Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies Volume 2 Number 2, 2024
The issue of studying the history of diplomatic missions, consulates and embassies is particularl... more The issue of studying the history of diplomatic missions, consulates and embassies is particularly important for the study of international relations in the 18th century. In the absence at that time of a tradition of permanent diplomatic embassies in the Safavid empire, the exchange of missions and the establishment of consulates, together with and diplomatic correspondence were the main forms of establishing and maintaining intergovernmental contacts. This article describes the Russian diplomatic missions attempts' to ratify the Treaty of St Petersburg in 1723, during a turbulent period for the Safavid dynasty offers a significant perspective on the region's history. The paper relies on official and semi-official historiography, contemporary mainly Russian accounts, and archival dates, as well some secondary sources.
Journal of Religious Minorities under Muslim Rule 1 142–160, 2023
Based on the primary sources, the article examined the position and status of the Christian popul... more Based on the primary sources, the article examined the position and status of the Christian population during the reign of Nadir Shah Afshar (1688-1747). Special attention is paid to the question of privileges and patronage of the Armenian community. it is argued that the supportive policy of Nadir Shah towards representatives of Christian churches and monasteries was expressed in numerous decrees and firmans of the Afshar ruler. Thanks to the patronage of Nadir Shah, the possessions of the diocese of Uch-Kilsa (Echmiadzin) were exempted from taxes; they were allowed not only to rebuild churches, but even to build new ones. Nadir Shah also patronized the resettlement of the Armenian population from the neighboring Ottoman Empire, etc. An analysis of the sources helps to examine religious freedom in the Afshar's state, including its tax policy in relation to Christian churches and monasteries.
РОССИЯ И ИРАН: ПЯТЬ ВЕКОВ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА Сборник материалов международной научной конференции. Москва, 2022 Издательство: Российский государственный гуманитарный университет (Москва), 2022
For nearly three decades from the beginning of the 19th century Qajar Iran fought hard and persis... more For nearly three decades from the beginning of the 19th century Qajar Iran fought hard and persistently against Russia for supremacy in the South Caucasus. The first Russian-Iranian war of 1804-1813 ended with the defeat of Iran and the conclusion of the Gulistan peace treaty. Although after the conclusion of a peace treaty hostilities ceased, however, tensions between the two countries remained. The Gulistan treaty did not resolve Russian-Iranian contradictions. Iran was dissatisfied with the terms of the treaty, sought to revise it and restore the pre-war borders. Russia, also, was not satisfied with it, because it hoped to establish the border along the Araz River and complete the accession of the entire South Caucasus. The failure of negotiations between the Qajar Iran and Russia on the delimitation of the boundary line, and began fighting on the borders of the two states, have resulted in outbreak of the second Russian- Iranian war in July 1826.In this article we will try to look at the background and reasons for the outbreak of the second Russo-Iranian war and answer the following questions: 1. Whether the unratified Treaty of Tiflis (1825) on the delimitation of borders can be considered final; 2. Whether Britain was the perpetrator or instigator of the second Russo-Iranian war, as is asserted in almost all Soviet and Russian historiography; 3. Why Britain has not provided promised aid to Qajar Iran under the Tehran Treaty of 1814.
В данной статье мы попытаемся рассмотреть военный конфликт между Каджарским Ираном и Османской им... more В данной статье мы попытаемся рассмотреть военный конфликт между Каджарским Ираном и Османской империей в начале XIX в. К этому периоду взаимоотношения между двумя государствами вступили в новую фазу, характер которых во многом определялся их взаимоотношением с ведущими европейскими державами и интересами последних в регионе Ближнего Востока. Таким образом, для выяснения характера каджаро-османских отношений следует исследовать и некоторые аспекты международных отношений начала XIX века.
Центральная Азия на перекрестке европейских и азиатских политических интересов: XVIII–XIX вв. Сборник научных трудов международного семинара. Алма-Ата, 19–23 августа 2019 г. / науч. ред. Д. В. Васильев. – М.: ОнтоПринт, 2019., 2019
К середине XVIII века на Южном Кавказе столкнулись британские и российские интересы с привлечение... more К середине XVIII века на Южном Кавказе столкнулись британские и российские интересы с привлечением одного из ключевых геополитических участников региона – государства Афшаров. Эта встреча оказалась предвестником целого ряда более поздних эпизодов, происходивших по похожей схеме и вошедших в историю XIX века под названием Большой игры. Характерной особенностью британской политики в отношениях с Россией было разделение ее на два различных направления: а) преимущественно дружественные отношения Британии с российской монархией в вопросах европейской политики; б) британская экономическая экспансия в Азии, направленная в том числе против укрепления позиций российской торговли. Вся российская имперская политика была направлена на сохранение своих господствующих позиций на Каспии, поэтому она не могла допустить создание соседним государством военно-морского флота на Каспии, прекрасно понимая, что сильный Каспийский флот государства Афшаров представляет реальную угрозу завоеваниям России в регионе. Попытки Надир шаха создать военно-морской флот на Каспийском море потерпели неудачу, столкнувшись главным образом с сильным противодействием Российской империи.
Failure of negotiations between Qajar Iran and Russia on the delimitation of the border line, as ... more Failure of negotiations between Qajar Iran and Russia on the delimitation of the border line, as well as the outbreak of hostilities on the borders of the two states, led to the second Russian–Iranian war in July 1826. The main object of Russian–Iranian dispute during this period was the South Caucasus. The article examines what led up to the second Russian–Iranian war (1826–1828) and the official position of the British Foreign Office on the eve of and during the war. The task of British diplomacy in Qajar Iran was to maintain the shaky barrier – the Qajar throne – between Russia and India. Unsuccessful wars with Russia had a major impact on the political situation in Qajar Iran. The ruling circles were forced to reckon with the fact of Iran’s transformation into a country that had become the object of rivalry between the colonial powers. From that moment on, Iran was involved in the ‘great game’ that soon unfolded between Russia and Britain in the Middle East. This article analyses foreign policy of Great Britain and Russian empire in this region by examining a considerable body of documents and sources.
Proceedings of the XXXI International Congress on Historiography and Source Studies of Asia and Africa. Russia and the East. Commemorating сentennial of political and cultural ties in modern times. Vol. 2 (part 1) , 2022
Studies of the symbols of the power of the state of Nadir Shah Afshar, in contrast to
the Safavi... more Studies of the symbols of the power of the state of Nadir Shah Afshar, in contrast to
the Safavid and Qajar era, are rather scarce. There is no comprehensive study on the issue of state symbols and attributes of the state of Nadir Shah Afshar. The analysis of the origin and genesis of symbols of power and State attributes should proceed as far as possible the identification of the material of the period studied and its classification. In the archives of various countries there is a huge quantity of written and material monuments of the Nader Shah era, which provide solid and precise information about the internal and foreign policies of the great conqueror. In this
article considered for the first time on the basis of primary sources seals, flags and coins of the great Turkic commander Nadir Shah Afshar.
The author seeks to analyze these attributes of power and determine to what extent the symbols of power of the state of Nadir Shah were influenced by the previous Safavid system of power. In addition, we tried to trace the changes in the inscription on the symbols of power before and after the accession to the throne of Nadir Shah. Nadir shah, creating his empire, if mostly completely replicated the Safavids in the traditions of governance, he tried to use more Turkic elements in his state symbolism. The use of Turkic elements on state symbols is considered in the context of his attempts to legitimize his own power.
XVIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler (III. Cilt), 2022
Iran's relationship with the Ottoman Empire has a special place in the history of interstate rela... more Iran's relationship with the Ottoman Empire has a special place in the history of interstate relations of the Middle East. Relations between the two neighboring states in the 16 th-18 th centuries were characterized by a series of military clashes. The causes of this confl ict were veiled in various forms. The original cause of the confl ict was religious: the struggle between Shia and Sunni. Later, moving to an economic standpoint, the causes of the confl ict took on a more realistic outline and manifested into a struggle for control over the strategic trade routes that passed through the territory of the South Caucasus and modern Iraq (where the main religious shrines of the Shiites were located). According to the Iranian-Turkish agreements signed in 1736 and 1747, a border between the countries was restored on the basis of the articles of the 1639 Qasr-e Shirin (Zuhab) Treaty 1. In the second half of the 18 th century, the clash with the Ottoman Empire occurred during the reign of Karim Khan Zand (1763-1779), who managed to successfully capture Basra. After the death of Karim Khan Zand, the Turks once again seized Basra and the surrounding areas near the Shatt al-Arab river 2. By the end of the 18 th century, relations between the two nations were stabilizing, and a period of calm was starting that would last from 1780 until 1821.
During practically its entire history Azerbaijan was objective involved in processes geopolitical... more During practically its entire history Azerbaijan was objective involved in processes geopolitical and, foremost military and political expansion. In this article we consider the main stages of the military expansion of Russian empire in northern Azerbaijan during of the XVIII and beginning of the XIX centuries. It was in the XVIII century military-political situation on South Caucasus characterized by strengthening of activity in the region of three regional powers - Russia (only starts to gain positions in the region), as well as Iran and the Ottoman Empires (more and more losing its positions). Thus, the main focus of Russia's imperial policy in the Caucasus at the XVIII and beginning of the XIX centuries was to create a «buffer» zone, with a view to establishing a military base for opposition to the dominant in the region neighboring states: Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran. As a result, the main victim of policies carried out by Russia in the Caucasus was, of course, the people...
In the years 1905-1906, events took place in the South Caucasus that were called "Armenian-Tatar ... more In the years 1905-1906, events took place in the South Caucasus that were called "Armenian-Tatar (Azerbaijani Turkish) clashes" or "Armenian-Tatar massacres". The main sources in the study of this issue, along with archival documents, official records, and memoirs of eyewitnesses of events are newspaper periodicals. Newspapers are an irreplaceable source of scientific information, and for historical research, they have often been used as an additional source of information that provides an understanding of the historical context of past events. In this sense, newspaper periodicals are the most significant source for the reconstruction of the events of 1905-1906 in the South Caucasus. This article analyzes the events of 1905-1906 based on the coverage they received in the American press, the most important being the New York Times newspaper. The study of the materials convincingly shows that they were not objective, because, despite the numerous facts cited about the huge casualties on both sides, the Azerbaijani Turks were still portrayed as the culprits of the conflict.
Эпоху государств Сефевидов и Афшаров можно назвать периодом оживления христианства, характеризующ... more Эпоху государств Сефевидов и Афшаров можно назвать периодом оживления христианства, характеризующейся численным увеличением и процветанием армянской общины и стремительным возрождением миссионерской деятельности западных церквей. Господство в таком многоэтничном геополитическом пространстве, каким являлось государство Сефевидов и Афшаров, где одновременно проживали представители не только разных этносов, но и религий (ислам, христианство, иудаизм), требовало от правителей толерантного отношения ко всем своим подданным. Одним из важных достижений в правлении Надир шаха Афшара, наряду с его обширными завоеваниями, были попытки проведения масштабных реформ как в военно-государственной, так и религиозной сферах. Надир шах Афшар, возрождая кызылбашскую государственность, исходил в своей религиозной политике в отношении к христианским общинам из традиций прежней династии Сефевидов, но придал этой политике новое содержание. Исследование вопроса об отношение Надир шаха к различным религиозным группам, особенно к христианам и иудеям, не менее важно, чем его отношение к мусульманам, и попытки проведения религиозных реформ. В статье на основе первоисточников было изучено положение и статус христианского населения в годы правления Надир шаха Афшара, особое внимание уделено малоизученному в историографии вопросу о предоставляемых со стороны властей привилегиях и вообще покровительстве армянской общине. Благосклонная политика Надир шаха по отношению к представителям христианских церквей и монастырей, выражена была в многочисленных указах и фирманах афшарского правителя. Благодаря покровительству Надир шаха, владения епархии Уч-Килься освобождались от налогов, им разрешалось не только восстанавливать церкви, но даже строить новые. Надир шах также покровительствовал переселению армянского населения из соседней Османской империи. Анализ источников помог подробно рассмотреть обеспечение свободы вероисповедания в государстве Афшаров, налоговую политику в отношении христианских храмов и монастырей и другие вопросы.
CAUCASUS FRONT LINE DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR OF 1828-1829
From the beginning of the XIX cen... more CAUCASUS FRONT LINE DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR OF 1828-1829 From the beginning of the XIX century the international relationships over South Caucasus have been experiencing the direct and indirect influence f the Eastern crisis caused by the Greek rebellion. The Peace treaty with Qajar Iran (1828) shifted the political and strategically situation in the South Caucasus in favor of Russia, which resulted in enabling the Russian government to start military actions against the Ottoman Empire. The War of 1828-1829 years was a new step in the century struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. In the first half of the century the Rus-sian-Turkish relationships were defined both by the general political situation in Europe and by the specific foreign affair tasks that the Russian government had to solve in the Near-East region. At the beginning of the XIX century, between the great European powers, there was a clear, then hidden, diplomatic struggle for domination in the Near East. This was caused, on the one hand, by the economic and political weakening of the Ottoman Empire, and on the other, by the increased expansion of the European powers. By that time in Russian diplomacy existed two conceptions of the Eastern Question: on the one hand, Russia was preparing to take an active part in division of Ottoman Empire, and on the other, did not want the collapse of it. Therefore, summing up the results of that war, it should be noted that Russia managed not only to expand its political and commercial interests, but also so weaken the Ottoman Empire, that preserving its existence, Turkey would not interfere in Russia's expansionist plans. While the collapse of the Ottoman Empire would lead Russia to war with all European countries. The Adrianople Treaty became the key point of the Russian policy in the Near East. Russia became the most influential European country in the Near-East. Russian success supported by this treaty alarmed European countries, primarily it greatly promoted further Russian-British competition. The main result of the Adrianople treaty can be considered the fact that the diplomatic struggle of European countries against Russia during the Eastern crisis of 20-ies of the XIX was actually lost.
Статья посвящена описанию посольства, отправленного Надир шахом в Российскую империю, после захва... more Статья посвящена описанию посольства, отправленного Надир шахом в Российскую империю, после захвата им большей части Центральной Азии и Индии. В целом, к 1739 году Надир шах достиг вершины своего могущества. К этому времени уже были изгнаны со всех бывших сефевидских владений русские и османские армии, покорены Хива и Бухара, разбиты на голову войска императора Великих Моголов, обвиненного в помощи афганцам. После занятия войсками Надир шаха столицы Великих Моголов - города Дели, вся сокровищница и несметные богатства этой династии попали в руки победителя. Находясь в Хасан Абдале, Надир шах осенью 1739 года направил впечатляющие посольства в Стамбул и Санкт-Петербург1, с целью уведомить эти государства о своем завоевании Индии. Каждому посольству были даны ценные подарки и несколько слонов, для преподнесения правителю, которому они были аккредитованы.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF IRANIAN STUDIES (State Hermitage Museum and Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, St Petersburg, 14–19 September 2015). Volume II: Studies on Iran and the Persianate World after Islam. In English. St Petersburg: State Hermitage Publishers, 2020
The article provides a detailed study of the diplomatic activities of General Alekseĭ Petrovich E... more The article provides a detailed study of the diplomatic activities of General Alekseĭ Petrovich Ermolov, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army in the Caucasus region (1816–1827), during his embassy to Iran. Of all the embassies ever sent from Russia to Iran, that of General Ermolov was the most significant in terms of both its personnel and associated cash expenditures. This embassy was directed to the Qajar court for the purpose of reserving territories due to Russia according to the Gulistan Treaty and dampening the influence of Britain in Iran by establishing permanent diplomatic relations with this country. The article assesses the diplomatic steps taken by General Ermolov towards harmonizing relations between Russia and Iran and implementing provisions of the Gulistan peace treaty. This allows one to conclude that Ermolov’s attitude to the Qajar court, which he adhered to during the ten years of his command in the Caucasus region, can only be due to his presence at the Shah’s court and his personal knowledge of the ruling elite’s structure.
В настоящей статье рассматривается состояние военных сил Ирана накануне и в годы русско-иранских ... more В настоящей статье рассматривается состояние военных сил Ирана накануне и в годы русско-иранских войн (1804–1813, 1826–1828 гг.), а также показана деятельность наследника престола Аббас-Мирзы (1789–1833) по реорганизации иранской армии при помощи французских и британских военных инструкторов. Это была первая попытка модернизации одного из важнейших институтов Каджарского государства с привлечением европейских специалистов и европейской техники. Попытка провести военную реформу была отчасти обусловлена шоком, последовавшим от поражения в войне с Россией (1804–1813) и завоевания ею почти всего Кавказа. Становление каджарской регулярной армии в первой трети XIX в. проходило при активном влиянии извне и во многом определялось соперничеством противоборствующих европейских держав на Ближнем Востоке. Французские и британские офицеры пытались реорганизовать иранскую армию на европейский образец. Одна система сменяла другую, и каждая, в свою очередь, встречала препятствия вследствие определенных причин, и в частности смены внешнеполитических ориентиров. В силу многих факторов Фетх-Али-шах склонился к союзу с англичанами, который был оформлен в виде договоров между ним и Ост-Индской компанией в 1801, 1809, 1812 и 1814 гг. Начиная с 1809 г. и в ходе русско-иранских войн главными инструкторами по реорганизации иранской армии выступали британские специалисты. Задачей британской дипломатии в Иране было всеми силами удерживать Каджарский трон – шаткую преграду между Россией и Индией. Особенность политики Великобритании в регионе состояла в том, что она осуществлялась как непосредственно через британских дипломатов, отправляемых из Лондона, так и через эмиссаров Ост-Индской компании (в основном военных). Данная статья не претендует на всесторонний анализ этой малоисследованной проблемы, а лишь ставит целью дать краткий обзор попыток реформирования вооруженных сил Каджарского Ирана в первой четверти XIX в.
conference proceedings book of the international conference titled “The Centennial of the Independence of the Three South Caucasus States: Historical Background, Contemporary Developments and Prospects of Peace and Prosperity” organized by AVIM and held in Ankara on 9th November, 2018, 2019
To understand the causes of events related to the Karabakh issue, one should consider the histor... more To understand the causes of events related to the Karabakh issue, one should consider the historical background and causes of the Armenian-Azerbaijan contradictions in the region. Like every other conflict, the Armenian-Azerbaijan conflict also has its roots. In order to reach a better understanding of its essence, it is necessary to shed light on the core of the conflict, for which we have to go back to the XVIII. and early XIX. centuries, as the very origins of the conflict lay there. Its basis starts with the first quarter of XVIII. century military and political expansion of Russia in the South Caucasus, where the Armenian element was assigned the role of social support for the Russians in the region as well as the Christian outpost in the fight against Muslim Turkey and Iran. After winning two Russo-Iranian wars (1804-1813; 1826-1828) and Russo-Turkish wars (1828-1829) Russia ultimately augmented its power in the South Caucasus. Thus, the special article of Turkmanchay (Article XV) and Adrianopole (or Edirne) (Article XIII) created a favorable atmosphere for the mass resettlement of Turkish and Iran Armenians to the South Caucasus territories, which started the process lasting for a century.
This article investigates the military campaign of the Republic of Armenia against the Azerbaijan... more This article investigates the military campaign of the Republic of Armenia against the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918-1920, and the massacres of the Azerbaijani Turkic population on the territories of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as documented by the British diplomats of the time. Within this framework, it examines the reports of the diplomats, who were involved in the formulation of the British policy towards South Caucasus in 1918-1920. It can be seen that these documents are of great significance for revealing the massacres against the Azerbaijani Turkic people between 1918 and 1920 by armed Armenian gangs with the connivance and direct support of the government of the Republic of Armenian. Furthermore, these documents conclusively help to determine the scale of the massacres conducted by the Armenian forces against the Azerbaijani Turkic population in these years.
The aim of the article in the critical analysis and comprehensive study of diplomatic relations d... more The aim of the article in the critical analysis and comprehensive study of diplomatic relations during Russian-Iranian war of 1826-1828, and the role of Great Britain in the conclusion Turkmanchay peace treaty (1828). The paramount task of British diplomacy in Qajar Iran was to try their best and keep a fragile barrier, namely, Qajar throne, between Russia and India. The foreign policy conditionality of Great Britain in this region is analyzed on the basis of elaborating a considerable body of documents and investigations.
In this article, we will observe the relations between Qajar Iran and the Ottoman Empire in the ... more In this article, we will observe the relations between Qajar Iran and the Ottoman Empire in the beginning of the 19th Century. Towards this period, the interrelations between the two states had entered a new phase, defined largely by their interrelations with the leading European powers and the latter’s interests in the Middle East. In this way, to determine the nature of the Qajar-Ottoman relations, it is necessary to examine some aspects of international relations in the beginning of the 19th Century.
Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies Volume 2 Number 2, 2024
The issue of studying the history of diplomatic missions, consulates and embassies is particularl... more The issue of studying the history of diplomatic missions, consulates and embassies is particularly important for the study of international relations in the 18th century. In the absence at that time of a tradition of permanent diplomatic embassies in the Safavid empire, the exchange of missions and the establishment of consulates, together with and diplomatic correspondence were the main forms of establishing and maintaining intergovernmental contacts. This article describes the Russian diplomatic missions attempts' to ratify the Treaty of St Petersburg in 1723, during a turbulent period for the Safavid dynasty offers a significant perspective on the region's history. The paper relies on official and semi-official historiography, contemporary mainly Russian accounts, and archival dates, as well some secondary sources.
Journal of Religious Minorities under Muslim Rule 1 142–160, 2023
Based on the primary sources, the article examined the position and status of the Christian popul... more Based on the primary sources, the article examined the position and status of the Christian population during the reign of Nadir Shah Afshar (1688-1747). Special attention is paid to the question of privileges and patronage of the Armenian community. it is argued that the supportive policy of Nadir Shah towards representatives of Christian churches and monasteries was expressed in numerous decrees and firmans of the Afshar ruler. Thanks to the patronage of Nadir Shah, the possessions of the diocese of Uch-Kilsa (Echmiadzin) were exempted from taxes; they were allowed not only to rebuild churches, but even to build new ones. Nadir Shah also patronized the resettlement of the Armenian population from the neighboring Ottoman Empire, etc. An analysis of the sources helps to examine religious freedom in the Afshar's state, including its tax policy in relation to Christian churches and monasteries.
РОССИЯ И ИРАН: ПЯТЬ ВЕКОВ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА Сборник материалов международной научной конференции. Москва, 2022 Издательство: Российский государственный гуманитарный университет (Москва), 2022
For nearly three decades from the beginning of the 19th century Qajar Iran fought hard and persis... more For nearly three decades from the beginning of the 19th century Qajar Iran fought hard and persistently against Russia for supremacy in the South Caucasus. The first Russian-Iranian war of 1804-1813 ended with the defeat of Iran and the conclusion of the Gulistan peace treaty. Although after the conclusion of a peace treaty hostilities ceased, however, tensions between the two countries remained. The Gulistan treaty did not resolve Russian-Iranian contradictions. Iran was dissatisfied with the terms of the treaty, sought to revise it and restore the pre-war borders. Russia, also, was not satisfied with it, because it hoped to establish the border along the Araz River and complete the accession of the entire South Caucasus. The failure of negotiations between the Qajar Iran and Russia on the delimitation of the boundary line, and began fighting on the borders of the two states, have resulted in outbreak of the second Russian- Iranian war in July 1826.In this article we will try to look at the background and reasons for the outbreak of the second Russo-Iranian war and answer the following questions: 1. Whether the unratified Treaty of Tiflis (1825) on the delimitation of borders can be considered final; 2. Whether Britain was the perpetrator or instigator of the second Russo-Iranian war, as is asserted in almost all Soviet and Russian historiography; 3. Why Britain has not provided promised aid to Qajar Iran under the Tehran Treaty of 1814.
В данной статье мы попытаемся рассмотреть военный конфликт между Каджарским Ираном и Османской им... more В данной статье мы попытаемся рассмотреть военный конфликт между Каджарским Ираном и Османской империей в начале XIX в. К этому периоду взаимоотношения между двумя государствами вступили в новую фазу, характер которых во многом определялся их взаимоотношением с ведущими европейскими державами и интересами последних в регионе Ближнего Востока. Таким образом, для выяснения характера каджаро-османских отношений следует исследовать и некоторые аспекты международных отношений начала XIX века.
Центральная Азия на перекрестке европейских и азиатских политических интересов: XVIII–XIX вв. Сборник научных трудов международного семинара. Алма-Ата, 19–23 августа 2019 г. / науч. ред. Д. В. Васильев. – М.: ОнтоПринт, 2019., 2019
К середине XVIII века на Южном Кавказе столкнулись британские и российские интересы с привлечение... more К середине XVIII века на Южном Кавказе столкнулись британские и российские интересы с привлечением одного из ключевых геополитических участников региона – государства Афшаров. Эта встреча оказалась предвестником целого ряда более поздних эпизодов, происходивших по похожей схеме и вошедших в историю XIX века под названием Большой игры. Характерной особенностью британской политики в отношениях с Россией было разделение ее на два различных направления: а) преимущественно дружественные отношения Британии с российской монархией в вопросах европейской политики; б) британская экономическая экспансия в Азии, направленная в том числе против укрепления позиций российской торговли. Вся российская имперская политика была направлена на сохранение своих господствующих позиций на Каспии, поэтому она не могла допустить создание соседним государством военно-морского флота на Каспии, прекрасно понимая, что сильный Каспийский флот государства Афшаров представляет реальную угрозу завоеваниям России в регионе. Попытки Надир шаха создать военно-морской флот на Каспийском море потерпели неудачу, столкнувшись главным образом с сильным противодействием Российской империи.
Failure of negotiations between Qajar Iran and Russia on the delimitation of the border line, as ... more Failure of negotiations between Qajar Iran and Russia on the delimitation of the border line, as well as the outbreak of hostilities on the borders of the two states, led to the second Russian–Iranian war in July 1826. The main object of Russian–Iranian dispute during this period was the South Caucasus. The article examines what led up to the second Russian–Iranian war (1826–1828) and the official position of the British Foreign Office on the eve of and during the war. The task of British diplomacy in Qajar Iran was to maintain the shaky barrier – the Qajar throne – between Russia and India. Unsuccessful wars with Russia had a major impact on the political situation in Qajar Iran. The ruling circles were forced to reckon with the fact of Iran’s transformation into a country that had become the object of rivalry between the colonial powers. From that moment on, Iran was involved in the ‘great game’ that soon unfolded between Russia and Britain in the Middle East. This article analyses foreign policy of Great Britain and Russian empire in this region by examining a considerable body of documents and sources.
Proceedings of the XXXI International Congress on Historiography and Source Studies of Asia and Africa. Russia and the East. Commemorating сentennial of political and cultural ties in modern times. Vol. 2 (part 1) , 2022
Studies of the symbols of the power of the state of Nadir Shah Afshar, in contrast to
the Safavi... more Studies of the symbols of the power of the state of Nadir Shah Afshar, in contrast to
the Safavid and Qajar era, are rather scarce. There is no comprehensive study on the issue of state symbols and attributes of the state of Nadir Shah Afshar. The analysis of the origin and genesis of symbols of power and State attributes should proceed as far as possible the identification of the material of the period studied and its classification. In the archives of various countries there is a huge quantity of written and material monuments of the Nader Shah era, which provide solid and precise information about the internal and foreign policies of the great conqueror. In this
article considered for the first time on the basis of primary sources seals, flags and coins of the great Turkic commander Nadir Shah Afshar.
The author seeks to analyze these attributes of power and determine to what extent the symbols of power of the state of Nadir Shah were influenced by the previous Safavid system of power. In addition, we tried to trace the changes in the inscription on the symbols of power before and after the accession to the throne of Nadir Shah. Nadir shah, creating his empire, if mostly completely replicated the Safavids in the traditions of governance, he tried to use more Turkic elements in his state symbolism. The use of Turkic elements on state symbols is considered in the context of his attempts to legitimize his own power.
XVIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler (III. Cilt), 2022
Iran's relationship with the Ottoman Empire has a special place in the history of interstate rela... more Iran's relationship with the Ottoman Empire has a special place in the history of interstate relations of the Middle East. Relations between the two neighboring states in the 16 th-18 th centuries were characterized by a series of military clashes. The causes of this confl ict were veiled in various forms. The original cause of the confl ict was religious: the struggle between Shia and Sunni. Later, moving to an economic standpoint, the causes of the confl ict took on a more realistic outline and manifested into a struggle for control over the strategic trade routes that passed through the territory of the South Caucasus and modern Iraq (where the main religious shrines of the Shiites were located). According to the Iranian-Turkish agreements signed in 1736 and 1747, a border between the countries was restored on the basis of the articles of the 1639 Qasr-e Shirin (Zuhab) Treaty 1. In the second half of the 18 th century, the clash with the Ottoman Empire occurred during the reign of Karim Khan Zand (1763-1779), who managed to successfully capture Basra. After the death of Karim Khan Zand, the Turks once again seized Basra and the surrounding areas near the Shatt al-Arab river 2. By the end of the 18 th century, relations between the two nations were stabilizing, and a period of calm was starting that would last from 1780 until 1821.
During practically its entire history Azerbaijan was objective involved in processes geopolitical... more During practically its entire history Azerbaijan was objective involved in processes geopolitical and, foremost military and political expansion. In this article we consider the main stages of the military expansion of Russian empire in northern Azerbaijan during of the XVIII and beginning of the XIX centuries. It was in the XVIII century military-political situation on South Caucasus characterized by strengthening of activity in the region of three regional powers - Russia (only starts to gain positions in the region), as well as Iran and the Ottoman Empires (more and more losing its positions). Thus, the main focus of Russia's imperial policy in the Caucasus at the XVIII and beginning of the XIX centuries was to create a «buffer» zone, with a view to establishing a military base for opposition to the dominant in the region neighboring states: Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran. As a result, the main victim of policies carried out by Russia in the Caucasus was, of course, the people...
In the years 1905-1906, events took place in the South Caucasus that were called "Armenian-Tatar ... more In the years 1905-1906, events took place in the South Caucasus that were called "Armenian-Tatar (Azerbaijani Turkish) clashes" or "Armenian-Tatar massacres". The main sources in the study of this issue, along with archival documents, official records, and memoirs of eyewitnesses of events are newspaper periodicals. Newspapers are an irreplaceable source of scientific information, and for historical research, they have often been used as an additional source of information that provides an understanding of the historical context of past events. In this sense, newspaper periodicals are the most significant source for the reconstruction of the events of 1905-1906 in the South Caucasus. This article analyzes the events of 1905-1906 based on the coverage they received in the American press, the most important being the New York Times newspaper. The study of the materials convincingly shows that they were not objective, because, despite the numerous facts cited about the huge casualties on both sides, the Azerbaijani Turks were still portrayed as the culprits of the conflict.
Эпоху государств Сефевидов и Афшаров можно назвать периодом оживления христианства, характеризующ... more Эпоху государств Сефевидов и Афшаров можно назвать периодом оживления христианства, характеризующейся численным увеличением и процветанием армянской общины и стремительным возрождением миссионерской деятельности западных церквей. Господство в таком многоэтничном геополитическом пространстве, каким являлось государство Сефевидов и Афшаров, где одновременно проживали представители не только разных этносов, но и религий (ислам, христианство, иудаизм), требовало от правителей толерантного отношения ко всем своим подданным. Одним из важных достижений в правлении Надир шаха Афшара, наряду с его обширными завоеваниями, были попытки проведения масштабных реформ как в военно-государственной, так и религиозной сферах. Надир шах Афшар, возрождая кызылбашскую государственность, исходил в своей религиозной политике в отношении к христианским общинам из традиций прежней династии Сефевидов, но придал этой политике новое содержание. Исследование вопроса об отношение Надир шаха к различным религиозным группам, особенно к христианам и иудеям, не менее важно, чем его отношение к мусульманам, и попытки проведения религиозных реформ. В статье на основе первоисточников было изучено положение и статус христианского населения в годы правления Надир шаха Афшара, особое внимание уделено малоизученному в историографии вопросу о предоставляемых со стороны властей привилегиях и вообще покровительстве армянской общине. Благосклонная политика Надир шаха по отношению к представителям христианских церквей и монастырей, выражена была в многочисленных указах и фирманах афшарского правителя. Благодаря покровительству Надир шаха, владения епархии Уч-Килься освобождались от налогов, им разрешалось не только восстанавливать церкви, но даже строить новые. Надир шах также покровительствовал переселению армянского населения из соседней Османской империи. Анализ источников помог подробно рассмотреть обеспечение свободы вероисповедания в государстве Афшаров, налоговую политику в отношении христианских храмов и монастырей и другие вопросы.
CAUCASUS FRONT LINE DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR OF 1828-1829
From the beginning of the XIX cen... more CAUCASUS FRONT LINE DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR OF 1828-1829 From the beginning of the XIX century the international relationships over South Caucasus have been experiencing the direct and indirect influence f the Eastern crisis caused by the Greek rebellion. The Peace treaty with Qajar Iran (1828) shifted the political and strategically situation in the South Caucasus in favor of Russia, which resulted in enabling the Russian government to start military actions against the Ottoman Empire. The War of 1828-1829 years was a new step in the century struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. In the first half of the century the Rus-sian-Turkish relationships were defined both by the general political situation in Europe and by the specific foreign affair tasks that the Russian government had to solve in the Near-East region. At the beginning of the XIX century, between the great European powers, there was a clear, then hidden, diplomatic struggle for domination in the Near East. This was caused, on the one hand, by the economic and political weakening of the Ottoman Empire, and on the other, by the increased expansion of the European powers. By that time in Russian diplomacy existed two conceptions of the Eastern Question: on the one hand, Russia was preparing to take an active part in division of Ottoman Empire, and on the other, did not want the collapse of it. Therefore, summing up the results of that war, it should be noted that Russia managed not only to expand its political and commercial interests, but also so weaken the Ottoman Empire, that preserving its existence, Turkey would not interfere in Russia's expansionist plans. While the collapse of the Ottoman Empire would lead Russia to war with all European countries. The Adrianople Treaty became the key point of the Russian policy in the Near East. Russia became the most influential European country in the Near-East. Russian success supported by this treaty alarmed European countries, primarily it greatly promoted further Russian-British competition. The main result of the Adrianople treaty can be considered the fact that the diplomatic struggle of European countries against Russia during the Eastern crisis of 20-ies of the XIX was actually lost.
Статья посвящена описанию посольства, отправленного Надир шахом в Российскую империю, после захва... more Статья посвящена описанию посольства, отправленного Надир шахом в Российскую империю, после захвата им большей части Центральной Азии и Индии. В целом, к 1739 году Надир шах достиг вершины своего могущества. К этому времени уже были изгнаны со всех бывших сефевидских владений русские и османские армии, покорены Хива и Бухара, разбиты на голову войска императора Великих Моголов, обвиненного в помощи афганцам. После занятия войсками Надир шаха столицы Великих Моголов - города Дели, вся сокровищница и несметные богатства этой династии попали в руки победителя. Находясь в Хасан Абдале, Надир шах осенью 1739 года направил впечатляющие посольства в Стамбул и Санкт-Петербург1, с целью уведомить эти государства о своем завоевании Индии. Каждому посольству были даны ценные подарки и несколько слонов, для преподнесения правителю, которому они были аккредитованы.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF IRANIAN STUDIES (State Hermitage Museum and Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, St Petersburg, 14–19 September 2015). Volume II: Studies on Iran and the Persianate World after Islam. In English. St Petersburg: State Hermitage Publishers, 2020
The article provides a detailed study of the diplomatic activities of General Alekseĭ Petrovich E... more The article provides a detailed study of the diplomatic activities of General Alekseĭ Petrovich Ermolov, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army in the Caucasus region (1816–1827), during his embassy to Iran. Of all the embassies ever sent from Russia to Iran, that of General Ermolov was the most significant in terms of both its personnel and associated cash expenditures. This embassy was directed to the Qajar court for the purpose of reserving territories due to Russia according to the Gulistan Treaty and dampening the influence of Britain in Iran by establishing permanent diplomatic relations with this country. The article assesses the diplomatic steps taken by General Ermolov towards harmonizing relations between Russia and Iran and implementing provisions of the Gulistan peace treaty. This allows one to conclude that Ermolov’s attitude to the Qajar court, which he adhered to during the ten years of his command in the Caucasus region, can only be due to his presence at the Shah’s court and his personal knowledge of the ruling elite’s structure.
В настоящей статье рассматривается состояние военных сил Ирана накануне и в годы русско-иранских ... more В настоящей статье рассматривается состояние военных сил Ирана накануне и в годы русско-иранских войн (1804–1813, 1826–1828 гг.), а также показана деятельность наследника престола Аббас-Мирзы (1789–1833) по реорганизации иранской армии при помощи французских и британских военных инструкторов. Это была первая попытка модернизации одного из важнейших институтов Каджарского государства с привлечением европейских специалистов и европейской техники. Попытка провести военную реформу была отчасти обусловлена шоком, последовавшим от поражения в войне с Россией (1804–1813) и завоевания ею почти всего Кавказа. Становление каджарской регулярной армии в первой трети XIX в. проходило при активном влиянии извне и во многом определялось соперничеством противоборствующих европейских держав на Ближнем Востоке. Французские и британские офицеры пытались реорганизовать иранскую армию на европейский образец. Одна система сменяла другую, и каждая, в свою очередь, встречала препятствия вследствие определенных причин, и в частности смены внешнеполитических ориентиров. В силу многих факторов Фетх-Али-шах склонился к союзу с англичанами, который был оформлен в виде договоров между ним и Ост-Индской компанией в 1801, 1809, 1812 и 1814 гг. Начиная с 1809 г. и в ходе русско-иранских войн главными инструкторами по реорганизации иранской армии выступали британские специалисты. Задачей британской дипломатии в Иране было всеми силами удерживать Каджарский трон – шаткую преграду между Россией и Индией. Особенность политики Великобритании в регионе состояла в том, что она осуществлялась как непосредственно через британских дипломатов, отправляемых из Лондона, так и через эмиссаров Ост-Индской компании (в основном военных). Данная статья не претендует на всесторонний анализ этой малоисследованной проблемы, а лишь ставит целью дать краткий обзор попыток реформирования вооруженных сил Каджарского Ирана в первой четверти XIX в.
conference proceedings book of the international conference titled “The Centennial of the Independence of the Three South Caucasus States: Historical Background, Contemporary Developments and Prospects of Peace and Prosperity” organized by AVIM and held in Ankara on 9th November, 2018, 2019
To understand the causes of events related to the Karabakh issue, one should consider the histor... more To understand the causes of events related to the Karabakh issue, one should consider the historical background and causes of the Armenian-Azerbaijan contradictions in the region. Like every other conflict, the Armenian-Azerbaijan conflict also has its roots. In order to reach a better understanding of its essence, it is necessary to shed light on the core of the conflict, for which we have to go back to the XVIII. and early XIX. centuries, as the very origins of the conflict lay there. Its basis starts with the first quarter of XVIII. century military and political expansion of Russia in the South Caucasus, where the Armenian element was assigned the role of social support for the Russians in the region as well as the Christian outpost in the fight against Muslim Turkey and Iran. After winning two Russo-Iranian wars (1804-1813; 1826-1828) and Russo-Turkish wars (1828-1829) Russia ultimately augmented its power in the South Caucasus. Thus, the special article of Turkmanchay (Article XV) and Adrianopole (or Edirne) (Article XIII) created a favorable atmosphere for the mass resettlement of Turkish and Iran Armenians to the South Caucasus territories, which started the process lasting for a century.
This article investigates the military campaign of the Republic of Armenia against the Azerbaijan... more This article investigates the military campaign of the Republic of Armenia against the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918-1920, and the massacres of the Azerbaijani Turkic population on the territories of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as documented by the British diplomats of the time. Within this framework, it examines the reports of the diplomats, who were involved in the formulation of the British policy towards South Caucasus in 1918-1920. It can be seen that these documents are of great significance for revealing the massacres against the Azerbaijani Turkic people between 1918 and 1920 by armed Armenian gangs with the connivance and direct support of the government of the Republic of Armenian. Furthermore, these documents conclusively help to determine the scale of the massacres conducted by the Armenian forces against the Azerbaijani Turkic population in these years.
The aim of the article in the critical analysis and comprehensive study of diplomatic relations d... more The aim of the article in the critical analysis and comprehensive study of diplomatic relations during Russian-Iranian war of 1826-1828, and the role of Great Britain in the conclusion Turkmanchay peace treaty (1828). The paramount task of British diplomacy in Qajar Iran was to try their best and keep a fragile barrier, namely, Qajar throne, between Russia and India. The foreign policy conditionality of Great Britain in this region is analyzed on the basis of elaborating a considerable body of documents and investigations.
In this article, we will observe the relations between Qajar Iran and the Ottoman Empire in the ... more In this article, we will observe the relations between Qajar Iran and the Ottoman Empire in the beginning of the 19th Century. Towards this period, the interrelations between the two states had entered a new phase, defined largely by their interrelations with the leading European powers and the latter’s interests in the Middle East. In this way, to determine the nature of the Qajar-Ottoman relations, it is necessary to examine some aspects of international relations in the beginning of the 19th Century.
Предлагаемая вниманию читателей исследование посвящено
одному из малоизученных проблем истории го... more Предлагаемая вниманию читателей исследование посвящено одному из малоизученных проблем истории государства Афшаров, а именно истории багдадских походов Надир шаха. Среди межгосударственных отношений восточных стран первой половины XVIII века особо выделяются османо-афшарские отношения. Новая дипломатия в отношении тюркских стран и попытки Надир шаха провести религиозные реформы не смогли привести к улучшению двусторонних отношений, хотя и создали первый претендент на пути сближения стран. Публикация недавно обнаруженных рукописей арабоязычных фирманов Надир шаха вместе с переводами позволит внести значительный вклад в исследование данного периода.
Kitabda 1918-1920-ci illərin qanlı hadisələri Britaniya Kitabxanasının arxiv sənədləri əsasında a... more Kitabda 1918-1920-ci illərin qanlı hadisələri Britaniya Kitabxanasının arxiv sənədləri əsasında araşdırılmışdır. Britaniya Kitabxanasının arxivində saxlanılan sənədlər 1918-1920-ci illərdə Ermənistan Respublikası hökumətinin dəstəyi ilə erməni quldur dəstələrinin Azərbaycan xalqına qarşı həyata keçirilmiş soyqırımı faktını sübut edir.
Bəhs edilən sənədlər Azərbaycan tarixinin indiyədək öyrənilməmiş, yaxud da xüsusi məqsədlərlə saxtalaşdırılmış məsələlərinin obyektiv araşdırılması üçün geniş imkanlar açır.
В предлагаемом сборнике представлены материалы газеты «Нью-Йорк таймс», которые содержат сведения... more В предлагаемом сборнике представлены материалы газеты «Нью-Йорк таймс», которые содержат сведения об армяно-азербайджанском конфликте 1905-1906 гг. (материал собран не выборочно, а целиком). В научный оборот вводится достаточно большой массив нового фактического материала в переводе на азербайджанский и русский языки. Эти материалы важны для проведения источниковедческого анализа и выяснения вопроса о полноте и достоверности освещения в газетах ситуации на Южном Кавказе в указанное время. Представленные в сборнике материалы могут быть использованы при написании специальных и обобщающих трудов, посвященных истории истоков армяно-азербайджанского конфликта в 1905-1906 гг.
THE IREVAN KHANATE
the Russian invasion and resettlement of Armenians in the territory
of Norther... more THE IREVAN KHANATE the Russian invasion and resettlement of Armenians in the territory of Northern Azerbaijan
History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus
The legendary satirical magazine "Molla Nasreddin" was founded by the famous Azerbaijan... more The legendary satirical magazine "Molla Nasreddin" was founded by the famous Azerbaijani educator and writer Jalil Mammadguluzade in 1906 and in a short time became a significant social and political event in the life of the countries of the Muslim East. Sharp satirical poems, articles and cartoons in a short time made the magazine the most popular publication, influencing the thinking of an entire generation. Reformation, the struggle against despotism, the struggle for the civil and political rights of women, education issues are only a small part of the problems raised in this first satirical magazine in the Middle East. The magazine also played an important role in the fact that in 1919 the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was the first in the entire Muslim East to grant women the right to participate in elections. Despite strict censorship and prohibitions, the magazine continued to be published until 1931.
ИСТОРИЯ, АРХЕОЛОГИЯ И ЭТНОГРАФИЯ КАВКАЗА. Т. 18. № 3. С. 873-877, 2022
The most important factor in the development of Caucasian studies is the expanding of the source ... more The most important factor in the development of Caucasian studies is the expanding of the source base through the use of archival material, the development of methods of analysis and its processing. Today, the careful and detailed study of new archival documents helps to make corrections and sheds light on a number of questions about the history of the region that have been overlooked by researchers. In this connection, the materials collected from the archives of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, the Russian State Military Historical Archive, and the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan are of great interest when studying the political, social and economic situation in the region in the beginning of the 18th century. The collection under review is a major contribution to the development of historiography of imperial Russian policy in the Caucasus in 1722-1735 and makes it possible to widen the scope of research issues. With the help of new approaches and new sources, which are being researched for the first time, the materials of this collection allow a new reconstruction of the Russian imperial policy in the Caspian region. This book is a major contribution to the development of historiography of Russian imperial policy in the Caucasus between 1722 and 1735 and allows us to extend the scope of our research.
История, археология и этнография Кавказа. Т. 19. No 1. , 2023
Легендарный сатирический журнал «Молла Насреддин» впервые был издан в 1906 г. на азербайджанском ... more Легендарный сатирический журнал «Молла Насреддин» впервые был издан в 1906 г. на азербайджанском языке (арабским алфавитом) и издавался известным азербайджанским просветителем и писателем Джалилом Мамедгулузаде в Тбилиси, Тебризе и Баку вплоть до 1931 г. Эпоха, когда начал издаваться этот журнал, была новым временем не только на Кавказе, но и всем Востоке. В это время повсеместное распространение получили идеи национального освобождения, народного сознания. Реформирование, борьба с деспотизмом, борьба за гражданские и политические права женщин, вопросы образования – только небольшая часть проблем, поднимаемых в этом первом сатирическом журнале Ближнего Востока. Журнал, выполняя миссию поддержки и стимулирования этих идей, ставил целью открыть глаза всего мусульманско-тюркского народа на новый мир. Изучение и постижение исторического опыта литературного наследия, использование его достижений в развитии современной литературно-эстетической мысли составляют основу отношения к классическому наследию. Сатирический журнал «Молла Насреддин» постоянно находится в центре внимания литературоведов не только Азербайджана, но и Грузии, России, Ирана, Узбекистана. Неизменная актуальность темы «Молла Насреддина» вытекает из его монументальности и эпохальности как литературно-общественного явления. Предлагаемая читателям рецензия на исследование Джанет Афари и Камран Афари «Молла Насреддин создание трикстера Нового времени (1906–1911)» на примере азербайджанской сатирической прессы ставит целью показать ее влияние на общественно-политическую жизнь всего Ближнего Востока. Это исследование богатое не только фактами, но и идеями, поможет глубже и основательнее понять и оценить процесс и механизмы модернизации обществ на Ближнем Востоке в начале XX в.
Uploads
Вся российская имперская политика была направлена на сохранение своих господствующих позиций на Каспии, поэтому она не могла допустить создание соседним государством военно-морского флота на Каспии, прекрасно понимая, что сильный Каспийский флот государства Афшаров представляет реальную угрозу завоеваниям России в регионе. Попытки Надир шаха создать военно-морской флот на Каспийском море потерпели неудачу, столкнувшись главным образом с сильным противодействием Российской империи.
the Safavid and Qajar era, are rather scarce. There is no comprehensive study on the issue of state symbols and attributes of the state of Nadir Shah Afshar. The analysis of the origin and genesis of symbols of power and State attributes should proceed as far as possible the identification of the material of the period studied and its classification. In the archives of various countries there is a huge quantity of written and material monuments of the Nader Shah era, which provide solid and precise information about the internal and foreign policies of the great conqueror. In this
article considered for the first time on the basis of primary sources seals, flags and coins of the great Turkic commander Nadir Shah Afshar.
The author seeks to analyze these attributes of power and determine to what extent the symbols of power of the state of Nadir Shah were influenced by the previous Safavid system of power. In addition, we tried to trace the changes in the inscription on the symbols of power before and after the accession to the throne of Nadir Shah. Nadir shah, creating his empire, if mostly completely replicated the Safavids in the traditions of governance, he tried to use more Turkic elements in his state symbolism. The use of Turkic elements on state symbols is considered in the context of his attempts to legitimize his own power.
culprits of the conflict.
возрождением миссионерской деятельности западных церквей.
Господство в таком многоэтничном геополитическом пространстве, каким являлось государство Сефевидов и Афшаров, где одновременно проживали представители не только разных этносов, но и религий (ислам, христианство, иудаизм), требовало от правителей толерантного отношения ко всем своим подданным. Одним
из важных достижений в правлении Надир шаха Афшара, наряду с его обширными завоеваниями, были попытки проведения масштабных реформ как в военно-государственной, так и религиозной сферах. Надир шах Афшар, возрождая кызылбашскую государственность, исходил в своей религиозной политике в отношении к христианским общинам из традиций прежней династии
Сефевидов, но придал этой политике новое содержание. Исследование вопроса об отношение Надир шаха к различным религиозным группам, особенно к христианам и иудеям, не менее важно, чем его отношение к мусульманам, и попытки проведения религиозных реформ.
В статье на основе первоисточников было изучено положение и статус христианского населения в годы правления Надир шаха Афшара, особое внимание уделено малоизученному в историографии вопросу о предоставляемых со стороны властей привилегиях и вообще покровительстве армянской общине. Благосклонная политика Надир шаха по отношению к представителям христианских церквей и монастырей, выражена была в многочисленных указах и фирманах афшарского правителя. Благодаря покровительству Надир шаха, владения епархии Уч-Килься освобождались от налогов, им разрешалось не только восстанавливать церкви, но даже строить новые. Надир шах также покровительствовал переселению армянского населения из соседней Османской империи. Анализ источников помог подробно рассмотреть обеспечение свободы вероисповедания в государстве Афшаров, налоговую
политику в отношении христианских храмов и монастырей и другие вопросы.
From the beginning of the XIX century the international relationships over South Caucasus have been experiencing the direct and indirect influence f the Eastern crisis caused by the Greek rebellion. The Peace treaty with Qajar Iran (1828) shifted the political and strategically situation in the South Caucasus in favor of Russia, which resulted in enabling the Russian government to start military actions against the Ottoman Empire. The War of 1828-1829 years was a new step in the century struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. In the first half of the century the Rus-sian-Turkish relationships were defined both by the general political situation in Europe and by the specific foreign affair tasks that the Russian government had to solve in the Near-East region. At the beginning of the XIX century, between the great European powers, there was a clear, then hidden, diplomatic struggle for domination in the Near East. This was caused, on the one hand, by the economic and political weakening of the Ottoman Empire, and on the other, by the increased expansion of the European powers. By that time in Russian diplomacy existed two conceptions of the Eastern Question: on the one hand, Russia was preparing to take an active part in division of Ottoman Empire, and on the other, did not want the collapse of it. Therefore, summing up the results of that war, it should be noted that Russia managed not only to expand its political and commercial interests, but also so weaken the Ottoman Empire, that preserving its existence, Turkey would not interfere in Russia's expansionist plans. While the collapse of the Ottoman Empire would lead Russia to war with all European countries. The Adrianople Treaty became the key point of the Russian policy in the Near East. Russia became the most influential European country in the Near-East. Russian success supported by this treaty alarmed European countries, primarily it greatly promoted further Russian-British competition. The main result of the Adrianople treaty can be considered the fact that the diplomatic struggle of European countries against Russia during the Eastern crisis of 20-ies of the XIX was actually lost.
Центральной Азии и Индии. В целом, к 1739 году Надир шах достиг вершины своего могущества. К этому времени уже были изгнаны со всех бывших сефевидских владений русские и османские армии,
покорены Хива и Бухара, разбиты на голову войска императора Великих Моголов, обвиненного в помощи афганцам. После занятия войсками Надир шаха столицы Великих Моголов - города Дели, вся
сокровищница и несметные богатства этой династии попали в руки победителя. Находясь в Хасан Абдале, Надир шах осенью 1739 года
направил впечатляющие посольства в Стамбул и Санкт-Петербург1, с целью уведомить эти государства о своем завоевании Индии.
Каждому посольству были даны ценные подарки и несколько слонов, для преподнесения правителю, которому они были аккредитованы.
to Russia according to the Gulistan Treaty and dampening the influence of Britain in Iran by
establishing permanent diplomatic relations with this country. The article assesses the diplomatic steps taken by General Ermolov towards harmonizing relations between Russia and Iran and implementing provisions of the Gulistan peace treaty. This allows one to conclude that Ermolov’s attitude to the Qajar court, which he adhered to during the ten years of his command
in the Caucasus region, can only be due to his presence at the Shah’s court and his personal knowledge of the ruling elite’s structure.
Its basis starts with the first quarter of XVIII. century military and political expansion of Russia in the South Caucasus, where the Armenian element was assigned the role of social support for the Russians in the region as well as the Christian outpost in the fight against Muslim Turkey and Iran. After winning two Russo-Iranian wars (1804-1813; 1826-1828) and Russo-Turkish wars (1828-1829) Russia ultimately
augmented its power in the South Caucasus. Thus, the special article of
Turkmanchay (Article XV) and Adrianopole (or Edirne) (Article XIII) created a favorable atmosphere for the mass resettlement of Turkish and Iran Armenians to the South Caucasus territories, which started the process lasting for a century.
Вся российская имперская политика была направлена на сохранение своих господствующих позиций на Каспии, поэтому она не могла допустить создание соседним государством военно-морского флота на Каспии, прекрасно понимая, что сильный Каспийский флот государства Афшаров представляет реальную угрозу завоеваниям России в регионе. Попытки Надир шаха создать военно-морской флот на Каспийском море потерпели неудачу, столкнувшись главным образом с сильным противодействием Российской империи.
the Safavid and Qajar era, are rather scarce. There is no comprehensive study on the issue of state symbols and attributes of the state of Nadir Shah Afshar. The analysis of the origin and genesis of symbols of power and State attributes should proceed as far as possible the identification of the material of the period studied and its classification. In the archives of various countries there is a huge quantity of written and material monuments of the Nader Shah era, which provide solid and precise information about the internal and foreign policies of the great conqueror. In this
article considered for the first time on the basis of primary sources seals, flags and coins of the great Turkic commander Nadir Shah Afshar.
The author seeks to analyze these attributes of power and determine to what extent the symbols of power of the state of Nadir Shah were influenced by the previous Safavid system of power. In addition, we tried to trace the changes in the inscription on the symbols of power before and after the accession to the throne of Nadir Shah. Nadir shah, creating his empire, if mostly completely replicated the Safavids in the traditions of governance, he tried to use more Turkic elements in his state symbolism. The use of Turkic elements on state symbols is considered in the context of his attempts to legitimize his own power.
culprits of the conflict.
возрождением миссионерской деятельности западных церквей.
Господство в таком многоэтничном геополитическом пространстве, каким являлось государство Сефевидов и Афшаров, где одновременно проживали представители не только разных этносов, но и религий (ислам, христианство, иудаизм), требовало от правителей толерантного отношения ко всем своим подданным. Одним
из важных достижений в правлении Надир шаха Афшара, наряду с его обширными завоеваниями, были попытки проведения масштабных реформ как в военно-государственной, так и религиозной сферах. Надир шах Афшар, возрождая кызылбашскую государственность, исходил в своей религиозной политике в отношении к христианским общинам из традиций прежней династии
Сефевидов, но придал этой политике новое содержание. Исследование вопроса об отношение Надир шаха к различным религиозным группам, особенно к христианам и иудеям, не менее важно, чем его отношение к мусульманам, и попытки проведения религиозных реформ.
В статье на основе первоисточников было изучено положение и статус христианского населения в годы правления Надир шаха Афшара, особое внимание уделено малоизученному в историографии вопросу о предоставляемых со стороны властей привилегиях и вообще покровительстве армянской общине. Благосклонная политика Надир шаха по отношению к представителям христианских церквей и монастырей, выражена была в многочисленных указах и фирманах афшарского правителя. Благодаря покровительству Надир шаха, владения епархии Уч-Килься освобождались от налогов, им разрешалось не только восстанавливать церкви, но даже строить новые. Надир шах также покровительствовал переселению армянского населения из соседней Османской империи. Анализ источников помог подробно рассмотреть обеспечение свободы вероисповедания в государстве Афшаров, налоговую
политику в отношении христианских храмов и монастырей и другие вопросы.
From the beginning of the XIX century the international relationships over South Caucasus have been experiencing the direct and indirect influence f the Eastern crisis caused by the Greek rebellion. The Peace treaty with Qajar Iran (1828) shifted the political and strategically situation in the South Caucasus in favor of Russia, which resulted in enabling the Russian government to start military actions against the Ottoman Empire. The War of 1828-1829 years was a new step in the century struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. In the first half of the century the Rus-sian-Turkish relationships were defined both by the general political situation in Europe and by the specific foreign affair tasks that the Russian government had to solve in the Near-East region. At the beginning of the XIX century, between the great European powers, there was a clear, then hidden, diplomatic struggle for domination in the Near East. This was caused, on the one hand, by the economic and political weakening of the Ottoman Empire, and on the other, by the increased expansion of the European powers. By that time in Russian diplomacy existed two conceptions of the Eastern Question: on the one hand, Russia was preparing to take an active part in division of Ottoman Empire, and on the other, did not want the collapse of it. Therefore, summing up the results of that war, it should be noted that Russia managed not only to expand its political and commercial interests, but also so weaken the Ottoman Empire, that preserving its existence, Turkey would not interfere in Russia's expansionist plans. While the collapse of the Ottoman Empire would lead Russia to war with all European countries. The Adrianople Treaty became the key point of the Russian policy in the Near East. Russia became the most influential European country in the Near-East. Russian success supported by this treaty alarmed European countries, primarily it greatly promoted further Russian-British competition. The main result of the Adrianople treaty can be considered the fact that the diplomatic struggle of European countries against Russia during the Eastern crisis of 20-ies of the XIX was actually lost.
Центральной Азии и Индии. В целом, к 1739 году Надир шах достиг вершины своего могущества. К этому времени уже были изгнаны со всех бывших сефевидских владений русские и османские армии,
покорены Хива и Бухара, разбиты на голову войска императора Великих Моголов, обвиненного в помощи афганцам. После занятия войсками Надир шаха столицы Великих Моголов - города Дели, вся
сокровищница и несметные богатства этой династии попали в руки победителя. Находясь в Хасан Абдале, Надир шах осенью 1739 года
направил впечатляющие посольства в Стамбул и Санкт-Петербург1, с целью уведомить эти государства о своем завоевании Индии.
Каждому посольству были даны ценные подарки и несколько слонов, для преподнесения правителю, которому они были аккредитованы.
to Russia according to the Gulistan Treaty and dampening the influence of Britain in Iran by
establishing permanent diplomatic relations with this country. The article assesses the diplomatic steps taken by General Ermolov towards harmonizing relations between Russia and Iran and implementing provisions of the Gulistan peace treaty. This allows one to conclude that Ermolov’s attitude to the Qajar court, which he adhered to during the ten years of his command
in the Caucasus region, can only be due to his presence at the Shah’s court and his personal knowledge of the ruling elite’s structure.
Its basis starts with the first quarter of XVIII. century military and political expansion of Russia in the South Caucasus, where the Armenian element was assigned the role of social support for the Russians in the region as well as the Christian outpost in the fight against Muslim Turkey and Iran. After winning two Russo-Iranian wars (1804-1813; 1826-1828) and Russo-Turkish wars (1828-1829) Russia ultimately
augmented its power in the South Caucasus. Thus, the special article of
Turkmanchay (Article XV) and Adrianopole (or Edirne) (Article XIII) created a favorable atmosphere for the mass resettlement of Turkish and Iran Armenians to the South Caucasus territories, which started the process lasting for a century.
одному из малоизученных проблем истории государства Афшаров, а
именно истории багдадских походов Надир шаха. Среди межгосударственных отношений восточных стран первой половины XVIII века особо выделяются османо-афшарские отношения. Новая дипломатия в отношении тюркских стран и попытки Надир шаха провести религиозные реформы не смогли привести к улучшению двусторонних отношений, хотя и создали первый претендент на пути сближения стран. Публикация недавно обнаруженных рукописей арабоязычных фирманов Надир шаха вместе с переводами позволит внести значительный вклад в исследование данного периода.
Bəhs edilən sənədlər Azərbaycan tarixinin indiyədək öyrənilməmiş, yaxud da xüsusi məqsədlərlə saxtalaşdırılmış məsələlərinin obyektiv araşdırılması üçün geniş imkanlar açır.
the Russian invasion and resettlement of Armenians in the territory
of Northern Azerbaijan
просветителем и писателем Джалилом Мамедгулузаде в Тбилиси, Тебризе и Баку вплоть до 1931 г. Эпоха, когда начал издаваться этот журнал, была новым временем не только на Кавказе, но и всем
Востоке. В это время повсеместное распространение получили идеи национального освобождения, народного сознания. Реформирование, борьба с деспотизмом, борьба за гражданские и политические права женщин, вопросы образования – только небольшая часть проблем, поднимаемых в этом первом
сатирическом журнале Ближнего Востока. Журнал, выполняя миссию поддержки и стимулирования этих идей, ставил целью открыть глаза всего мусульманско-тюркского народа на новый мир. Изучение и постижение исторического опыта литературного наследия, использование его достижений в развитии
современной литературно-эстетической мысли составляют основу отношения к классическому наследию. Сатирический журнал «Молла Насреддин» постоянно находится в центре внимания
литературоведов не только Азербайджана, но и Грузии, России, Ирана, Узбекистана. Неизменная актуальность темы «Молла Насреддина» вытекает из его монументальности и эпохальности как литературно-общественного явления. Предлагаемая читателям рецензия на исследование Джанет Афари и Камран Афари «Молла Насреддин создание трикстера Нового времени (1906–1911)» на
примере азербайджанской сатирической прессы ставит целью показать ее влияние на общественно-политическую жизнь всего Ближнего Востока. Это исследование богатое не только фактами, но и идеями, поможет глубже и основательнее понять и оценить процесс и механизмы модернизации обществ на Ближнем Востоке в начале XX в.