Abstract The engineering of IoT (Internet of Things) systems brings about various challenges
due to the inherent complexities associated with such adaptive systems. Addressing the
adaptive nature of IoT systems in the early stages of the development life cycle is essential
for developing a complete and precise system specification. In this paper, we propose a use
case-based modelling language, UCM4IoT, to support requirements elicitation and
specification of IoT systems. UCM4IoT takes into account the heterogeneity of IoT systems …