Abstract The importance of gender in understanding health practices and cases of illness is incre... more Abstract The importance of gender in understanding health practices and cases of illness is increasingly recognized, and key to this chapter is a better understanding of the application of gender approaches to women’s and men’s health. First, the Gender and Health section describes how the influence of sex and gender on health has been analyzed. Second, the Sex and Health Studies section is organized according to a well-known classification of studies about gender and health: women’s health, sex- and gender-based studies, and gender as a determinant of health studies. Underlying conceptions, contributions, and limitations of these studies are encapsulated. Third, relational, intersectional, and biosocial perspectives offer a contemporary view to analyze how gender shapes health. In the fourth section, gender self-categorization appeals to the complex and multidimensional nature of gender and how the concept of gender has been measured. Also, the gender beliefs topic is included in order to understand why societal shifts in behavior do not imply individual members similarly changing their beliefs about gender-appropriate roles. Finally, common aspects of gender perspectives on health are summarized.
Personality and Individual Differences, Sep 1, 2021
Abstract In this study, the day-of-week effect on positive and negative affect, taking into accou... more Abstract In this study, the day-of-week effect on positive and negative affect, taking into account the moderating effect of chronotype, sleep length and sex, was analyzed. Ninety-four adolescents (16.1 ± 1.24 years old) attending high schools in the morning filled out diaries to assess the natural day-to-day fluctuations in mood and sleep. Using multilevel modeling, the results indicated that positive affect increased and negative affect decreased over the weekend. Negative affect was moderated by chronotype such that negative affect decreased less over the weekend in evening adolescents. Short sleep length was related to negative affect, and girls reported higher negative affect. Individual differences in weekly mood patterns should be taken into account when designing psychosocial interventions for adolescents.
Facebook has become the most popular social networking site round the world. In seeking an explan... more Facebook has become the most popular social networking site round the world. In seeking an explanation for this phenomenon, individual differences in circadian functioning seem to be an interesting issue. The main aim of this study was to examine the potential associations between morningness/eveningness and Facebook use (intrusion and intensity). The participants were 663 Facebook users. The Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire, Facebook Intensity Scale and the Composite Scale of Morningness were used. Our results indicate that chronotype is negatively related with Facebook usage. Eveningness people use Facebook intensively and their Facebook use is more intrusive. Moreover, eveningness in combination with young age predicted Facebook intensity.
Time orientation is a fundamental psychological variable, what it flows all aspects of human beha... more Time orientation is a fundamental psychological variable, what it flows all aspects of human behaviour. Past, present, and future orientation decomposed of allocated into different temporal frames the continual flow of behaviour, providing meaning and coherence. It has been proposed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) so multidimensional measure of time orientation, which include positive and negative evaluation of past and present, as well as future evaluation. The factorial structure and reliability of ZTPI was analysed on Spanish adult population. The participants were 756 adults with age range 19-67 years old ( M = 40.1, SD = 15.45). The principal components analyses showed five factors, very similar to obtain on nort-american undergraduate samples, even thought a little difference in composition of the present-fatalist factor. The reliability of each factor was suitable. Age and gender differences analysis showed that older groups were more future oriented and less present hedonist, female were high orientation to past negative, past positive and present fatalist, while young females were more future oriented than older females.
Research has shown that thinking styles could have an influence on academic achievement. Previous... more Research has shown that thinking styles could have an influence on academic achievement. Previous studies have described that evening types are usually right-thinkers who tend to be creative and intuitive, whereas morning types tend to be left-thinkers who prefer verbal and analytic strategies in processing information. However, these studies have been realized among undergraduates, who have more freedom to choose their time schedules according to their circadian preference than adolescents or adult workers. On other hand, the relationship between thinking styles and circadian preference has not been analyzed considering school achievement. The present study aims (1) to investigate the relationship between circadian preference, that is, behavioral differences in circadian rhythmic expression, and thinking styles, referring to the preference toward information processing typical of the right versus the left cerebral hemisphere; and (2) to test the implications for self-reported school achievement. A sample of 1134 preadolescents and adolescents (581 girls; mean ± SD age: 12.1 ± 1.47, range: 10-14 yrs) completed the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) as measure of circadian preference (morning, neither, or evening types), the Hemispheric Preference Test (HPT), conceived as a tool to measure thinking styles (right-, balanced-, and left-thinkers), and self-reported school achievement. Results indicated a greater percentage of left-thinkers among morning types and a greater percentage of right-thinkers among evening types. No differences were found among balanced-thinkers and neither types. Morning types and left-thinkers reported the highest subjective level of achievement, followed by evening types and left-thinkers, and morning types and right-thinkers. Evening types and right-thinkers reported the lowest subjective level of achievement. Finally, multivariate regression analysis indicated that age, left hemisphere and morning preferences accounted for 14.2% of total variance on self-reported achievement.
OBJECTIVE To determine the differences between sleep habits and circadian preference in school-ag... more OBJECTIVE To determine the differences between sleep habits and circadian preference in school-aged children attending a Mexican double-shift school system. METHODS This cross-sectional study consisted of 400 elementary public-school children (mean age = 10.77, SD = 0.70 y, from fourth, fifth and sixth grades) in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, in northeastern Mexico. Attending a double-shift school system: 200 from the morning shift and 200 in the afternoon shift. Specific questions regarding sleep habits were collected and for circadian preference, the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) was used. RESULTS Multivariate analysis reported no sex differences. Children attending at the morning shift during weekdays rose earlier, reported shorter time in bed and earlier midpoint of sleep than those in the afternoon shift. On weekends, morning shift children went to bed later than afternoon shift. Morning shift reported greater social jetlag, shorter average sleep length and more sleep deficit than afternoon shift. During weekdays and weekends evening type children went to bed later, rose later and reported later midpoint of sleep. Also, evening type reported more social jetlag than morning types. CONCLUSION This study suggests that early school start times can have a detrimental effect on Mexican children. Moreover, the morning shift children may be at more risk of poor health due to the higher social jetlag, as well as a higher tendency to be sleep deprived. On the other hand, the afternoon shift represents an important social environment that allows children to follow their natural physiological needs and a more optimal sleep health.
ABSTRACT The use of self-reported grades in psychological research may be necessary since sometim... more ABSTRACT The use of self-reported grades in psychological research may be necessary since sometimes it is not possible to obtain school transcripts. This study analyses the accuracy of self-reported grades among Spanish high-school students considering actual level of achievement, sex/gender, and age. Results indicate that high-school students tended to over-report their grades, although as they got older, and in higher school achievers, differences between self-reported and actual grades tended to disappear. No differences between girls and boys were found, and overall Grade Point Average (GPA), calculated by averaging self-reported grades for subjects common to all classes, seemed to be a more reliable measure of self-reported grades than self-reported grades for individual subjects. It is concluded that self-reported grades are a good estimate of actual grades, especially among older adolescents and students with better grades.
Abstract The importance of gender in understanding health practices and cases of illness is incre... more Abstract The importance of gender in understanding health practices and cases of illness is increasingly recognized, and key to this chapter is a better understanding of the application of gender approaches to women’s and men’s health. First, the Gender and Health section describes how the influence of sex and gender on health has been analyzed. Second, the Sex and Health Studies section is organized according to a well-known classification of studies about gender and health: women’s health, sex- and gender-based studies, and gender as a determinant of health studies. Underlying conceptions, contributions, and limitations of these studies are encapsulated. Third, relational, intersectional, and biosocial perspectives offer a contemporary view to analyze how gender shapes health. In the fourth section, gender self-categorization appeals to the complex and multidimensional nature of gender and how the concept of gender has been measured. Also, the gender beliefs topic is included in order to understand why societal shifts in behavior do not imply individual members similarly changing their beliefs about gender-appropriate roles. Finally, common aspects of gender perspectives on health are summarized.
Personality and Individual Differences, Sep 1, 2021
Abstract In this study, the day-of-week effect on positive and negative affect, taking into accou... more Abstract In this study, the day-of-week effect on positive and negative affect, taking into account the moderating effect of chronotype, sleep length and sex, was analyzed. Ninety-four adolescents (16.1 ± 1.24 years old) attending high schools in the morning filled out diaries to assess the natural day-to-day fluctuations in mood and sleep. Using multilevel modeling, the results indicated that positive affect increased and negative affect decreased over the weekend. Negative affect was moderated by chronotype such that negative affect decreased less over the weekend in evening adolescents. Short sleep length was related to negative affect, and girls reported higher negative affect. Individual differences in weekly mood patterns should be taken into account when designing psychosocial interventions for adolescents.
Facebook has become the most popular social networking site round the world. In seeking an explan... more Facebook has become the most popular social networking site round the world. In seeking an explanation for this phenomenon, individual differences in circadian functioning seem to be an interesting issue. The main aim of this study was to examine the potential associations between morningness/eveningness and Facebook use (intrusion and intensity). The participants were 663 Facebook users. The Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire, Facebook Intensity Scale and the Composite Scale of Morningness were used. Our results indicate that chronotype is negatively related with Facebook usage. Eveningness people use Facebook intensively and their Facebook use is more intrusive. Moreover, eveningness in combination with young age predicted Facebook intensity.
Time orientation is a fundamental psychological variable, what it flows all aspects of human beha... more Time orientation is a fundamental psychological variable, what it flows all aspects of human behaviour. Past, present, and future orientation decomposed of allocated into different temporal frames the continual flow of behaviour, providing meaning and coherence. It has been proposed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) so multidimensional measure of time orientation, which include positive and negative evaluation of past and present, as well as future evaluation. The factorial structure and reliability of ZTPI was analysed on Spanish adult population. The participants were 756 adults with age range 19-67 years old ( M = 40.1, SD = 15.45). The principal components analyses showed five factors, very similar to obtain on nort-american undergraduate samples, even thought a little difference in composition of the present-fatalist factor. The reliability of each factor was suitable. Age and gender differences analysis showed that older groups were more future oriented and less present hedonist, female were high orientation to past negative, past positive and present fatalist, while young females were more future oriented than older females.
Research has shown that thinking styles could have an influence on academic achievement. Previous... more Research has shown that thinking styles could have an influence on academic achievement. Previous studies have described that evening types are usually right-thinkers who tend to be creative and intuitive, whereas morning types tend to be left-thinkers who prefer verbal and analytic strategies in processing information. However, these studies have been realized among undergraduates, who have more freedom to choose their time schedules according to their circadian preference than adolescents or adult workers. On other hand, the relationship between thinking styles and circadian preference has not been analyzed considering school achievement. The present study aims (1) to investigate the relationship between circadian preference, that is, behavioral differences in circadian rhythmic expression, and thinking styles, referring to the preference toward information processing typical of the right versus the left cerebral hemisphere; and (2) to test the implications for self-reported school achievement. A sample of 1134 preadolescents and adolescents (581 girls; mean ± SD age: 12.1 ± 1.47, range: 10-14 yrs) completed the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) as measure of circadian preference (morning, neither, or evening types), the Hemispheric Preference Test (HPT), conceived as a tool to measure thinking styles (right-, balanced-, and left-thinkers), and self-reported school achievement. Results indicated a greater percentage of left-thinkers among morning types and a greater percentage of right-thinkers among evening types. No differences were found among balanced-thinkers and neither types. Morning types and left-thinkers reported the highest subjective level of achievement, followed by evening types and left-thinkers, and morning types and right-thinkers. Evening types and right-thinkers reported the lowest subjective level of achievement. Finally, multivariate regression analysis indicated that age, left hemisphere and morning preferences accounted for 14.2% of total variance on self-reported achievement.
OBJECTIVE To determine the differences between sleep habits and circadian preference in school-ag... more OBJECTIVE To determine the differences between sleep habits and circadian preference in school-aged children attending a Mexican double-shift school system. METHODS This cross-sectional study consisted of 400 elementary public-school children (mean age = 10.77, SD = 0.70 y, from fourth, fifth and sixth grades) in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, in northeastern Mexico. Attending a double-shift school system: 200 from the morning shift and 200 in the afternoon shift. Specific questions regarding sleep habits were collected and for circadian preference, the Morningness-Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) was used. RESULTS Multivariate analysis reported no sex differences. Children attending at the morning shift during weekdays rose earlier, reported shorter time in bed and earlier midpoint of sleep than those in the afternoon shift. On weekends, morning shift children went to bed later than afternoon shift. Morning shift reported greater social jetlag, shorter average sleep length and more sleep deficit than afternoon shift. During weekdays and weekends evening type children went to bed later, rose later and reported later midpoint of sleep. Also, evening type reported more social jetlag than morning types. CONCLUSION This study suggests that early school start times can have a detrimental effect on Mexican children. Moreover, the morning shift children may be at more risk of poor health due to the higher social jetlag, as well as a higher tendency to be sleep deprived. On the other hand, the afternoon shift represents an important social environment that allows children to follow their natural physiological needs and a more optimal sleep health.
ABSTRACT The use of self-reported grades in psychological research may be necessary since sometim... more ABSTRACT The use of self-reported grades in psychological research may be necessary since sometimes it is not possible to obtain school transcripts. This study analyses the accuracy of self-reported grades among Spanish high-school students considering actual level of achievement, sex/gender, and age. Results indicate that high-school students tended to over-report their grades, although as they got older, and in higher school achievers, differences between self-reported and actual grades tended to disappear. No differences between girls and boys were found, and overall Grade Point Average (GPA), calculated by averaging self-reported grades for subjects common to all classes, seemed to be a more reliable measure of self-reported grades than self-reported grades for individual subjects. It is concluded that self-reported grades are a good estimate of actual grades, especially among older adolescents and students with better grades.
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Papers by Juan F Diaz-Morales