Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic produc... more Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where lar...
The carbohydrate 'fuel' metabolism in a pregnant woman may have a long-term impact on the... more The carbohydrate 'fuel' metabolism in a pregnant woman may have a long-term impact on the development of her offspring ('fuel-mediated teratogenesis' hypothesis) including in utero exposure to maternal hyperglycaemia leading to fetal hyperinsulinaemia, and the consequent increase in fetal fat cells. Therefore, a feed-forward loop can exist of rising adiposity and hyperinsulinaemia throughout childhood, perhaps leading to obesity and diabetes in later life. There is a need for prospective examination of body fat distribution in children born to mothers with different glycaemic levels to understand the plausible association between glucose metabolism and future risk of diabetes in offspring. The hypothesis is that maternal glucose levels in pregnant women are related to skinfold thickness in their infants. Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and adiposity in infants is a multicentre cohort study to evaluate the effects of glucose levels in pregnancy on the risk of adverse infa...
IntroductionType 2 diabetes is common in Māori and Pacific peoples and in those living in areas o... more IntroductionType 2 diabetes is common in Māori and Pacific peoples and in those living in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation in New Zealand (NZ). People with type 2 diabetes often have multimorbidity, which makes their diabetes management more complex. The Diabetes Community Exercise and Education Programme (DCEP) is an interprofessional, patient-centred, whānau (family)-supported package of care specifically developed to engage with Māori and Pacific people and those living in deprived areas. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of the DCEP. This study aims to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the DCEP through a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT).Methods and analysis220 adults (age ≥35 years) with type 2 diabetes will be recruited from general practices in the lower South Island of NZ (Dunedin and Invercargill) to participate in an RCT. Participants will be randomised to intervention (DCEP) and control (usual care) grou...
Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine
There is a lack of evidence on barriers faced by persons with disability in accessing employment ... more There is a lack of evidence on barriers faced by persons with disability in accessing employment opportunities in India. This study was undertaken to ascertain both employee and employer perceptions on barriers existing among Information Technology (IT) and IT-enabled sectors to employ persons with disabilities. Two hundred participants from six IT/IT-enabled sector organizations were included in the study; study was conducted at Hyderabad, India. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the participants. Physical access to and within the worksite was highlighted as a concern by 95% of respondents. Majority perceived that communication, attitude of people, discrimination, harassment at work place, and information were critical barriers. Only 3.8% of employers were aware that their company had a written policy on employing persons with disabilities. Employers stated that commitment and perseverance were important facilitators among persons with disabilities. Evidence from ...
Matrix-mediated in situ synthesis of monodispersed magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles (2–16 nm... more Matrix-mediated in situ synthesis of monodispersed magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles (2–16 nm) was carried out using the cavities present in gels of globular proteins such as egg white and bovine serum albumin. Under stringent conditions, spatial-charge-distribution-assisted molecular recognition of proteins for inorganic ions led to the site- and polymorph-specific synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. A transformation from magnetite to maghemite as a nucleating phase could be observed by partially denaturing the egg white protein, signifying the delicate role of quaternary structure of proteins under different reaction conditions, in determining the size and shape of the polymorph.
This study examines the dynamics leading to the sterilization decision including socioeconomic st... more This study examines the dynamics leading to the sterilization decision including socioeconomic status caste and number of living children. Research took place during 1984 in a large village of the Ballabhgarh block of Haryana. All 816 married women in the reproductive age group were administered an open ended schedule. Information relating to the respondents age age at sterilization number of male children and socioeconomic status was recorded. The scale developed by Parik was used to measure respondents socioeconomic status. Some study findings follow. 1) More women from higher castes accept sterilization as compared to the lower castes. 2) Most vasectomies were performed when the wife was 30-34 years old; most tubal ligations were done when a woman was either 25-29 or 30-34. 3) About 60% of sterilization acceptors had more than 5 living children; this trend was the same in both the tubal ligation and vasectomy groups and across all caste groups. 4) 37.5% of sterilization acceptors...
Background: Blindness and severe visual impairment render affected individuals, families and comm... more Background: Blindness and severe visual impairment render affected individuals, families and communities economically, socially and physically disadvantaged. The number of adults ≥ 40 years with severe visual impairment and blindness in Nigeria is projected to increase from 1.02 million (2008) to 1.4 million (2020). Utilization of available eye care services improves quality of life, but uptake is generally unsatisfactory. Empowering individuals, including children, to identify, motivate and appropriately refer them improves utilization. Children, because of their peculiar roles in families and communities, could be important change agents. This study was designed to determine if primary school pupils aged 9-14 years can be satisfactorily trained, using the child-to- parent approach, to assess vision, refer and motivate people to attend screening eye camps. Methods: Ninety pupils aged 9-14 years attending two purposively-selected primary schools were selected by simple random sampli...
The transport of pregnant women to an appropriate health facility plays a pivotal role in prevent... more The transport of pregnant women to an appropriate health facility plays a pivotal role in preventing maternal deaths. In India, state-run call-centre based ambulance systems ('108' and '102'), along with district-level Janani Express and local community-based innovations, provide transport services for pregnant women. We studied the role of '108' ambulance services in transporting pregnant women routinely and obstetric emergencies in India. This study was an analysis of '108' ambulance call-centre data from six states for the year 2013-14. We estimated the number of expected pregnancies and obstetric complications for each state and calculated the proportions of these transported using '108'. The characteristics of the pregnant women transported, their obstetric complications, and the distance and travel-time for journeys made, are described for each state. The estimated proportion of pregnant women transported by '108' ambulance servi...
Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic produc... more Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where lar...
The carbohydrate 'fuel' metabolism in a pregnant woman may have a long-term impact on the... more The carbohydrate 'fuel' metabolism in a pregnant woman may have a long-term impact on the development of her offspring ('fuel-mediated teratogenesis' hypothesis) including in utero exposure to maternal hyperglycaemia leading to fetal hyperinsulinaemia, and the consequent increase in fetal fat cells. Therefore, a feed-forward loop can exist of rising adiposity and hyperinsulinaemia throughout childhood, perhaps leading to obesity and diabetes in later life. There is a need for prospective examination of body fat distribution in children born to mothers with different glycaemic levels to understand the plausible association between glucose metabolism and future risk of diabetes in offspring. The hypothesis is that maternal glucose levels in pregnant women are related to skinfold thickness in their infants. Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and adiposity in infants is a multicentre cohort study to evaluate the effects of glucose levels in pregnancy on the risk of adverse infa...
IntroductionType 2 diabetes is common in Māori and Pacific peoples and in those living in areas o... more IntroductionType 2 diabetes is common in Māori and Pacific peoples and in those living in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation in New Zealand (NZ). People with type 2 diabetes often have multimorbidity, which makes their diabetes management more complex. The Diabetes Community Exercise and Education Programme (DCEP) is an interprofessional, patient-centred, whānau (family)-supported package of care specifically developed to engage with Māori and Pacific people and those living in deprived areas. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of the DCEP. This study aims to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the DCEP through a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT).Methods and analysis220 adults (age ≥35 years) with type 2 diabetes will be recruited from general practices in the lower South Island of NZ (Dunedin and Invercargill) to participate in an RCT. Participants will be randomised to intervention (DCEP) and control (usual care) grou...
Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine
There is a lack of evidence on barriers faced by persons with disability in accessing employment ... more There is a lack of evidence on barriers faced by persons with disability in accessing employment opportunities in India. This study was undertaken to ascertain both employee and employer perceptions on barriers existing among Information Technology (IT) and IT-enabled sectors to employ persons with disabilities. Two hundred participants from six IT/IT-enabled sector organizations were included in the study; study was conducted at Hyderabad, India. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the participants. Physical access to and within the worksite was highlighted as a concern by 95% of respondents. Majority perceived that communication, attitude of people, discrimination, harassment at work place, and information were critical barriers. Only 3.8% of employers were aware that their company had a written policy on employing persons with disabilities. Employers stated that commitment and perseverance were important facilitators among persons with disabilities. Evidence from ...
Matrix-mediated in situ synthesis of monodispersed magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles (2–16 nm... more Matrix-mediated in situ synthesis of monodispersed magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles (2–16 nm) was carried out using the cavities present in gels of globular proteins such as egg white and bovine serum albumin. Under stringent conditions, spatial-charge-distribution-assisted molecular recognition of proteins for inorganic ions led to the site- and polymorph-specific synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. A transformation from magnetite to maghemite as a nucleating phase could be observed by partially denaturing the egg white protein, signifying the delicate role of quaternary structure of proteins under different reaction conditions, in determining the size and shape of the polymorph.
This study examines the dynamics leading to the sterilization decision including socioeconomic st... more This study examines the dynamics leading to the sterilization decision including socioeconomic status caste and number of living children. Research took place during 1984 in a large village of the Ballabhgarh block of Haryana. All 816 married women in the reproductive age group were administered an open ended schedule. Information relating to the respondents age age at sterilization number of male children and socioeconomic status was recorded. The scale developed by Parik was used to measure respondents socioeconomic status. Some study findings follow. 1) More women from higher castes accept sterilization as compared to the lower castes. 2) Most vasectomies were performed when the wife was 30-34 years old; most tubal ligations were done when a woman was either 25-29 or 30-34. 3) About 60% of sterilization acceptors had more than 5 living children; this trend was the same in both the tubal ligation and vasectomy groups and across all caste groups. 4) 37.5% of sterilization acceptors...
Background: Blindness and severe visual impairment render affected individuals, families and comm... more Background: Blindness and severe visual impairment render affected individuals, families and communities economically, socially and physically disadvantaged. The number of adults ≥ 40 years with severe visual impairment and blindness in Nigeria is projected to increase from 1.02 million (2008) to 1.4 million (2020). Utilization of available eye care services improves quality of life, but uptake is generally unsatisfactory. Empowering individuals, including children, to identify, motivate and appropriately refer them improves utilization. Children, because of their peculiar roles in families and communities, could be important change agents. This study was designed to determine if primary school pupils aged 9-14 years can be satisfactorily trained, using the child-to- parent approach, to assess vision, refer and motivate people to attend screening eye camps. Methods: Ninety pupils aged 9-14 years attending two purposively-selected primary schools were selected by simple random sampli...
The transport of pregnant women to an appropriate health facility plays a pivotal role in prevent... more The transport of pregnant women to an appropriate health facility plays a pivotal role in preventing maternal deaths. In India, state-run call-centre based ambulance systems ('108' and '102'), along with district-level Janani Express and local community-based innovations, provide transport services for pregnant women. We studied the role of '108' ambulance services in transporting pregnant women routinely and obstetric emergencies in India. This study was an analysis of '108' ambulance call-centre data from six states for the year 2013-14. We estimated the number of expected pregnancies and obstetric complications for each state and calculated the proportions of these transported using '108'. The characteristics of the pregnant women transported, their obstetric complications, and the distance and travel-time for journeys made, are described for each state. The estimated proportion of pregnant women transported by '108' ambulance servi...
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Papers by G. V.s. Murthy