I am assistant professor of Greek and Roman history, Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University. Phone: +201093968968 Address: Ain Shams University, Faculty of Arts, History Department, El-Khalyfa El-Ma'moun St., Abbassyia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
This study examines the roles of the so-called ἐπακολουθοῦντες in the Ptolemaic administration, p... more This study examines the roles of the so-called ἐπακολουθοῦντες in the Ptolemaic administration, particularly their oversight of handling public funds. The term ἐπακολουθῶν lacks a clear definition, raising questions about whether it denotes a distinct job title or signifies a supervisory role on specific occasions. The paper aims to clarify the duties of the epakolouthountes and ascertain whether they held formal positions or functioned in supervisory capacities. Furthermore, it evaluates their numerical prevalence over the three centuries of the Ptolemaic rule.
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (ZPE), 2024
The document is a measuring order from the second century B.C., issued by a Theodoros (oikonomos)... more The document is a measuring order from the second century B.C., issued by a Theodoros (oikonomos) to a Semtheus (a sitologos) to measure an amount of something, potentially grain, for the crews of the ships escorting Amyntas, the agent of an official, whose name cannot be restored with certainty but who may have been Teres, the well-known στρατηγός of the Heracleopolites.
Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University , 2024
This article seeks to explore the roles assigned to the phrourarchoi and the military units known... more This article seeks to explore the roles assigned to the phrourarchoi and the military units known as phrourarchiai in Ptolemaic Egypt, based on the archive of the phrourarchos Dioskourides (154-145 B.C.) as a primary source. Despite the
military role of the phrourarchiai, the archive documents reveal that the phrourarchoi also had civil functions alongside their military responsibilities.
The article aims to answer the following questions: Why were these military units established? When were the phrourarchia established in Herakleopolis and why? What were the ethnicities that formed the principal components of these military units?
The article reveals the role of external threats – primarily represented by Ptolemaic-Selucid hostility – as well as internal threats – represented by Egyptian rebellions following the victory at the Battle of Rafia – in the establishment of phrourarchiai by
the Ptolemaic kings in strategically significant
locations within their kingdom, including the region of Herakleopolis. The article further discloses that Greeks, Jews, and Egyptians served as soldiers in these phrourarchiai, based on both direct and indirect evidence. The primary objective of the present paper is to comprehend the role and responsibilities of the phrourarchos and the position of the phrourarchia in the military structure of the Ptolemies, based on the documentation of Dioskourides, the phrourarchos.
The paper centres on two primary inquiries concerning enslaved individuals in Ptolemaic Egypt, ut... more The paper centres on two primary inquiries concerning enslaved individuals in Ptolemaic Egypt, utilising the Zenon archive as a case study: Firstly, what were the sources of enslaved individuals during the Ptolemaic period, as investigated using the Zenon archive? Secondly, what insights can be drawn from the names of enslaved individuals documented within the archive? The paper will employ a mixed-methods approach for an analysis of the documents related to slavery in the Zenon archive. Both quantitative and qualitative methods will be utilised to answer the research questions. The quantitative analysis will involve the compilation and analysis of data related to the origins of enslaved individuals, such as their geographic origins and the ways through which they were enslaved. Meanwhile, quantitative and qualitative will involve a detailed examination of the names of enslaved individuals documented within the archive.
The text is the 6th report of a real estate declaration of a Ptolemaic date that we have so far. ... more The text is the 6th report of a real estate declaration of a Ptolemaic date that we have so far. The document refers to something (= a declaration?) that had been submitted to Kallikrates, the οἰκονόμος, and Imouthes, the βασιλικὸς γραμματεύς, on the 22nd of Phaophi of a year of an unspecified Ptolemaic king.
The act of declaring properties for taxation and other objectives was not a novel concept in Egyp... more The act of declaring properties for taxation and other objectives was not a novel concept in Egypt prior to the ascension of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Nevertheless, the Ptolemies developed this practice and broadened its scope to encompass nearly all aspects of life during their reign. The process of registering properties was overseen by the state officials through the anagraphai, while individuals were mandated to submit their own declarations, known as apographai. This paper specifically focuses on the property declarations known as apographai.
The document I publish in this article is an official letter from a certain Apollonios, probably ... more The document I publish in this article is an official letter from a certain Apollonios, probably a tax farmer, to a Poseidonios who was presumably a τραπεζίτης; the latter is ordered to receive from Psenesis son of Pasis 172 copper drachmas and 3 obols . The order was issued according to a διαγραφή from Spartakos, the ἐπιμελητής. The exact reason for this payment is not mentioned.
a declaration, ἀπογραφή, of uninundated land.
El-Maghrabi M./Römer C. (eds.) More Texts from the ... more a declaration, ἀπογραφή, of uninundated land. El-Maghrabi M./Römer C. (eds.) More Texts from the Archive of Socrates, Papyri from House 17, Level B, and Other Locations in Karanis (P. Cair. Mich. III), Berlin, 2021, 103-108.
El-Maghrabi M./Römer C. (eds.) More Texts from the Archive of Socrates, Papyri from House 17, Level B, and Other Locations in Karanis (P. Cair. Mich. III), Berlin, 2021, 143-148., 2021
The talk discusses the functions of the hypodioiketes, the number of the active hypodioiketai at ... more The talk discusses the functions of the hypodioiketes, the number of the active hypodioiketai at the same time, and the problematic question of the presence of one central dioiketes and provincial ones, and the impact of that on the question of the number of the active hypodioiketai.
A presentation that was given at the international conference 'Archaeology and Astronomy in Anc... more A presentation that was given at the international conference 'Archaeology and Astronomy in Ancient Civilizations,' 11-12 Feb 2024, Al-Azhar University and The Center for Papyrological Studies and Inscriptions, Ain Shams University.
محاضرة تم تقديمها في سيمنار "منتدي الدراسات الكلاسيكية في مصر والعالم العربي" الموسم الرابع، المح... more محاضرة تم تقديمها في سيمنار "منتدي الدراسات الكلاسيكية في مصر والعالم العربي" الموسم الرابع، المحاضرة الخامسة. فيديو المحاضرة موجود على اللينك الآتي: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJEFKUP4Rjo
This study examines the roles of the so-called ἐπακολουθοῦντες in the Ptolemaic administration, p... more This study examines the roles of the so-called ἐπακολουθοῦντες in the Ptolemaic administration, particularly their oversight of handling public funds. The term ἐπακολουθῶν lacks a clear definition, raising questions about whether it denotes a distinct job title or signifies a supervisory role on specific occasions. The paper aims to clarify the duties of the epakolouthountes and ascertain whether they held formal positions or functioned in supervisory capacities. Furthermore, it evaluates their numerical prevalence over the three centuries of the Ptolemaic rule.
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (ZPE), 2024
The document is a measuring order from the second century B.C., issued by a Theodoros (oikonomos)... more The document is a measuring order from the second century B.C., issued by a Theodoros (oikonomos) to a Semtheus (a sitologos) to measure an amount of something, potentially grain, for the crews of the ships escorting Amyntas, the agent of an official, whose name cannot be restored with certainty but who may have been Teres, the well-known στρατηγός of the Heracleopolites.
Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University , 2024
This article seeks to explore the roles assigned to the phrourarchoi and the military units known... more This article seeks to explore the roles assigned to the phrourarchoi and the military units known as phrourarchiai in Ptolemaic Egypt, based on the archive of the phrourarchos Dioskourides (154-145 B.C.) as a primary source. Despite the
military role of the phrourarchiai, the archive documents reveal that the phrourarchoi also had civil functions alongside their military responsibilities.
The article aims to answer the following questions: Why were these military units established? When were the phrourarchia established in Herakleopolis and why? What were the ethnicities that formed the principal components of these military units?
The article reveals the role of external threats – primarily represented by Ptolemaic-Selucid hostility – as well as internal threats – represented by Egyptian rebellions following the victory at the Battle of Rafia – in the establishment of phrourarchiai by
the Ptolemaic kings in strategically significant
locations within their kingdom, including the region of Herakleopolis. The article further discloses that Greeks, Jews, and Egyptians served as soldiers in these phrourarchiai, based on both direct and indirect evidence. The primary objective of the present paper is to comprehend the role and responsibilities of the phrourarchos and the position of the phrourarchia in the military structure of the Ptolemies, based on the documentation of Dioskourides, the phrourarchos.
The paper centres on two primary inquiries concerning enslaved individuals in Ptolemaic Egypt, ut... more The paper centres on two primary inquiries concerning enslaved individuals in Ptolemaic Egypt, utilising the Zenon archive as a case study: Firstly, what were the sources of enslaved individuals during the Ptolemaic period, as investigated using the Zenon archive? Secondly, what insights can be drawn from the names of enslaved individuals documented within the archive? The paper will employ a mixed-methods approach for an analysis of the documents related to slavery in the Zenon archive. Both quantitative and qualitative methods will be utilised to answer the research questions. The quantitative analysis will involve the compilation and analysis of data related to the origins of enslaved individuals, such as their geographic origins and the ways through which they were enslaved. Meanwhile, quantitative and qualitative will involve a detailed examination of the names of enslaved individuals documented within the archive.
The text is the 6th report of a real estate declaration of a Ptolemaic date that we have so far. ... more The text is the 6th report of a real estate declaration of a Ptolemaic date that we have so far. The document refers to something (= a declaration?) that had been submitted to Kallikrates, the οἰκονόμος, and Imouthes, the βασιλικὸς γραμματεύς, on the 22nd of Phaophi of a year of an unspecified Ptolemaic king.
The act of declaring properties for taxation and other objectives was not a novel concept in Egyp... more The act of declaring properties for taxation and other objectives was not a novel concept in Egypt prior to the ascension of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Nevertheless, the Ptolemies developed this practice and broadened its scope to encompass nearly all aspects of life during their reign. The process of registering properties was overseen by the state officials through the anagraphai, while individuals were mandated to submit their own declarations, known as apographai. This paper specifically focuses on the property declarations known as apographai.
The document I publish in this article is an official letter from a certain Apollonios, probably ... more The document I publish in this article is an official letter from a certain Apollonios, probably a tax farmer, to a Poseidonios who was presumably a τραπεζίτης; the latter is ordered to receive from Psenesis son of Pasis 172 copper drachmas and 3 obols . The order was issued according to a διαγραφή from Spartakos, the ἐπιμελητής. The exact reason for this payment is not mentioned.
a declaration, ἀπογραφή, of uninundated land.
El-Maghrabi M./Römer C. (eds.) More Texts from the ... more a declaration, ἀπογραφή, of uninundated land. El-Maghrabi M./Römer C. (eds.) More Texts from the Archive of Socrates, Papyri from House 17, Level B, and Other Locations in Karanis (P. Cair. Mich. III), Berlin, 2021, 103-108.
El-Maghrabi M./Römer C. (eds.) More Texts from the Archive of Socrates, Papyri from House 17, Level B, and Other Locations in Karanis (P. Cair. Mich. III), Berlin, 2021, 143-148., 2021
The talk discusses the functions of the hypodioiketes, the number of the active hypodioiketai at ... more The talk discusses the functions of the hypodioiketes, the number of the active hypodioiketai at the same time, and the problematic question of the presence of one central dioiketes and provincial ones, and the impact of that on the question of the number of the active hypodioiketai.
A presentation that was given at the international conference 'Archaeology and Astronomy in Anc... more A presentation that was given at the international conference 'Archaeology and Astronomy in Ancient Civilizations,' 11-12 Feb 2024, Al-Azhar University and The Center for Papyrological Studies and Inscriptions, Ain Shams University.
محاضرة تم تقديمها في سيمنار "منتدي الدراسات الكلاسيكية في مصر والعالم العربي" الموسم الرابع، المح... more محاضرة تم تقديمها في سيمنار "منتدي الدراسات الكلاسيكية في مصر والعالم العربي" الموسم الرابع، المحاضرة الخامسة. فيديو المحاضرة موجود على اللينك الآتي: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJEFKUP4Rjo
In this book, the intricate administrative apparatus of Ptolemaic Egypt comes to light. The study... more In this book, the intricate administrative apparatus of Ptolemaic Egypt comes to light. The study delves deeply into the pivotal roles of the epimeletes, a signi cant administrative o cial operating at the nome level. This o cial was tasked with supervising a diverse array of functions that held paramount importance in ensuring the nancial stability and control of the Ptolemaic state. Throughout the book's six chapters and four appendices, the evolution of the epimeletes' responsibilities, and the relationships with other o cials are meticulously analysed. Throughout the book, readers are taken on a journey through the third and second centuries B.C., witnessing the epimeletes' involvement in agricultural matters, taxation, monopolies, and more. The book highlights the intricate relationships the epimeletes maintained with various administrative tiers, military o cials, and police authorities, shedding light on the collaborative nature of Ptolemaic governance.
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Heracleopolites.
military role of the phrourarchiai, the archive documents reveal that the phrourarchoi also had civil functions alongside their military responsibilities.
The article aims to answer the following questions: Why were these military units established? When were the phrourarchia established in Herakleopolis and why? What were the ethnicities that formed the principal components of these military units?
The article reveals the role of external threats – primarily represented by Ptolemaic-Selucid hostility – as well as internal threats – represented by Egyptian rebellions following the victory at the Battle of Rafia – in the establishment of phrourarchiai by
the Ptolemaic kings in strategically significant
locations within their kingdom, including the region of Herakleopolis. The article further discloses that Greeks, Jews, and Egyptians served as soldiers in these phrourarchiai, based on both direct and indirect evidence. The primary objective of the present paper is to comprehend the role and responsibilities of the phrourarchos and the position of the phrourarchia in the military structure of the Ptolemies, based on the documentation of Dioskourides, the phrourarchos.
El-Maghrabi M./Römer C. (eds.) More Texts from the Archive of Socrates, Papyri from House 17, Level B, and Other Locations in Karanis (P. Cair. Mich. III), Berlin, 2021, 103-108.
Heracleopolites.
military role of the phrourarchiai, the archive documents reveal that the phrourarchoi also had civil functions alongside their military responsibilities.
The article aims to answer the following questions: Why were these military units established? When were the phrourarchia established in Herakleopolis and why? What were the ethnicities that formed the principal components of these military units?
The article reveals the role of external threats – primarily represented by Ptolemaic-Selucid hostility – as well as internal threats – represented by Egyptian rebellions following the victory at the Battle of Rafia – in the establishment of phrourarchiai by
the Ptolemaic kings in strategically significant
locations within their kingdom, including the region of Herakleopolis. The article further discloses that Greeks, Jews, and Egyptians served as soldiers in these phrourarchiai, based on both direct and indirect evidence. The primary objective of the present paper is to comprehend the role and responsibilities of the phrourarchos and the position of the phrourarchia in the military structure of the Ptolemies, based on the documentation of Dioskourides, the phrourarchos.
El-Maghrabi M./Römer C. (eds.) More Texts from the Archive of Socrates, Papyri from House 17, Level B, and Other Locations in Karanis (P. Cair. Mich. III), Berlin, 2021, 103-108.