university of Medical Sciences towards their future profession in 2001-2002. Methods: This descriptive study assesses the viewpoints of all 120 interns though a self-administered questionnaire. Results: The finding indicated that 77.5% of the students were in the age range of 22 to 27 with the average of 26.4 years. Of all cases 67.5% wished to continue their training to become a specialist and 6.7% decided to work as a general practitioner. Of all students, 95.8% expected their future income to be low, to an extent which will not provide a comfortable life for them of all cases, 89.2% believed that the present system of medical education does not give them the necessary capabilities and skills to practice efficiently in the future. Conclusion: The students' viewpoints on fulfillment of their economic needs and provision of a comfortable life for them and their families were negative; however, regarding fulfillment of their mental and emotional needs and participation in a scientific field, they were positive. Keywords: INTERN, MEDICAL PROFESSION
The use of corticosteroids is one of the methods put forward for the strengthening and speeding u... more The use of corticosteroids is one of the methods put forward for the strengthening and speeding up the process of labor. After identification of glucocorticoid receptors in human amnion, the role of corticosteroids in starting the process of labor has been studied in numerous studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intravenous Dexamethasone on preparing the cervix and on labor induction. A randomized, clinical, and double-blind trial was conducted on 172 women divided into a control and an experimental group. The inclusion criteria were that they had to be primparous, in or before the 40th week of pregnancy, and with Bishop scores (B.S.s) of 4 or lower. The exclusion criteria were diabetes, preeclampsia, macrosomia, twin pregnancy, rupture of the membrane (ROM), breech, and women suffering from background diseases. The B.S.s of the women was measured in charge of the study, and each woman was intravenously injected with eight milligrams of Dexamethasone or eight milligrams of distilled water. Four hours after the injections, the B.S.s of the participants was measured, and they were put under the conditions of labor induction using oxytocin. Information was collected in checklists A and B. The patients were compared with respect to B.S., the time the induction started, the average interval between the start of induction and the beginning of the active phase of childbirth, and the average length of time between the start of the active phase and the second stage of childbirth. The first and five minutes Apgar scores of the two groups of women were compared. The frequencies, the means, and the standard deviations were calculated using the SPSS - 16 software, and analysis of the results was performed with the Student's t- test and the chi-square test with with P<0.05. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of their age, period of pregnancy, and B.S. at the start of the study. The average B.S. of women four hours after the injections with Dexamethasone was 5.9 ± 1.57, and the corresponding figure for women in the control group was 4.6 ± 1.72. These figures were significantly different at P<0.001. The average interval between labor induction and the start of the active phase in the group injected with Dexamethasone was significantly less than that of the control group (2.87±0.93 versus 3.80± 0.93 at P<0.001). The average duration of the active phase of the second stage of childbirth was 3.47±1.10 hours in the experimental group and 3.6 ± 0.99 hours in the control group at P<0.49. These two figures were not significantly different. The Apgar scores of the first and fifth minutes after the birth of the children of the two groups of women were not significantly different. It was found that intravenous Dexamethasone improves the Bishop score of the cervix and thus causes softening of the cervix and reduces the length of time between labor induction and the start of the active phase of childbirth.
Introduction: Infertility is considered as a major healthcare problem in many communities. The ma... more Introduction: Infertility is considered as a major healthcare problem in many communities. The main part of infertility is related to environmental conditions and is preventable. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to determine the status of smoking habit, caffeine intake and body mass index (BMI) in infertile and healthy women aged 25-40 years. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 144 infertile and 144 healthy women in Tehran during 2013-2014. Demographic data, food consumption and anthropometric measurements were collected through questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and Chi-Square, T-Test and Logistic regression. PResults: The mean of caffeine intake in infertile women (140.68±105.32) was more than healthy women (122.5±96.8), but the difference was not significant (P=0.98). There was no significant relation between smoking and caffeine intake with infertility. The mean body mass index in infertile and healthy women were 26.74±4.11 and 24.98±2.88 kg/m2, respectively. Significant difference was observed between BMI in the subjects, so that the frequency of obesity was higher among infertile women (P<0.002). Conclusion: Regarding the prevalence of infertility in Iran and the relationship between obesity and infertility, it is necessary to teach about nutrition and prognosis in terms of negative consequences of overweight and obesity.
Introduction: Infertility is one of the major health problem in different communities. A consider... more Introduction: Infertility is one of the major health problem in different communities. A considerable part of infertility is related to environmental factors and is preventable. According to the prevalence of infertility in iran, and the role of life-style related factors such as: dietary pattern, exercise and weight management in causing reproductive problems, this study was performed with aim to compare food intake, physical activity and weight of infertile women and healthy women aged 25-40 years. Methods: This descriptive and analytic study was performed on 144 infertile women and 144 healthy women referred to Vali-Asr Fertility Research Center, Tehran Gynecology Hospital, and Health Center of East Tehran during 2013 to 2014. General information, dietary intake and physical activity were collected through interviews. Anthropometric measurements were recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and using T- test, Chi-square test and logistic regression. PResults: Mean weight was 69.01±11.29 kg and 64.48±7.95 kg in infertile and healthy women, respectively. Mean weight (P= 0.007) and body mass index (P = 0.009) were significantly different between two groups. The duration of daily physical activity in infertile women was less than healthy women, and mainly had light activity, but, there was no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). Intake of calorie (P= 0.027), protein (P=0.008), carbohydrate (P< 0.001), selenium (P = 0.004), zinc (P<0.001), and vitamin C (P=0.019) were more in infertile women than healthy women. Total fat (P= 0.04), vitamin E (P=0.038) and iron (P<0.001) intake was higher in healthy women than infertile women. After adjusting for confounding factor (consumed energy), only carbohydrate intake was significant between two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: lack of physical activity and extra calorie intake are of the causes of obesity. Since the frequency of overweight and obesity in infertile women was 2.2 times more than healthy women, it seems that proper nutrition and exercise can play a role in the prevention and treatment of infertility.
Orientation of public and physicians to the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is one o... more Orientation of public and physicians to the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is one of the most prominent symbols of structural changes in the health service system. The aim of his study was a determination of knowledge, attitude, and practice of general practitioners in complementary and alternative medicine. This cross- sectional study was conducted in Qazvin, Iran in 2013. A self-administered questionnaire was used for collecting data including four information parts: population information, physicians' attitude and knowledge, methods of getting information and their function. A total of 228 physicians in Qazvin comprised the population of study according to the deputy of treatment's report of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. A total of 150 physicians were selected randomly, and SPSS Statistical program was used to enter questionnaires' data. Results were analyzed as descriptive statistics and statistical analysis. Sixty percent of all responders were male. About sixty (59.4) percent of participating practitioners had worked less than 10 years.96.4 percent had a positive attitude towards complementary and alternative medicine. Knowledge of practitioners about traditional medicine in 11 percent was good, 36.3% and 52.7% had average and little information, respectively. 17.9% of practitioners offered their patients complementary and alternative medicine for treatment. Although there was little knowledge among practitioners about traditional medicine and complementary approaches, a significant percentage of them had attitude higher than the lower limit.
Accurate and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of patient with urinary tract infection (U... more Accurate and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of patient with urinary tract infection (UTI) are essential for the prevention or restriction of permanent damage to the kidneys in children. The aim of this study was to compare renal ultrasonography (US) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan in the diagnosis of patients with febrile urinary tract infection. This study involved the medical records of children with febrile urinary tract infection who were admitted to the children's hospital in Qazvin, Iran. Pyelonephritis was diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests and abnormal DMSA renal scans. The criteria for abnormality of renal US were an increase or a decrease in diffuse or focal parenchymal echogenicity, loss of corticomedullary differentiation, kidney position irregularities, parenchymal reduction and increased kidney size. Of the 100 study patients, 23% had an abnormal US and 46% had an abnormal DMSA renal scan. Of the latter patients, 15 had concurrent abnormal US (P value ≤ 0.03, concordance rate: 18%). Renal US had a sensitivity of 32%, specificity of 85%, positive predictive value of 65% and negative predictive value of 60%. Of the 77 patients with normal US, 31 (40.2%) had an abnormal DMSA renal scan. Despite the benefits and accessibility of renal US, its value in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis is limited.
Vitiligo Vulgaris is a pigment disorder as the lack of skin pigmentation which its most prevalent... more Vitiligo Vulgaris is a pigment disorder as the lack of skin pigmentation which its most prevalent cause is autoimmune. Vitamin D has various effects on the natural and acquired immune of the body because of its effectiveness on the T cells and B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.The object of this study was assessment of the Vitamin D in patients with vitiligo vulgaris in dermatologic clinics in Qazvin in 2012. The 100 patients with Vitiligo were studied through a cross-sectional study. The required data were collected by the questionnaire (age, gender, job, family background, consumption of the dairies and vitamin D supplements), examination (type of skin) and para clinical test (measurement of the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level). The 42 (42%) and 58 (58%) people of the population under study were respectively male and female. The mean age of the population under study was 28.7±1.17. The mean serum of 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 42±24.14 which had a significance difference with a normal level (p<0.04). The mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level among patients with Vitiligo had a significance difference with a normal level.
Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) (<2500 grams) is a significant contributing factor to inf... more Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) (<2500 grams) is a significant contributing factor to infant mortality. Inadequate intake of healthy food during pregnancy could adversely affect the growth and health of the fetus, and unhealthy dietary patterns during pregnancy are among the main risk factors in LBW. Given the importance of children's health, the present study aimed to compare the dietary patterns during pregnancy in the mothers of the infants with LBW and normal weight in the south of Tehran, Iran. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2015 on 262 healthy mothers referring to a health center in the south of Tehran, Iran. The participants had given birth within the past three months at the time of the study. Data on the demographic characteristics and dietary patterns of the subjects were collected using a questionnaire. Major dietary patterns were determined using principal component analysis. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22 using independent sample t-test and Chi-square to evaluate the correlations between the quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The rate of LBW was higher in the mothers with unhealthy dietary patterns during pregnancy. In addition, significant correlations were observed between birth weight and maternal education level, occupation status, and healthy dietary patterns (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, adherence to a healthy diet during pregnancy could have a positive effect on pregnancy outcomes and reducing the risk of LBW.
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