Additional file 1 Figure S1. Example of glass cylinder evaporative zone of inhibition assay. As d... more Additional file 1 Figure S1. Example of glass cylinder evaporative zone of inhibition assay. As described in the Methods, bacterial or Candida broth cultures were used to inoculate agar petri dishes by spreading 1 × 10 colony forming units (cfu) in 100ul media on the surface of the agar. A 10 mm plug of agar was removed from the center of the petri dish and a sterile glass cylinder containing the indicated amounts of essential oil (0 μL, 10 μL, 20 μL, 40 μL, 80 μL, 160 μL) was placed in the hole in the center of the petri dish. The petri dishes were placed in a plastic container (to prevent any air flow currents from the incubator fan) and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C in an environmentally controlled incubator. After 24 h of incubation, the zone of inhibition (diameter) was measured.
Astragalus membranaceus is a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine being one of the oldest medic... more Astragalus membranaceus is a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine being one of the oldest medicinal herbs listed in the material medica of Chinese herbal medicine. Chinese herbalists have used Astragalus to help the human body fight a variety of diseases. Modern herbalists utilize Astragalus primarily as an immunostimulant to prevent common infection and aid in the recovery following infection. Historically, the biological activities associated with Astragalus have been accounted for, at least in part, to several constituents present in the botanical including saponins and polysaccharides. We propose that in addition to these constituents, compounds from endophytic (or epiphytic) bacteria present in (or on) the roots of Astragalus may have an important biological role. Lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins are major components of Gram-negative bacteria and highly potent activators of the innate immune response. Our data supports a direct correlation between the level of immune gene...
Background Essential oils are volatile and lipophilic liquid extracts made from plants as seconda... more Background Essential oils are volatile and lipophilic liquid extracts made from plants as secondary metabolites that can be obtained by distillation. To date, several studies have investigated the direct antimicrobial activity of liquid essential oils. However, this study investigated the antimicrobial properties of the volatile substances present in various essential oils. Methods A modified zone of inhibition protocol was developed using agar petri dishes with a center glass vial to allow evaporation and aerosolization of the potential active constituents from essential oils. In total, nineteen essential oils were tested against five Gram positive bacterial species, five Gram negative bacterial species and one fungi. Results This study found potent antimicrobial activity from the volatile constituents of several essential oils. Rosemary, tea tree, and cassia volatiles were found to be the best broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, whereas clove volatiles had almost no antimicrobial...
Additional file 1 Figure S1. Example of glass cylinder evaporative zone of inhibition assay. As d... more Additional file 1 Figure S1. Example of glass cylinder evaporative zone of inhibition assay. As described in the Methods, bacterial or Candida broth cultures were used to inoculate agar petri dishes by spreading 1 × 10 colony forming units (cfu) in 100ul media on the surface of the agar. A 10 mm plug of agar was removed from the center of the petri dish and a sterile glass cylinder containing the indicated amounts of essential oil (0 μL, 10 μL, 20 μL, 40 μL, 80 μL, 160 μL) was placed in the hole in the center of the petri dish. The petri dishes were placed in a plastic container (to prevent any air flow currents from the incubator fan) and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C in an environmentally controlled incubator. After 24 h of incubation, the zone of inhibition (diameter) was measured.
Astragalus membranaceus is a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine being one of the oldest medic... more Astragalus membranaceus is a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine being one of the oldest medicinal herbs listed in the material medica of Chinese herbal medicine. Chinese herbalists have used Astragalus to help the human body fight a variety of diseases. Modern herbalists utilize Astragalus primarily as an immunostimulant to prevent common infection and aid in the recovery following infection. Historically, the biological activities associated with Astragalus have been accounted for, at least in part, to several constituents present in the botanical including saponins and polysaccharides. We propose that in addition to these constituents, compounds from endophytic (or epiphytic) bacteria present in (or on) the roots of Astragalus may have an important biological role. Lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins are major components of Gram-negative bacteria and highly potent activators of the innate immune response. Our data supports a direct correlation between the level of immune gene...
Background Essential oils are volatile and lipophilic liquid extracts made from plants as seconda... more Background Essential oils are volatile and lipophilic liquid extracts made from plants as secondary metabolites that can be obtained by distillation. To date, several studies have investigated the direct antimicrobial activity of liquid essential oils. However, this study investigated the antimicrobial properties of the volatile substances present in various essential oils. Methods A modified zone of inhibition protocol was developed using agar petri dishes with a center glass vial to allow evaporation and aerosolization of the potential active constituents from essential oils. In total, nineteen essential oils were tested against five Gram positive bacterial species, five Gram negative bacterial species and one fungi. Results This study found potent antimicrobial activity from the volatile constituents of several essential oils. Rosemary, tea tree, and cassia volatiles were found to be the best broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, whereas clove volatiles had almost no antimicrobial...
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Papers by Keely Puchalski