When Mussolini had risen to power in 1922, he and the regime wanted to reinforce Fascism in Italy... more When Mussolini had risen to power in 1922, he and the regime wanted to reinforce Fascism in Italy. As Fascism, at first, was not to be an export product, by the 1930’s it did become a product for export, as Rome should be the center of the world. National exhibitions as the Mostra della Rivoluzione Fascista (1932-1934) and the Mostra Augustea della Romanità (1937-1938) were initially used for the former, reinforce Fascism in Italy. However, these national exhibitions also attracted foreign visitors and were picked up by the foreign media, such as the Dutch newspapers. Italy also participated at international Fairs, such as the one in Chicago (1933), Brussels (1935), Paris (1937), and New York (1939), and even planned to host one in 1942. Although the Netherlands was a country with no major Fascist movements, nevertheless, the Dutch media was interested in covering Fascism. The pavilions with their architecture became points of interest for the media. This research is focused on the question how Fascism and its development to its universal intention in the late 1930's is represented via architecture in Dutch newspapers between 1932 and 1942. Five major newspapers were researched, De Tijd, De Telegraaf, De Maasbode, Het Algemeen Handelsblad, and De Standaard. Bouwkundig weekblad Architectura was the architectural magazine used. Although the newspapers differed in opinion about Fascism because of their background, and as result of this also in their opinion about the architecture that Fascist Italy produced, the papers become more or less uncritical after 1932 regarding both Fascism and its architecture. Interesting is, that from 1932 onwards, both newspapers as the architectural magazine, start to make a distinction between Fascism and the architecture that clearly embodied Fascism as just a mere product of culture. Also, the fact that some newspapers did not write about Italy at the Fairs anymore, shows that newspapers were acknowledging that the pavilions and facades were bearers of Fascist ideology. Therefore, intended or not, the Dutch media contributed to Mussolini’s goal of using architecture as a vehicle for Fascism.
Gedurende de regeerperiode van Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) komen er bijna geen anabaptisten op de ... more Gedurende de regeerperiode van Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) komen er bijna geen anabaptisten op de brandstapel om. Bij voorgangers van Elizabeth gebeurde dit vele malen frequenter. Waarom is dit het geval?
Dit wordt aan de hand van een proclamatie, twee uiteenzettingen over predestinatie en de vrije wil, de Martyrs Mirror en een polemiek, vanuit verschillende perspectieven onderzocht. De periode die onderzocht wordt, bestrijkt de gehele regeerperiode van Elizabeth en is opgedeeld in vier hoofdstukken. Deze vier hoofdstukken kenmerken zich door de manier waarop Elizabeth omging met deze religieuze groep. Welteverstaan de anabaptist als ketter, de executie van de anabaptist en meningsverschillen met de anabaptist. Voorafgaand wordt een hoofdstuk geschreven over het religieuze beleid van Elizabeth.
When Mussolini had risen to power in 1922, he and the regime wanted to reinforce Fascism in Italy... more When Mussolini had risen to power in 1922, he and the regime wanted to reinforce Fascism in Italy. As Fascism, at first, was not to be an export product, by the 1930’s it did become a product for export, as Rome should be the center of the world. National exhibitions as the Mostra della Rivoluzione Fascista (1932-1934) and the Mostra Augustea della Romanità (1937-1938) were initially used for the former, reinforce Fascism in Italy. However, these national exhibitions also attracted foreign visitors and were picked up by the foreign media, such as the Dutch newspapers. Italy also participated at international Fairs, such as the one in Chicago (1933), Brussels (1935), Paris (1937), and New York (1939), and even planned to host one in 1942. Although the Netherlands was a country with no major Fascist movements, nevertheless, the Dutch media was interested in covering Fascism. The pavilions with their architecture became points of interest for the media. This research is focused on the question how Fascism and its development to its universal intention in the late 1930's is represented via architecture in Dutch newspapers between 1932 and 1942. Five major newspapers were researched, De Tijd, De Telegraaf, De Maasbode, Het Algemeen Handelsblad, and De Standaard. Bouwkundig weekblad Architectura was the architectural magazine used. Although the newspapers differed in opinion about Fascism because of their background, and as result of this also in their opinion about the architecture that Fascist Italy produced, the papers become more or less uncritical after 1932 regarding both Fascism and its architecture. Interesting is, that from 1932 onwards, both newspapers as the architectural magazine, start to make a distinction between Fascism and the architecture that clearly embodied Fascism as just a mere product of culture. Also, the fact that some newspapers did not write about Italy at the Fairs anymore, shows that newspapers were acknowledging that the pavilions and facades were bearers of Fascist ideology. Therefore, intended or not, the Dutch media contributed to Mussolini’s goal of using architecture as a vehicle for Fascism.
Gedurende de regeerperiode van Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) komen er bijna geen anabaptisten op de ... more Gedurende de regeerperiode van Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) komen er bijna geen anabaptisten op de brandstapel om. Bij voorgangers van Elizabeth gebeurde dit vele malen frequenter. Waarom is dit het geval?
Dit wordt aan de hand van een proclamatie, twee uiteenzettingen over predestinatie en de vrije wil, de Martyrs Mirror en een polemiek, vanuit verschillende perspectieven onderzocht. De periode die onderzocht wordt, bestrijkt de gehele regeerperiode van Elizabeth en is opgedeeld in vier hoofdstukken. Deze vier hoofdstukken kenmerken zich door de manier waarop Elizabeth omging met deze religieuze groep. Welteverstaan de anabaptist als ketter, de executie van de anabaptist en meningsverschillen met de anabaptist. Voorafgaand wordt een hoofdstuk geschreven over het religieuze beleid van Elizabeth.
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Thesis Chapters by Arend Van De Wetering
Dit wordt aan de hand van een proclamatie, twee uiteenzettingen over predestinatie en de vrije wil, de Martyrs Mirror en een polemiek, vanuit verschillende perspectieven onderzocht. De periode die onderzocht wordt, bestrijkt de gehele regeerperiode van Elizabeth en is opgedeeld in vier hoofdstukken. Deze vier hoofdstukken kenmerken zich door de manier waarop Elizabeth omging met deze religieuze groep. Welteverstaan de anabaptist als ketter, de executie van de anabaptist en meningsverschillen met de anabaptist. Voorafgaand wordt een hoofdstuk geschreven over het religieuze beleid van Elizabeth.
Dit wordt aan de hand van een proclamatie, twee uiteenzettingen over predestinatie en de vrije wil, de Martyrs Mirror en een polemiek, vanuit verschillende perspectieven onderzocht. De periode die onderzocht wordt, bestrijkt de gehele regeerperiode van Elizabeth en is opgedeeld in vier hoofdstukken. Deze vier hoofdstukken kenmerken zich door de manier waarop Elizabeth omging met deze religieuze groep. Welteverstaan de anabaptist als ketter, de executie van de anabaptist en meningsverschillen met de anabaptist. Voorafgaand wordt een hoofdstuk geschreven over het religieuze beleid van Elizabeth.