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Manaus

ceety in Brazil, the caipital o the state o Amazonas

Manaus (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐˈnaws] or [mɐˈnawʃ]) is a ceety in Brazil, the caipital o the state o Amazonas. It is situatit at the confluence o the Negro an Solimões rivers. It is the maist populous ceety o Amazonas, accordin tae the statistics o Brazilian Institute o Geografie an Statistics, an is a popular ecotourist destination. Manaus belongs tae mesoregion Center Amazonense an microregion Manaus. It is locatit in northren Brazil, 1,936 kilometers (1,203 mi) frae the federal caipital, Brasília.

Manaus
Municipality
Municipality o Manaus
Manaus center, Frae tap left: Amazonas Theater, Tap richt: View o Manaus frae Cidade Nova, Middleof left: Manaus Iranduba Bridge an Rio Negro, Middle richt: A sichtseein boats in Meetin o Watter, 3rd left: Sunset in Rio Negro's resort steid, 3rd richt: San Sebastian Cathedral in Manaus, Bottom: View o Nossa Senhora das Gracas aurie
Manaus center, Frae tap left: Amazonas Theater, Tap richt: View o Manaus frae Cidade Nova, Middleof left: Manaus Iranduba Bridge an Rio Negro, Middle richt: A sichtseein boats in Meetin o Watter, 3rd left: Sunset in Rio Negro's resort steid, 3rd richt: San Sebastian Cathedral in Manaus, Bottom: View o Nossa Senhora das Gracas aurie
Banner o Manaus
Banner
Official seal of Manaus
Seal
Eik-name(s): 
"A Paris dos Trópicos" ("The Paris o the Tropics")
Location of Manaus
Manaus is located in Brazil
Manaus
Manaus
Location in Brazil
Coordinates: 03°06′0″S 60°01′0″W / 3.10000°S 60.01667°W / -3.10000; -60.01667Coordinates: 03°06′0″S 60°01′0″W / 3.10000°S 60.01667°W / -3.10000; -60.01667
Kintra Brazil
RegionNorth
State Amazonas
FoonditOctober 24, 1669
Govrenment
 • MayorArthur Virgílio Neto (PSDB)
Area
 • Municipality11401 km2 (4,402 sq mi)
Elevation
92 m (302 ft)
Population
 (2012)
 • Municipality1,861,838 (7t)
 • Density163.3/km2 (423/sq mi)
 • Metro
2,283,906 (11t)
Time zoneUTC-4 (AST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (DST no langer uised)
Postal Code
69000-000
Area code(s)+55 92
WebsiteManaus, Amazonas

The ceety wis foondit in 1669 as the Fort o São José dae Rio Negro.[1] It wis elevatit tae a toun in 1832 wi the name o "Manaus", which means "mither o the gods" in tribute tae the indigenous naition o Manaós, an legally transformed intae a ceety on October 24 o 1848 wi the name o Cidade da Barra do Rio Negro, Portuguese for "The Ceety o the Margins o Black River". Anly on September 4 o 1856 did it revert tae its current name.[2]

It wis kent at the beginnin o the century, as Heart o the Amazon an Ceety o the Forest.[3] Currently its main economic ingine is the Industrial Pool o Manaus.

It is the lairgest metropolitan aurie in Northren Brazil an the elevent in aw o Brazil, wi 2,283,906 indwallers (IBGE/2012). The population in 2012 wis 1.85 million fowk; it is the maist populous ceety in North Region an seivent maist populous ceety o Brazil, accordin tae data frae Brazilian Institute o Geografie an Statistics, the IBGE. The ceety gradually increased its participation in the GDP o Brazil in recent decades, risin tae accoont for 1.4% o the economy o the kintra in 2010, wi aw that economic pouer comin mainly frae the Free Economic Zone locatit in the ceety. Currently, the ceety is ane o 12 maist influential ceeties o the kintra. Manaus alone represents 10.89% o the population o the whole o Northren Brazil an 49.9% o the population o the Amazon.[4]

History

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Early settlement

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The history o the European colonization o Manaus began in 1669 wi the buildin o the Fort o São José da Barra dae Rio Negroa bi Portugal in order tae ensur its predominance in the region, especially against the Dutch, at that time heidquartered in what is the day Suriname. The fort wis constructit in rock an clay, wi fower cannon guardin the curtains.[5] It continued tae function for mair nor 114 years. Next tae the fort thare wur mony indigenous mestizos, who helped in its construction an began tae live in the vicinity.[5]

The population grew sae much that in 1695, the missionaries (Carmelite, Jesuit, Franciscan) biggit a nearby chapel dedicatit tae Oor Lady o the Conception, which in time acame the patron saunt o the ceety.[6]

The Ryal Charter o Mairch 3 o 1755, creatit the Capitania o Sao Jose dae Rio Negro, wi heidquarters in Mariuá (nou Barcelos), but the govrenor, Lobo D'Almada, fearin Spaingie invasions, the seat went back tae the bar in place o 1791, bein locatit at the confluence o the rivers Black an Amazon it wis a strategic pynt. On November 13 o 1832, the place o the bar acame the category o toun wi the name o the toun o Manaus an on October 24 o 1848, wi Law 145 o the Provincial Assembly Paraense, acquired the name o the Bar o the Ceety o Rio Negro. On September 4 o 1856 the govrenor Herculano Ferreira Pena finally gae him the name "Manaus".[7]

Cabanagem

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The Cabanagem wis the revolt in which blacks, Indians an mestizos protestit against the poleetical elite an teuk pouer in 1835. The entry o the Heich Amazonas (Manaus the day, which wis the cradle o the ceety in the Westren Amazon) in Cabanagem wis crucial for the birth o the current state o the Amazon. Durin the period o revolution, the Cabanos o the Heich Amazon, baunds o rebels, roamed throughout the region, an in maist settlements thair arrival wis greeted bi the non-white population's spontaneously jynin thair ranks an thare wis a greater nummer o adherents tae the movement. Wi that thare wis an integration o fowk surroundin sicweys fairmin the state, thanks tae Cabanagem.[8] the ceety wis biggit acause o the rubber trees.

The rubber boom

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Manaus wis at the centre o the Amazon region's rubber boom durin the late 19t century. For a time, it wis "ane o the gaudiest ceeties o the warld"[9] Ane historian haes written, "No extravagance, however absurd, deterred" the rubber barons. "If ane rubber baron boucht a vast yacht, anither would install a tame lion in his villa, an a third would watter his horse on champagne."[10] The decadence extendit tae a grand opera hoose, vast domes an gildit balconies, an marble, gless, an crystal, frae aroond Europe. The opera hoose cost ten million (public-funded) dollars, but its foolhardiness wis demonstratit bi the daith bi yellae fiver o hauf the members o ane visitin opera troupe.[11] The opera hoose, cried the Teatro Amazonas, still exists the day; it haes been restored, wis uised in the Werner Herzog film Fitzcarraldo, an efter a teep o interlude lastin almaist 90 years, presents operas ance again.[12]

When the seeds o the rubber tree wur smuggled oot o the Amazon region, Brazil lost its monopoly on the product an Manaus fell intae poverty. The rubber boom haed broucht electricity tae the ceety afore it arrived in mony European ceeties, but the end o the rubber boom made the generators too expensive tae run, an the ceety lost airtifeecial lichtin for years.[13]

The declaration o a duty free zone in Manaus addit tae the economic prosperity o the ceety.[14]

Geografie

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The lairgest ceety in northren Brazil, Manaus occupies an aurie o 11,401 square kilometers, wi a density o 144.4 indwallers/km ². It is the neighborin ceety o Presidente Figueiredo, Careiro, Iranduba, Rio Preto da Eva, Itacoatiara an Novo Airão.

Climate

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Manaus haes a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification "Am"). Rainfaw intensity is somewhat saisonal, wi ane hauf o the year (coincidin wi the Soothren winter) bein hauf as rainy as the ither. Manaus technically haes a dry saison month, August, whaur less nor 60 mm (2 in) o precipitation faws. Acause o this dry saison month, the ceety’s climate faws unner the tropical monsoon climate category instead o the tropical rainforest climate category. Average annual temperature is 26.6 °C (80 °F), wi mair or less consistent temperatures aw year roond.

Climate data for Manaus, Brazil (1961-1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record heich °C (°F) 37
(99) 		37
(99) 		36
(97) 		37
(99) 		36
(97) 		35
(95) 		37
(99) 		37
(99) 		37
(99) 		37
(99) 		37
(99) 		37
(99) 		37
(99)
Average heich °C (°F) 30.5
(86.9) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.6
(87.1) 		30.7
(87.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.8
(91.0) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.4
(88.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.1
(79.0) 		26.0
(78.8) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.5
(79.7) 		27.0
(80.6) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.3
(81.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.7
(80.0)
Average law °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		23.0
(73.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.3
(73.9)
Record law °C (°F) 18
(64) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		18
(64) 		13
(55) 		17
(63) 		17
(63) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		16
(61) 		13
(55)
Average rainfaw mm (inches) 260.1
(10.24) 		288.3
(11.35) 		313.5
(12.34) 		300.1
(11.81) 		256.3
(10.09) 		113.6
(4.47) 		87.5
(3.44) 		57.9
(2.28) 		83.3
(3.28) 		125.7
(4.95) 		183.0
(7.20) 		216.9
(8.54) 		2,286.2
(89.99)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 21 20 21 20 19 12 10 7 9 11 12 18 180
Average relative humidity (%) 85 86 86 87 86 83 80 79 79 79 81 85 83
Mean monthly sunshine oors 114.7 86.8 99.2 111.0 148.8 186.0 213.9 226.3 156.0 170.5 141.0 130.2 1,784.4
Source #1: Warld Meteorological Organization.,[15] Hong Kong Observatory,[16]
Source #2: Weatherbase (record heichs an laichs, humidity)[17]

Vegetation

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The Amazon represents ower hauf o the planet's remainin rainforests an comprises the lairgest an maist species-rich tract o tropical rainforest in the warld. Wet tropical forests are the maist species-rich biome, an tropical forests in the Americaes are consistently mair species rich than the wet forests in Africae an Asie.[18] As the lairgest tract o tropical rainforest in the Americaes, the Amazonian rainforests hae unparalleled biodiversity. Mair nor 1/3 o aw species in the warld live in the Amazon Rainforest.[19]

Internaitional relations

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Twin touns – sister ceeties

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Manaus is twinned wi:

References

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  1. ↑ "Foundation of Manaus". Archived frae the original on 5 Mairch 2012. Retrieved 9 Mey 2013.
  2. ↑ "About Manaus". Archived frae the original on 1 Julie 2009. Retrieved 9 Mey 2013.
  3. ↑ "Heart of The Amazon and City of the Forest". Archived frae the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 9 Mey 2013.
  4. ↑ Facts of the city of Manaus
  5. ↑ a b ["About Manaus (in Inglis)[[Category:Airticles wi Inglis-leid freemit airtins]]". Archived frae the original on 28 Januar 2014. Retrieved 1 Mairch 2014. URL–wikilink conflict (help) About Manaus (in Inglis)]
  6. ↑ "History of Manaus". Archived frae the original on 8 Julie 2011. Retrieved 9 Mey 2013.
  7. ↑ ["Manaus History (in Inglis)[[Category:Airticles wi Inglis-leid freemit airtins]]". Archived frae the original on 1 Februar 2014. Retrieved 1 Mairch 2014. URL–wikilink conflict (help) Manaus History (in Inglis)]
  8. ↑ Cabanagem History
  9. ↑ David Grann. The Lost City of Z. Random House. New York: 2009. Page 87.
  10. ↑ Robin Furneaux. The Amazon: the Story of a Great River. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1969. Page 153.
  11. ↑ Grann 87.
  12. ↑ Christina Lamb, "A night at the opera - and 14 days on the Amazon to get there", The Sunday Telegraph, London, 17th June 2001
  13. ↑ Lamb, "A night at the opera."
  14. ↑ "Google Nieuws". News.google.com. Retrieved 26 Mairch 2013.
  15. ↑ Climate Information for Manaus Archived 2013-05-23 at the Wayback Machine, World Weather Information Service, Retrieved 08 October 2012.
  16. ↑ "Climatological Information for Manaus, Brazil". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived frae the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  17. ↑ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Manaus". Archived frae the original on 2 Mey 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  18. ↑ Turner, I.M. 2001. The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-80183-4
  19. ↑ Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Plants, Amazon River Animals

Freemit airtins

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