Abuse of illicit drugs seriously undermines the principle of fair and equitable competition in
sports and has serious consequences for the health of athletes. Thus, it is highly desired to
develop rapid, sensitive, portable and easy-to-operate methods for the detection of a variety
of illicit drugs in sports. Electrochemical technique is a promising substitute for
chromatographic and spectral analysis. In the past decades, the direct electrochemical
detection of illicit drugs has experienced great growth due to the discovery of novel …