Rhizosphere engineering is a cutting-edge biotechnological approach, strategically employing micr... more Rhizosphere engineering is a cutting-edge biotechnological approach, strategically employing microbial biofertilizers, phytostimulants, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to boost agricultural crop productivity. Unlike conventional chemical fertilizers, this method eliminates harmful substances, mitigating environmental and health concerns. The foundation of rhizosphere engineering lies in the intricate study of plant–microbe interactions, where soil microorganisms play a pivotal role in nutrient cycling, agricultural waste decomposition, and plant growth stimulation. Rhizosphere engineering shows immense promise in the semiarid tropics, covering around 26% of the Earth's ecology and characterized by water scarcity and high temperatures. Microorganisms found in the rhizosphere, endosphere, and vegetation of arid plants have adapted to harsh environmental conditions, offering valuable resources for biofertilizer and biocontrol research. Their application in enhancing water and nutrient absorption can help alleviate water stress, contributing to sustainable crop production in these regions. However, fully realizing the potential of rhizosphere engineering presents numerous challenges. Identifying beneficial microorganisms, establishing standardized protocols, comprehending complex plant–microbe–soil interactions, and developing efficient delivery systems for microbial inoculants are among the bottlenecks that must be addressed. These challenges underscore the need for continuous research and innovation in this field. Despite being in its infancy, rhizosphere engineering has already accumulated a wealth of information and insights. By surmounting existing challenges and harnessing the power of PGPR and other rhizosphere microorganisms, rhizosphere engineering may usher in a new era in agriculture, particularly benefiting the water-stressed regions of the semiarid tropics.
International Journal for Advance Research and Development, 2019
With the increase in population (approx. 133.92 crores), there is a crisis of water in raising a ... more With the increase in population (approx. 133.92 crores), there is a crisis of water in raising a crop, especially in the drought-prone areas. With uneven utilization of water, the water level is decreasing continuously. So, there is great need to evolve such a technique that increases crop yield per unit volume of the water (water productivity). There is hope that implosion of Water using Phase Conjugate Magnetic Part And Centripetal Implosive Part Improves Growth attribute of seed and the plant.
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a versatile annual herb cultivated in the Middle East, India, China... more Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a versatile annual herb cultivated in the Middle East, India, China, and Tunisia. The seeds of this plant are primarily used in cooking as common food additives and traditional medicines to treat hypolipidemia, cancer and diabetes. However, cumin plants have poor germination and weak establishment rate, particularly under drought stress. The present study aimed to examine the growth promotion potential of cumin plants treated with talc and glycerol-based phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) consortia. Four efficient PSB were isolated from the rhizosphere of Calotropis procera and Solanum lycopersicum and identified through 16S rRNA sequencing as Pseudomonas nitritireducens MF351819, Klebsiella pneumoniae MF351845, Erwinia sp. MF351846 and Pantoea dispersa MF351847. In a nursery experiment on cumin (Cuminum cyminum) plants, 15 treatments of single, dual, triple and quadruple combinations of four PSB isolates were formulated on glycerol and talcum powde...
The rhizosphere of several plants was screened for phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from eig... more The rhizosphere of several plants was screened for phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from eight locations of North Gujrat. Thirty-three PSB were isolated in the study. Four PSB isolates with the highest phosphate solubilization index between 1.55–2 were characterized morphologically and biochemically and identified through 16S rRNA sequencing as Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kocuria flava and Enterobacter hormaechei. The growth of isolates was measured by plotting an optical density-based semi-logarithmic growth curve. The isolates were measured for P solubilization in Pikovskaya broth. The isolate K. flava LC515414 -1solubilized maximum Ca PO (7.63 μm P/mL ). The acid and alkaline phosphatase activity of the isolates was also measured for 96 h in the growth medium. After 96 h of growth, the isolate K. flava LC515414 had the highest final acid and alkaline phosphatase activity of 4.68 U/L and 5.67 U/ L.
Topoisomerases are reported to resolve the topological problems of DNA during several cellular pr... more Topoisomerases are reported to resolve the topological problems of DNA during several cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, recombination, and chromatin remodeling. Two types of topoisomerases (Topo I and II) accomplish their designated tasks by introducing single-or double-strand breaks within the duplex DNA molecules, and thus maintain the proper structural conditions of DNA to release the topological torsions, which is generated by unwinding of DNA to access coded information, in the course of replication, transcription, and other processes. Both the topoisomerases have been looked at as crucial targets against various types of cancers such as lung, melanoma, breast, and prostate cancers. Conceptually, targeting topoisomerases will disrupt both DNA replication and transcription, thereby leading to inhibition of cell division and consequently stopping the growth of actively dividing cancerous cells. Since the discovery of camptothecin (an alkaloid) as an inhibitor of Topo I in 1958, a number of derivatives of camptothecin were developed as potent inhibitors of Topo I. Two such derivatives of camptothecin, namely, topotecan and irinotecan, have been commonly used as US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs against Topo I. Similarly, the first Topo II inhibitor, namely, etoposide, an analogue of podophyllotoxin, was developed in 1966 and got FDA approval as an anti-cancer drug in 1983. Subsequently, several other inhibitors of Topo II, such as doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and teniposide, were developed. These drugs have been reported to cause accumulation of cytotoxic non-reversible DNA double-strand breaks (cleavable complex). Thus, the present review describes the anticancer potential of plant-derived secondary metabolites belonging to alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids directed against topoisomerases. Furthermore, in view of the recent advances made in the field of computer-aided drug design, the present review also discusses the use of computational approaches such as ADMET, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and QSAR to assess and predict the safety, efficacy, potency and identification of these potent anti-cancerous therapeutic molecules.
A study was designed to evaluate some antibiotic dual combinations against Escherichia coli in si... more A study was designed to evaluate some antibiotic dual combinations against Escherichia coli in situ. The 11 subtypes of E. coli with multiple drug resistance were isolated from sewage water. The in situ trial with some dual antibiotic combination against isolated E. coli was conducted, their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined and time kill studies were performed. A synergistic effect was obtained by chloramphenicol and gentamycin combination. Ampicillin combination with ciprofloxacin (FIC index 0.625) or tetracycline (FIC index 0.5) or gentamycin (FIC index 0.75) was synergistic and antagonistic with chloramphenicol (FIC index 1.5). Similar results in the form of cfu drop were obtained in time kill study.
Protein folding is the process by which a polypeptide chain acquires its functional, native 3D st... more Protein folding is the process by which a polypeptide chain acquires its functional, native 3D structure. Protein misfolding, on the other hand, is a process in which protein fails to fold into its native functional conformation. This misfolding of proteins may lead to precipitation of a number of serious diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) etc. Protein quality-control (PQC) systems, consisting of molecular chaperones, proteases and regulatory factors, help in protein folding and prevent its aggregation. At the same time, PQC systems also do sorting and removal of improperly folded polypeptides. Among the major types of PQC systems involved in protein homeostasis are cytosolic, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial ones. The cytosol PQC system includes a large number of component chaperones, such as nascent-polypeptide-associated complex (NAC), Hsp40, Hsp70, prefoldin and T Complex Protein-1 (TCP-1) ring complex (TRiC). Protein misfolding diseases caused due to defective cytosolic PQC system include diseases involving keratin/collagen proteins, cardiomyopathies, phenylketonuria, PD and ALS. The components of PQC system of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) include Binding immunoglobulin Protein (BiP), calnexin (CNX), calreticulin (CRT), glucose-regulated protein GRP94, the thioldisulphide oxidoreductases, protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) and ERp57. ER-linked misfolding diseases include CF and familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (FNDI). The components of mitochondrial PQC system include mitochondrial chaperones such as the Hsp70, the Hsp60/Hsp10 and a set of proteases having AAA+ domains similar to the proteasome that are situated in the matrix or the inner membrane. Protein misfolding diseases caused due to defective mitochondrial PQC system include medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)/short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency diseases, hereditary spastic paraplegia. Among therapeutic approaches towards the treatment of various protein misfolding diseases, chaperones have been suggested as potential therapeutic molecules for target based treatment. Chaperones have been advantageous because of their efficient entry and distribution inside the cells, including specific cellular compartments, in therapeutic concentrations. Based on the chemical nature of the chaperones used for therapeutic purposes, molecular, chemical and pharmacological classes of chaperones have been discussed.
Genetic relationships of 16 cultivars of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) and its two wild r... more Genetic relationships of 16 cultivars of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) and its two wild relatives (C. albicans and C. lineatus) from different parts of the India were analysed using 22 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) primers and 10 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) primers. Twenty two RAPD primers yielded 151 polymorphic markers (71.2%) with an average of 6.8 polymorphic band/primer. Cluster analysis based on these 151 RAPD markers revealed relatively low level (0.434 - 0.714) of genetic diversity among cultivars and high level of diversity between cultivars and wild relatives. Ten ISSR primers produced 100 bands across 16 cultivars and its wild relatives out of which 93 (93%) were polymorphic with an average of 9.3 polymorphic band/primer. Cluster analysis based on these 93 ISSR markers also revealed relatively higher level (0.328 - 0.827) of genetic diversity among cultivars as compared to RAPD markers. The polymorphic markers obtained by both RAPD and ISSR primers were pooled and the genetic diversity analysis based on these 244 markers was analysed. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient obtained by pooled data revealed very narrow range (0.477 - 0.720) among cultivated and high range between cultivated and wild species C. albicans (0.240 - 0.331) and C. lineatus (0.163 - 0.193). In the UPGMA based dendrogram the 16 cultivars were grouped into three distinct clusters. Cluster I contained two genotypes, cluster II had six and cluster III had eight genotypes. Principal components analysis (PCA) also resulted in similar pattern as that of UPGMA based analysis. The first three PCs contributed 56.26%, 5.71% and 4.97% of variation, respectively, with cumulative variation of the first three PCs was 66.96%. Both the markers and the combined data revealed similar pattern with narrow diversity among cultivars and higher diversity between cultivars and wild one, but the genetic diversity range obtained by ISSR markers was relatively higher as compared to RAPD and pooled data. Furthermore, both the markers also correlated the clustering of stress resistant genotypes together. Cultivar Pusa-2002 possessed more diversity with other genotypes in ISSR dendrogram.
Advances and Applications Through Fungal Nanobiotechnology, 2016
Nanotechnology deals with production of useful materials and devices at nanoscale level. At nanos... more Nanotechnology deals with production of useful materials and devices at nanoscale level. At nanoscalar dimension the particles demonstrate entirely newer properties based on “quantum effects” and physical effects like enhanced surface area. Due to the wider demand in various applications the nanoparticles synthesis require environment friendly ways without involving toxic chemicals. Fungal nanotechnology is one of the environmentally benign ways for getting nanoparticles. The filamentous nature of fungi helps in nanoparticles synthesis on the hyphal surface. As the mycelium grows the nanoparticles attach to the surface produce layers of different sizes. Fungal derived nanoparticles are applicable in various sectors of medical sciences and are the area of major research. Such nanoparticles find their application in diagnosis and treatment of several bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral diseases. Also, they are applicable in gene bioseparation, drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, tissue engineering, transfection and vaccine development. The research is needed to be focused on understanding the biochemical mechanism involved in the reduction of metals to metal nanoparticles, which is necessary for tapping the fungal potential for large-scale nanoparticles synthesis.
Nanobiotechnology involves the use of nanotechnology integrated with biology. It is an emergent f... more Nanobiotechnology involves the use of nanotechnology integrated with biology. It is an emergent field of research that holds vivid applications in agriculture sector and food industry. In agriculture, nanofertilizers are helping to enhance plant growth by providing smart nourishment. Nanopesticides (control pests), nanoinsecticides (against insects), nanofungicides, and nanoherbicides (control weeds in the field) are the output of advanced nanobiotechnological research. Nanoparticles are also used in seed science to enhance seed germination. The technological breakthough in nanotechnology was achieved after the development of nanosensors. Nanobiosensors are available for detecting phytopathogens and pesticide residues. In food sectors, nanoparticles are utilized in food processing and packaging. Besides this, nanoadditives, nutraceutical delivery agents, and nanoencapsulation devices find multiple applications in several fields. Nanoparticles have been effectively used in the food p...
Effect of composite treatment of ectomycorrhizal fungus (EMF), Scleroderma bovista, along with my... more Effect of composite treatment of ectomycorrhizal fungus (EMF), Scleroderma bovista, along with mycorrhizosphere bacterial inoculants was studied for nine months on Quercus leucotrichophora plants grown in nursery glasshouse. Seven treatments comprising of one uninoculated control; two bacterial controls, Bacillus subtilis MB14 and Pseudomonas fluorescens MB 9, respectively; EMF control, S. bovista; two combinations of two bacterial treatments with EMF and one triple treatment of two bacteria with EMF, were used in the study. The ninth month of sampling showed that triple treatment of two strains of bacteria with EMF maximally enhanced root length (38.86 cm), dry weight (6.746 g), short roots (351.6), lateral roots (24.8) and EMF colonization (34.8%) of banj oak plant, which was fairly higher than uninoculated and bacterial controls. Bacteria treated plants showed no plant growth enhancement, whereas EMF treatment fairly enhanced plant growth. The co-inoculation practice can help oak...
A study was undertaken to compare the survival efficacy of two native, previously characterized b... more A study was undertaken to compare the survival efficacy of two native, previously characterized bacterial biovars viz. Bacillus subtilis BCU5 and Pseudomonas fluorescens PCU17 with Bacillus subtilis strain MTCC1789 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain MTCC4828, procured from Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh,India in cumin rhizosphere and bulk soil. All the four bacterial types were made rifampicin resistant and the mutants were applied as inoculants at the dosage of 6 log, 7 log and 8 log colony forming units (cfu) g-1 dry soil weight in pots containing cumin seedlings. The cfu of rhizosphere and bulk soil of pots was observed per week for four weeks. The results show that the initial population decline is a common feature of bioinoculants. In rhizosphere and bulk soil, the native bacterial biovars survived better than their procured counterparts. The population of P. fluorescens strain MTCC4828r in rhizosphere soil declined faster and reached below detection limit wherea...
Five bacterial strains namely, Bacillus subtilis MB14, Bacillus sp. MB10, Pseudomonas elongata MB... more Five bacterial strains namely, Bacillus subtilis MB14, Bacillus sp. MB10, Pseudomonas elongata MB11, P. fluorescens MB9 and Pseudomonas sp. MB1, isolated from banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) mycorrhizosphere were tested for their effect on growth of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus Scleroderma bovista in plate and flask experiment. Treatment of P. fluorescens MB9 culture filtrate on S. bovista yielded highest biomass (158.4 mg), as compared to control (94.0 mg). Moderate growth enhancement of ECM fungus was observed by B. subtilis MB14 treatment, while other three isolates moderately decreased S. bovista growth. Reduction in pH of growth medium was also observed.
Rhizosphere engineering is a cutting-edge biotechnological approach, strategically employing micr... more Rhizosphere engineering is a cutting-edge biotechnological approach, strategically employing microbial biofertilizers, phytostimulants, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to boost agricultural crop productivity. Unlike conventional chemical fertilizers, this method eliminates harmful substances, mitigating environmental and health concerns. The foundation of rhizosphere engineering lies in the intricate study of plant–microbe interactions, where soil microorganisms play a pivotal role in nutrient cycling, agricultural waste decomposition, and plant growth stimulation. Rhizosphere engineering shows immense promise in the semiarid tropics, covering around 26% of the Earth's ecology and characterized by water scarcity and high temperatures. Microorganisms found in the rhizosphere, endosphere, and vegetation of arid plants have adapted to harsh environmental conditions, offering valuable resources for biofertilizer and biocontrol research. Their application in enhancing water and nutrient absorption can help alleviate water stress, contributing to sustainable crop production in these regions. However, fully realizing the potential of rhizosphere engineering presents numerous challenges. Identifying beneficial microorganisms, establishing standardized protocols, comprehending complex plant–microbe–soil interactions, and developing efficient delivery systems for microbial inoculants are among the bottlenecks that must be addressed. These challenges underscore the need for continuous research and innovation in this field. Despite being in its infancy, rhizosphere engineering has already accumulated a wealth of information and insights. By surmounting existing challenges and harnessing the power of PGPR and other rhizosphere microorganisms, rhizosphere engineering may usher in a new era in agriculture, particularly benefiting the water-stressed regions of the semiarid tropics.
International Journal for Advance Research and Development, 2019
With the increase in population (approx. 133.92 crores), there is a crisis of water in raising a ... more With the increase in population (approx. 133.92 crores), there is a crisis of water in raising a crop, especially in the drought-prone areas. With uneven utilization of water, the water level is decreasing continuously. So, there is great need to evolve such a technique that increases crop yield per unit volume of the water (water productivity). There is hope that implosion of Water using Phase Conjugate Magnetic Part And Centripetal Implosive Part Improves Growth attribute of seed and the plant.
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a versatile annual herb cultivated in the Middle East, India, China... more Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a versatile annual herb cultivated in the Middle East, India, China, and Tunisia. The seeds of this plant are primarily used in cooking as common food additives and traditional medicines to treat hypolipidemia, cancer and diabetes. However, cumin plants have poor germination and weak establishment rate, particularly under drought stress. The present study aimed to examine the growth promotion potential of cumin plants treated with talc and glycerol-based phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) consortia. Four efficient PSB were isolated from the rhizosphere of Calotropis procera and Solanum lycopersicum and identified through 16S rRNA sequencing as Pseudomonas nitritireducens MF351819, Klebsiella pneumoniae MF351845, Erwinia sp. MF351846 and Pantoea dispersa MF351847. In a nursery experiment on cumin (Cuminum cyminum) plants, 15 treatments of single, dual, triple and quadruple combinations of four PSB isolates were formulated on glycerol and talcum powde...
The rhizosphere of several plants was screened for phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from eig... more The rhizosphere of several plants was screened for phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from eight locations of North Gujrat. Thirty-three PSB were isolated in the study. Four PSB isolates with the highest phosphate solubilization index between 1.55–2 were characterized morphologically and biochemically and identified through 16S rRNA sequencing as Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kocuria flava and Enterobacter hormaechei. The growth of isolates was measured by plotting an optical density-based semi-logarithmic growth curve. The isolates were measured for P solubilization in Pikovskaya broth. The isolate K. flava LC515414 -1solubilized maximum Ca PO (7.63 μm P/mL ). The acid and alkaline phosphatase activity of the isolates was also measured for 96 h in the growth medium. After 96 h of growth, the isolate K. flava LC515414 had the highest final acid and alkaline phosphatase activity of 4.68 U/L and 5.67 U/ L.
Topoisomerases are reported to resolve the topological problems of DNA during several cellular pr... more Topoisomerases are reported to resolve the topological problems of DNA during several cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, recombination, and chromatin remodeling. Two types of topoisomerases (Topo I and II) accomplish their designated tasks by introducing single-or double-strand breaks within the duplex DNA molecules, and thus maintain the proper structural conditions of DNA to release the topological torsions, which is generated by unwinding of DNA to access coded information, in the course of replication, transcription, and other processes. Both the topoisomerases have been looked at as crucial targets against various types of cancers such as lung, melanoma, breast, and prostate cancers. Conceptually, targeting topoisomerases will disrupt both DNA replication and transcription, thereby leading to inhibition of cell division and consequently stopping the growth of actively dividing cancerous cells. Since the discovery of camptothecin (an alkaloid) as an inhibitor of Topo I in 1958, a number of derivatives of camptothecin were developed as potent inhibitors of Topo I. Two such derivatives of camptothecin, namely, topotecan and irinotecan, have been commonly used as US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs against Topo I. Similarly, the first Topo II inhibitor, namely, etoposide, an analogue of podophyllotoxin, was developed in 1966 and got FDA approval as an anti-cancer drug in 1983. Subsequently, several other inhibitors of Topo II, such as doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and teniposide, were developed. These drugs have been reported to cause accumulation of cytotoxic non-reversible DNA double-strand breaks (cleavable complex). Thus, the present review describes the anticancer potential of plant-derived secondary metabolites belonging to alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids directed against topoisomerases. Furthermore, in view of the recent advances made in the field of computer-aided drug design, the present review also discusses the use of computational approaches such as ADMET, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and QSAR to assess and predict the safety, efficacy, potency and identification of these potent anti-cancerous therapeutic molecules.
A study was designed to evaluate some antibiotic dual combinations against Escherichia coli in si... more A study was designed to evaluate some antibiotic dual combinations against Escherichia coli in situ. The 11 subtypes of E. coli with multiple drug resistance were isolated from sewage water. The in situ trial with some dual antibiotic combination against isolated E. coli was conducted, their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined and time kill studies were performed. A synergistic effect was obtained by chloramphenicol and gentamycin combination. Ampicillin combination with ciprofloxacin (FIC index 0.625) or tetracycline (FIC index 0.5) or gentamycin (FIC index 0.75) was synergistic and antagonistic with chloramphenicol (FIC index 1.5). Similar results in the form of cfu drop were obtained in time kill study.
Protein folding is the process by which a polypeptide chain acquires its functional, native 3D st... more Protein folding is the process by which a polypeptide chain acquires its functional, native 3D structure. Protein misfolding, on the other hand, is a process in which protein fails to fold into its native functional conformation. This misfolding of proteins may lead to precipitation of a number of serious diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) etc. Protein quality-control (PQC) systems, consisting of molecular chaperones, proteases and regulatory factors, help in protein folding and prevent its aggregation. At the same time, PQC systems also do sorting and removal of improperly folded polypeptides. Among the major types of PQC systems involved in protein homeostasis are cytosolic, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial ones. The cytosol PQC system includes a large number of component chaperones, such as nascent-polypeptide-associated complex (NAC), Hsp40, Hsp70, prefoldin and T Complex Protein-1 (TCP-1) ring complex (TRiC). Protein misfolding diseases caused due to defective cytosolic PQC system include diseases involving keratin/collagen proteins, cardiomyopathies, phenylketonuria, PD and ALS. The components of PQC system of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) include Binding immunoglobulin Protein (BiP), calnexin (CNX), calreticulin (CRT), glucose-regulated protein GRP94, the thioldisulphide oxidoreductases, protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) and ERp57. ER-linked misfolding diseases include CF and familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (FNDI). The components of mitochondrial PQC system include mitochondrial chaperones such as the Hsp70, the Hsp60/Hsp10 and a set of proteases having AAA+ domains similar to the proteasome that are situated in the matrix or the inner membrane. Protein misfolding diseases caused due to defective mitochondrial PQC system include medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)/short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency diseases, hereditary spastic paraplegia. Among therapeutic approaches towards the treatment of various protein misfolding diseases, chaperones have been suggested as potential therapeutic molecules for target based treatment. Chaperones have been advantageous because of their efficient entry and distribution inside the cells, including specific cellular compartments, in therapeutic concentrations. Based on the chemical nature of the chaperones used for therapeutic purposes, molecular, chemical and pharmacological classes of chaperones have been discussed.
Genetic relationships of 16 cultivars of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) and its two wild r... more Genetic relationships of 16 cultivars of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) and its two wild relatives (C. albicans and C. lineatus) from different parts of the India were analysed using 22 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) primers and 10 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) primers. Twenty two RAPD primers yielded 151 polymorphic markers (71.2%) with an average of 6.8 polymorphic band/primer. Cluster analysis based on these 151 RAPD markers revealed relatively low level (0.434 - 0.714) of genetic diversity among cultivars and high level of diversity between cultivars and wild relatives. Ten ISSR primers produced 100 bands across 16 cultivars and its wild relatives out of which 93 (93%) were polymorphic with an average of 9.3 polymorphic band/primer. Cluster analysis based on these 93 ISSR markers also revealed relatively higher level (0.328 - 0.827) of genetic diversity among cultivars as compared to RAPD markers. The polymorphic markers obtained by both RAPD and ISSR primers were pooled and the genetic diversity analysis based on these 244 markers was analysed. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient obtained by pooled data revealed very narrow range (0.477 - 0.720) among cultivated and high range between cultivated and wild species C. albicans (0.240 - 0.331) and C. lineatus (0.163 - 0.193). In the UPGMA based dendrogram the 16 cultivars were grouped into three distinct clusters. Cluster I contained two genotypes, cluster II had six and cluster III had eight genotypes. Principal components analysis (PCA) also resulted in similar pattern as that of UPGMA based analysis. The first three PCs contributed 56.26%, 5.71% and 4.97% of variation, respectively, with cumulative variation of the first three PCs was 66.96%. Both the markers and the combined data revealed similar pattern with narrow diversity among cultivars and higher diversity between cultivars and wild one, but the genetic diversity range obtained by ISSR markers was relatively higher as compared to RAPD and pooled data. Furthermore, both the markers also correlated the clustering of stress resistant genotypes together. Cultivar Pusa-2002 possessed more diversity with other genotypes in ISSR dendrogram.
Advances and Applications Through Fungal Nanobiotechnology, 2016
Nanotechnology deals with production of useful materials and devices at nanoscale level. At nanos... more Nanotechnology deals with production of useful materials and devices at nanoscale level. At nanoscalar dimension the particles demonstrate entirely newer properties based on “quantum effects” and physical effects like enhanced surface area. Due to the wider demand in various applications the nanoparticles synthesis require environment friendly ways without involving toxic chemicals. Fungal nanotechnology is one of the environmentally benign ways for getting nanoparticles. The filamentous nature of fungi helps in nanoparticles synthesis on the hyphal surface. As the mycelium grows the nanoparticles attach to the surface produce layers of different sizes. Fungal derived nanoparticles are applicable in various sectors of medical sciences and are the area of major research. Such nanoparticles find their application in diagnosis and treatment of several bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral diseases. Also, they are applicable in gene bioseparation, drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, tissue engineering, transfection and vaccine development. The research is needed to be focused on understanding the biochemical mechanism involved in the reduction of metals to metal nanoparticles, which is necessary for tapping the fungal potential for large-scale nanoparticles synthesis.
Nanobiotechnology involves the use of nanotechnology integrated with biology. It is an emergent f... more Nanobiotechnology involves the use of nanotechnology integrated with biology. It is an emergent field of research that holds vivid applications in agriculture sector and food industry. In agriculture, nanofertilizers are helping to enhance plant growth by providing smart nourishment. Nanopesticides (control pests), nanoinsecticides (against insects), nanofungicides, and nanoherbicides (control weeds in the field) are the output of advanced nanobiotechnological research. Nanoparticles are also used in seed science to enhance seed germination. The technological breakthough in nanotechnology was achieved after the development of nanosensors. Nanobiosensors are available for detecting phytopathogens and pesticide residues. In food sectors, nanoparticles are utilized in food processing and packaging. Besides this, nanoadditives, nutraceutical delivery agents, and nanoencapsulation devices find multiple applications in several fields. Nanoparticles have been effectively used in the food p...
Effect of composite treatment of ectomycorrhizal fungus (EMF), Scleroderma bovista, along with my... more Effect of composite treatment of ectomycorrhizal fungus (EMF), Scleroderma bovista, along with mycorrhizosphere bacterial inoculants was studied for nine months on Quercus leucotrichophora plants grown in nursery glasshouse. Seven treatments comprising of one uninoculated control; two bacterial controls, Bacillus subtilis MB14 and Pseudomonas fluorescens MB 9, respectively; EMF control, S. bovista; two combinations of two bacterial treatments with EMF and one triple treatment of two bacteria with EMF, were used in the study. The ninth month of sampling showed that triple treatment of two strains of bacteria with EMF maximally enhanced root length (38.86 cm), dry weight (6.746 g), short roots (351.6), lateral roots (24.8) and EMF colonization (34.8%) of banj oak plant, which was fairly higher than uninoculated and bacterial controls. Bacteria treated plants showed no plant growth enhancement, whereas EMF treatment fairly enhanced plant growth. The co-inoculation practice can help oak...
A study was undertaken to compare the survival efficacy of two native, previously characterized b... more A study was undertaken to compare the survival efficacy of two native, previously characterized bacterial biovars viz. Bacillus subtilis BCU5 and Pseudomonas fluorescens PCU17 with Bacillus subtilis strain MTCC1789 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain MTCC4828, procured from Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh,India in cumin rhizosphere and bulk soil. All the four bacterial types were made rifampicin resistant and the mutants were applied as inoculants at the dosage of 6 log, 7 log and 8 log colony forming units (cfu) g-1 dry soil weight in pots containing cumin seedlings. The cfu of rhizosphere and bulk soil of pots was observed per week for four weeks. The results show that the initial population decline is a common feature of bioinoculants. In rhizosphere and bulk soil, the native bacterial biovars survived better than their procured counterparts. The population of P. fluorescens strain MTCC4828r in rhizosphere soil declined faster and reached below detection limit wherea...
Five bacterial strains namely, Bacillus subtilis MB14, Bacillus sp. MB10, Pseudomonas elongata MB... more Five bacterial strains namely, Bacillus subtilis MB14, Bacillus sp. MB10, Pseudomonas elongata MB11, P. fluorescens MB9 and Pseudomonas sp. MB1, isolated from banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) mycorrhizosphere were tested for their effect on growth of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus Scleroderma bovista in plate and flask experiment. Treatment of P. fluorescens MB9 culture filtrate on S. bovista yielded highest biomass (158.4 mg), as compared to control (94.0 mg). Moderate growth enhancement of ECM fungus was observed by B. subtilis MB14 treatment, while other three isolates moderately decreased S. bovista growth. Reduction in pH of growth medium was also observed.
Novel Microorganisms for Plant Growth PromotionPublisher: Darshan Publishers, Tamil Nadu, India, 2021
The term ‘endophyte’ was proposed by De Bary (1866) for the organisms that remain present inside ... more The term ‘endophyte’ was proposed by De Bary (1866) for the organisms that remain present inside plant tissues without causing any disease symptoms. Several species of bacterial, fungal and viral endophytes are known to colonize plant tissues. Their presence is considered ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. However, the endophyte-plant association is complex and not fully understood. Fungi are the predominant members of the endophytic community. Being filamentous, fungal endophytes (FEs) more intensively impact plant growth and metabolism. Endophyte fungi live at least some part of their life cycle inside plant tissues. Millions of different fungal species are surviving on earth, most of which have not been identified. These fungi may be common saprophytes, animal or human pathogens, phytopathogens, endophytes or mycorrhizal. Contrary to mycorrhizal fungi, the FEs grow inside plant tissues. Most of the time, such associations are symbiotic. Most endophytes enter the plant system through foliage, roots, stems and bark and could also horizontally transmit through spores, forming a ‘constitutive’ or ‘inducible’ endopohytism. The former involves endophyte-infected plants that transfer the infection vertically via seeds. The latter includes several other fungi that colonize host tissues. The roots of more than 90% of flowering plants harbor the largest pool of FEs in the plant body.
Handbook of Research on Microbial Tools for Environmental Waste Managemen, IGI Global, 2018
This chapter contends that bioethanol has received the most attention over other fuels due to les... more This chapter contends that bioethanol has received the most attention over other fuels due to less emission of greenhouse gases and production from renewable sources. It is mainly produced from sugar containing feedstocks. Since feedstocks are utilized as food for humans, its consumption in bioethanol production creates a food crisis for the entire world. Bioethanol derived from agriculture waste, which is most abundant at global level, is the best option. Agriculture wastes contain lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses which creates hindrances during conversion to ethanol. Pretreatment of agriculture wastes remove lignin, hemicelluloses and then enzymatically hydrolyzed into sugars. Both pentose and hexose sugars are fermented to bioethanol. There are still various problems for developing an economically feasible technology but a major one is the resistance to degradation of the agricultural material. Use of …
Importance of Biotechnology in Food Production and Food Security, 2020
Plant pests severely reduce crop yields and are a major threat to crop production. The traditiona... more Plant pests severely reduce crop yields and are a major threat to crop production. The traditional method for pest control involves chemical pesticides like DDT, pyrethroids, organophosphates, etc. However, the overuse of chemical pesticides is known to cause harmful effects on human health, insects, and animals and increased resistance to pest and severely impact the environment (Ghormade et al. 2011; Elrahman and Mostafa 2015). To combat pest-related threats, latest technological intervention is required with the least environmental impact. Nanotechnology is one such technological leap which has tremendous potential in pest management. In recent years, various nanotechnology-based products such as nanofertilizers, nanoherbicides, nanopesticides, nanofungicides, and nanoinsecticides have been developed to combat pest-related diseases (Jampílek and kráľová 2015). Important areas of nanopesticide application in the agriculture are precise farming, weed, and nutrient management. In the food sector, the applications involve food processing, packaging systems, and preservation (Chellaram et al. 2014).
Nanobiotechnology Applications in Plant Protection. In: Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam and R. Prasad (Eds.),Springer Nature, Switzerland, 2019
The pest and plant diseases are conventionally controlled by leaf spraying or coating seeds with ... more The pest and plant diseases are conventionally controlled by leaf spraying or coating seeds with pesticides. However, excessive use of chemical pesticides has led to an alarming increase in problems of pest resistance, environment pollution, soil health damage, and harmful effects on benign insects, animals, and human health. Reversal of this damage requires technological intervention and chemical pesticide alternatives. Use of nanopesticide nanoformulations in agriculture could provide better plant disease protection compared to chemical pesticides. Microemulsion, nanoemulsion, nanodispersion, and nanoencapsulation are the types of nanoformulation of pesticide with varied properties. Nanoformulation of pesticides enhances the solubility of poorly water-soluble pesticide, protects the premature degradation of pesticide, and impacts target pest. Nanopesticide has various applications in agriculture …
Nanobiotechnology Applications in Plant Protection, Springer International Publishing, 2018
Plant diseases cause huge crop loss on a global scale and are the chief yield-limiting factor in ... more Plant diseases cause huge crop loss on a global scale and are the chief yield-limiting factor in agriculture. Due to greater utilization of land for agriculture and excessive use of fungicides and pesticides, resistant plant pathogens are spreading unprecedentedly and require an immediate check to corroborate food security. Based on need the newer crop protection technologies are emerging to ensure higher crop yield and are contributing in feeding the rapidly growing human population. Nanotechnology is one such novel technology with great potentials. From the last decade, nanotechnology as a technological science has grown to the extent that its presence can now be felt in the fields of automobiles, construction, cosmetics, electronics, and medicine. But, unlike medical nanotechnology, agriculture nanotechnology is one such technology whose potential in agriculture is yet to be fully explored …
The plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a group of bacteria that enhance plant growth... more The plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a group of bacteria that enhance plant growth by varied mechanisms. These bacteria colonize plant roots and deliver plant growth promoting effect in rhizosphere; therefore used as biofertilizers or biopesticides. Considering their beneficial effects the concept of rhizosphere tailoring is in agriculture practice from several decades. Bioinoculants introduced in the field face the survival threat due to several reasons. Therefore, their growth study is imperative for crop improvement. Better survival of PGPR in soil requires selection of appropriate bioinoculant strain, a good understanding of soil and rhizosphere bacterial population dynamics. Since the survival of rhizobacteria in the environment is regulated by physical, chemical and biological stresses, therefore, the use of environmentally adaptive strains has been advocated. Non-cultural counterpart of the soil microorganisms also plays a vital role in shaping the PGPR population dynamics that also influence culturable PGPRs. Bioinoculant survival has been further augmented by using appropriate carrier material and by using composite inoculation of two and more ecologically distinct strains.
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Papers by Anurag Yadav