Evidence on the role of father involvement in children's development from low-resource settin... more Evidence on the role of father involvement in children's development from low-resource settings is very limited and historically has only relied on maternal reports of father's direct engagement activities such as reading to the child. However, fathers can also potentially influence their children's development via greater positive involvement with the mother, such as by offering interpersonal support or sharing decision-making duties. Such positive intrahousehold interactions can benefit maternal mental health and wellbeing, and ultimately children's development. We use data collected from mothers, fathers and children in the context of the cluster randomized controlled trial evaluation of Msingi Bora, a responsive parenting intervention implemented across 60 villages in rural western Kenya, to explore the various pathways through which fathers may influence their children's outcomes. In an endline survey in Fall 2019 among a sample of 681 two-parent households with children aged 16-34 months, fathers reported on measures of their behaviors towards children and with mothers, mothers reported on their wellbeing and behaviors, and interviewers assessed child cognitive and language development with the Bayley Scales. In adjusted multivariate regression analyses we found that greater father interpersonal support to mothers and greater participation in shared household decision-making were positively associated with children's development. These associations were partially mediated through maternal wellbeing and behaviors. We found no association between fathers' direct engagement in stimulation activities with children and children's outcomes. Inviting fathers to the program had no impact on their involvement or on any maternal or child outcomes, and fathers attended sessions at low rates. Overall, our results show the potential promises and challenges of involving fathers in a parenting intervention in a rural low-resource setting. Our findings do highlight the importance of considering intrahousehold pathways of influence in the design of parenting interventions involving fathers.
1 요약 3 제1장 서 론 13 제1절 연구의 배경 및 필요성 15 제2절 선행연구 검토 및 본 연구의 차별성 16 제3절 연구의 구성 19 제2장 사회보장재정의 현황과 전망... more 1 요약 3 제1장 서 론 13 제1절 연구의 배경 및 필요성 15 제2절 선행연구 검토 및 본 연구의 차별성 16 제3절 연구의 구성 19 제2장 사회보장재정의 현황과 전망 21 제1절 공공사회복지지출의 현황 및 전망 23 제2절 복지지출의 지속적 증가 전망 26 제3절 우리나라 사회보장체계의 평가 29 제3장 사회계정행렬을 적용한 사회보장재정의 사회경제적 파급효과 연구 37 제1절 분석방법론 39 제2절 기초연금 49 제3절 건강보험 59 제4장 거시계량모형을 이용한 국민연금기금의 경제적 파급효과 분석 95 제1절 국민연금기금과 거시계량모형 97 제2절 연구방법 및 모형의 구조 106 제5장 국민연금제도의 저축, 근로, 은퇴 결정에 관한 동태 행위 모형(Dynamic Behavioral Model) 123 제1절 서론 125 제2절 동태 행위 모형(Dynamic Behavioral Model) 129 제3절 데이터 135 제4절 모형 구축 140 제5절 잠정 분석 결과 150 제6절 정책 실험 158 참고문헌 167
Little is known about how health conditions impact work-related functional abilities and even les... more Little is known about how health conditions impact work-related functional abilities and even less is known about how those abilities interact with occupation-specific demands. Using new survey data, we quantify individuals’ functional abilities, combine that information with occupation-specific ability requirements, and create new measures of individuals’ potential occupations and earnings. We find that older respondents reported somewhat lower abilities on average than younger respondents, but this only modestly decreased their potential occupations and earnings, indicating many older individuals maintain significant work capacity. Similarly, women reported lower abilities than men on average, and black and Hispanic respondents reported lower abilities than white respondents, but these differences led to only modest differences in potential earnings, suggesting that health-related abilities explain only part of observed differences in earnings. Finally, we find that college gradua...
Background Early childhood development (ECD) programs can help address disadvantages for the 43% ... more Background Early childhood development (ECD) programs can help address disadvantages for the 43% of children under 5 in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experiencing compromised development. However, very few studies from LMIC settings include information on their program’s cost-effectiveness or potential returns to investment. We estimated the cost-effectiveness, benefit–cost ratios (BCRs), and returns on investment (ROIs) for 2 effective group-based delivery models of an ECD parenting intervention that utilized Kenya’s network of local community health volunteers (CHVs). Methods and findings Between October 1 and November 12, 2018, 1,152 mothers with children aged 6 to 24 months were surveyed from 60 villages in rural western Kenya. After baseline, villages were randomly assigned to one of 3 intervention arms: a group-only delivery model with 16 fortnightly sessions, a mixed-delivery model combining 12 group sessions with 4 home visits, and a control group. At endline (Aug...
Early childhood development (ECD) parenting interventions can improve child developmental outcome... more Early childhood development (ECD) parenting interventions can improve child developmental outcomes in low-resource settings, but information about their implementation lags far behind evidence of their effectiveness, hindering their generalizability. This study presents results from an implementation evaluation of Msingi Bora (“Good Foundation” in Swahili), a group-based responsive stimulation and nutrition education intervention recently tested in a cluster randomized controlled trial across 60 villages in rural western Kenya. Msingi Bora successfully improved child cognitive, receptive language, and socioemotional outcomes, as well as parenting practices. We conducted a mixed methods implementation evaluation of the Msingi Bora trial between April 2018 and November 2019 following the Consolidated Advice for Reporting ECD implementation research (CARE) guidelines. We collected qualitative and quantitative data on program inputs, outputs, and outcomes, with a view to examining how a...
<p>Same-sex marriage became legal nationwide in the United States on June 26, 2015. Federal... more <p>Same-sex marriage became legal nationwide in the United States on June 26, 2015. Federal legalization of same sex marriage expands the pool of individuals potentially eligible for spousal benefits from Social Security to the estimated 4% of the population that is lesbian, gay, or bisexual. This chapter is a foundational step to better understand the potential impact of the expansion of marriage rights to same-sex couples on Social Security. We primarily use data from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey to describe the economic circumstances of heterosexual and same-sex households. We estimate the anticipated social security benefit amounts for these individuals, as well as eligibility to claim spousal benefits. We estimate the size of the gay and lesbian populations by age and sex from 2017-2040 using standard demographic methods. Finally, we supplement the analyses with new data from the RAND American Life Panel.</p>
Evidence on the role of father involvement in children's development from low-resource settin... more Evidence on the role of father involvement in children's development from low-resource settings is very limited and historically has only relied on maternal reports of father's direct engagement activities such as reading to the child. However, fathers can also potentially influence their children's development via greater positive involvement with the mother, such as by offering interpersonal support or sharing decision-making duties. Such positive intrahousehold interactions can benefit maternal mental health and wellbeing, and ultimately children's development. We use data collected from mothers, fathers and children in the context of the cluster randomized controlled trial evaluation of Msingi Bora, a responsive parenting intervention implemented across 60 villages in rural western Kenya, to explore the various pathways through which fathers may influence their children's outcomes. In an endline survey in Fall 2019 among a sample of 681 two-parent households with children aged 16-34 months, fathers reported on measures of their behaviors towards children and with mothers, mothers reported on their wellbeing and behaviors, and interviewers assessed child cognitive and language development with the Bayley Scales. In adjusted multivariate regression analyses we found that greater father interpersonal support to mothers and greater participation in shared household decision-making were positively associated with children's development. These associations were partially mediated through maternal wellbeing and behaviors. We found no association between fathers' direct engagement in stimulation activities with children and children's outcomes. Inviting fathers to the program had no impact on their involvement or on any maternal or child outcomes, and fathers attended sessions at low rates. Overall, our results show the potential promises and challenges of involving fathers in a parenting intervention in a rural low-resource setting. Our findings do highlight the importance of considering intrahousehold pathways of influence in the design of parenting interventions involving fathers.
1 요약 3 제1장 서 론 13 제1절 연구의 배경 및 필요성 15 제2절 선행연구 검토 및 본 연구의 차별성 16 제3절 연구의 구성 19 제2장 사회보장재정의 현황과 전망... more 1 요약 3 제1장 서 론 13 제1절 연구의 배경 및 필요성 15 제2절 선행연구 검토 및 본 연구의 차별성 16 제3절 연구의 구성 19 제2장 사회보장재정의 현황과 전망 21 제1절 공공사회복지지출의 현황 및 전망 23 제2절 복지지출의 지속적 증가 전망 26 제3절 우리나라 사회보장체계의 평가 29 제3장 사회계정행렬을 적용한 사회보장재정의 사회경제적 파급효과 연구 37 제1절 분석방법론 39 제2절 기초연금 49 제3절 건강보험 59 제4장 거시계량모형을 이용한 국민연금기금의 경제적 파급효과 분석 95 제1절 국민연금기금과 거시계량모형 97 제2절 연구방법 및 모형의 구조 106 제5장 국민연금제도의 저축, 근로, 은퇴 결정에 관한 동태 행위 모형(Dynamic Behavioral Model) 123 제1절 서론 125 제2절 동태 행위 모형(Dynamic Behavioral Model) 129 제3절 데이터 135 제4절 모형 구축 140 제5절 잠정 분석 결과 150 제6절 정책 실험 158 참고문헌 167
Little is known about how health conditions impact work-related functional abilities and even les... more Little is known about how health conditions impact work-related functional abilities and even less is known about how those abilities interact with occupation-specific demands. Using new survey data, we quantify individuals’ functional abilities, combine that information with occupation-specific ability requirements, and create new measures of individuals’ potential occupations and earnings. We find that older respondents reported somewhat lower abilities on average than younger respondents, but this only modestly decreased their potential occupations and earnings, indicating many older individuals maintain significant work capacity. Similarly, women reported lower abilities than men on average, and black and Hispanic respondents reported lower abilities than white respondents, but these differences led to only modest differences in potential earnings, suggesting that health-related abilities explain only part of observed differences in earnings. Finally, we find that college gradua...
Background Early childhood development (ECD) programs can help address disadvantages for the 43% ... more Background Early childhood development (ECD) programs can help address disadvantages for the 43% of children under 5 in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experiencing compromised development. However, very few studies from LMIC settings include information on their program’s cost-effectiveness or potential returns to investment. We estimated the cost-effectiveness, benefit–cost ratios (BCRs), and returns on investment (ROIs) for 2 effective group-based delivery models of an ECD parenting intervention that utilized Kenya’s network of local community health volunteers (CHVs). Methods and findings Between October 1 and November 12, 2018, 1,152 mothers with children aged 6 to 24 months were surveyed from 60 villages in rural western Kenya. After baseline, villages were randomly assigned to one of 3 intervention arms: a group-only delivery model with 16 fortnightly sessions, a mixed-delivery model combining 12 group sessions with 4 home visits, and a control group. At endline (Aug...
Early childhood development (ECD) parenting interventions can improve child developmental outcome... more Early childhood development (ECD) parenting interventions can improve child developmental outcomes in low-resource settings, but information about their implementation lags far behind evidence of their effectiveness, hindering their generalizability. This study presents results from an implementation evaluation of Msingi Bora (“Good Foundation” in Swahili), a group-based responsive stimulation and nutrition education intervention recently tested in a cluster randomized controlled trial across 60 villages in rural western Kenya. Msingi Bora successfully improved child cognitive, receptive language, and socioemotional outcomes, as well as parenting practices. We conducted a mixed methods implementation evaluation of the Msingi Bora trial between April 2018 and November 2019 following the Consolidated Advice for Reporting ECD implementation research (CARE) guidelines. We collected qualitative and quantitative data on program inputs, outputs, and outcomes, with a view to examining how a...
<p>Same-sex marriage became legal nationwide in the United States on June 26, 2015. Federal... more <p>Same-sex marriage became legal nationwide in the United States on June 26, 2015. Federal legalization of same sex marriage expands the pool of individuals potentially eligible for spousal benefits from Social Security to the estimated 4% of the population that is lesbian, gay, or bisexual. This chapter is a foundational step to better understand the potential impact of the expansion of marriage rights to same-sex couples on Social Security. We primarily use data from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey to describe the economic circumstances of heterosexual and same-sex households. We estimate the anticipated social security benefit amounts for these individuals, as well as eligibility to claim spousal benefits. We estimate the size of the gay and lesbian populations by age and sex from 2017-2040 using standard demographic methods. Finally, we supplement the analyses with new data from the RAND American Life Panel.</p>
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