Abstract The Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) have been proposed as viable
wireless connection method for the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT), thanks to
their wide coverage, low complexity and low power consumption. In this scenario,
LoRaWAN emerged as a de-facto leading technology, because of its openness and the
current availability of many devices (like sensors and gateways). Several implementations of
the LoRaWAN specifications have appeared in the market, each one showing support for …