Iceland

Iceland (Icelandic: Ísland; [ˈistlant] (listen)) is an island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic, between Greenland and Norway, formerly a possession of Denmark. It is culturally considered to be part of Europe. Iceland is 301 kilometers east of Greenland and 1001 kilometers west of Norway. There are about 329,100 people who live in Iceland. Iceland has an area of 103,000 km².

Iceland Ísland
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Lofsöngur" ("Hymn")
Capital and largest city	Reykjavík 64°08′N 21°56′W
Official languages	Icelandic
Recognized languages	English Nordic languages
Ethnic groups (2018)	89% Icelandic 5% Polish 1% Lithuanians 5% Other
Religion (2020)	75.1% Christianity —63.5% Church of Iceland —7.6% Other Protestant —4.0% Roman Catholic 21.5% No religion 1.3% Ásatrúarfélagið 2.1% Other
Demonym(s)	Icelander Icelandic
Government	Unitary parliamentary republic
• President	Halla Tómasdóttir
• Prime Minister	Bjarni Benediktsson
• President of Parliament	Birgir Ármannsson
• President of Supreme Court	Benedikt Bogason
Legislature	Althing
Formation
• Settlement	9th century
• Commonwealth Founding of the Althing	930–1262
• Union with Norway Signing of the Old Covenant	1262–1397
• Kalmar Union	1397–1523
• Denmark–Norway	1523–1814
• Treaty of Kiel Ceded to Denmark	14 January 1814
• Constitution and limited home rule Minister for Iceland appointed	5 January 1874
• Extended home rule	1 February 1904
• Sovereignty Danish–Icelandic Act of Union	1 December 1918
• Republic	17 June 1944
• EFTA accession	3 May 1960
Area
• Total	102,775 km2 (39,682 sq mi) (106th)
• Water (%)	2.07 (as of 2015)
Population
• 2020 estimate	364,134 (179th)
• 2024 census	399,189
• Density	3.6/km2 (9.3/sq mi) (240th)
GDP (PPP)	2020 estimate
• Total	$19.8 billion (142nd)
• Per capita	$54,482 (16th)
GDP (nominal)	2020 estimate
• Total	$20.8 billion
• Per capita	$57,189 (5th)
Gini (2016)	24.1 low · 2nd
HDI (2019)	0.949 very high · 4th
Currency	Icelandic króna (ISK)
Time zone	UTC (GMT/WET)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side	right
Calling code	+354
ISO 3166 code	IS
Internet TLD	.is

Iceland covers its own Arctic island in the Arctic Ocean. It is north of Ireland, east of Greenland, west of Norway, northwest of the United Kingdom, northeast of Canada and southwest of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Unlike Greenland, Iceland is part of Europe and not North America.

History

The first people who lived on Iceland are thought to have been Irish monks. They came to Iceland around the year 800.

Iceland became a Christian nation in the year 1000 CE, when Christianity became the religion by law. In Icelandic, this event is known as the kristnitaka literally, "the taking of Christianity".

In the 9th century, Norsemen went to live in Iceland. The first Norseman who lived in Iceland was Flóki Vilgerðarson. He was also the one who gave Iceland its name. Ingólfur Arnarsons was the first permanent settler on the island. This chieftain from Norway went to live in South West Iceland and founded the city of Reykjavík.

In 930, the Icelandic rulers wrote a constitution. They created the Althing, a kind of parliament in a place called Þingvellir. Therefore, Iceland is the oldest existing republic.

In 985, Erik the Red was sent away from the island because he had killed someone. He sailed to the west and discovered Greenland. Eric's son Leif Ericson discovered America in the year 1000. He called it Vinland. The voyages of Eric, Leif and others were written down in the sagas (long stories).

A map of Iceland published in the early 17th century

In 1262, Iceland became part of Norway. This lasted for 400 years. In 1662, it became part of Denmark. In the 19th century, many Icelandic's wanted to be independent from Denmark. In 1918, Iceland got many powers of its own, but the king of Denmark was still king of Iceland.

When Germany took over Denmark on April 9 1940, the Althing decided that Icelandic’s should rule the country themselves, but they did not declare independence yet. British and later American soldiers occupied Iceland to prevent it from being attacked by the Germans. In 1944, Iceland finally became fully independent.

After World War II, Iceland became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), but not of the European Union. Between 1958 and 1976, there were three debates between Iceland and the United Kingdom about the rights to catch codfish. They were called the Cod Wars.

In 1980, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir was elected president of Iceland. She was the first woman ever to be elected president of a country.

In 2016, Guðni Th. Jóhannesson become president of Iceland. In 2024, Halla Tómasdóttir was elected as the second female president of the country.

Politics

Iceland has a multi-party system. Since the 2013 election, the center-right Independence Party and Progressive Party are the biggest political parties in Iceland. Other powerful parties in Iceland include the center-left Social Democratic Alliance and Left-Green Movement. See also: List of political parties in Iceland.

Iceland is a representative democracy and a parliamentary republic. Iceland has a president (Guðni Th. Jóhannesson) and a prime minister (Katrín Jakobsdóttir). The parliament, Althing, has 63 members and each member can only be in there for four years. The president is elected by Icelanders, and is in government for four years. The president can be elected an unlimited amount of times.

Iceland has no standing army. The United States Air Force had a base near Reykjanesbær, but they left in 2006. Since 2008, NATO nations have occasionally had their air force patrol Iceland. This was requested by the Icelandic government.

Divisions

Iceland is divided into 8 regions, 6 constituencies and 74 municipalities (since 2013). The regions are mainly used for statistics. The constituencies are used for selecting politicians who will represent them in parliament. Lastly, the municipalities give services to the people that live there. These services include education, waste management, public transportation, and so on.

Before 2003, the constituencies were the same as regions, but this was changed because it meant that a vote in Reykjavik meant less than one in a rural area. Even though this was addressed, the problem still exists.

• 
  Regions of Iceland
• 
  Constituencies of Iceland
• 
  Municipalities of Iceland

Economy

Fishing and fish processing is the main economic activity in Iceland. Despite effort to diversify, particularly into the travel industry, seafood exports continue to account for nearly three-quarters of merchandise exports and approximately half of all foreign exchange earnings.

Geothermal Energy produces the vast majority of Electrical Power consumed on Iceland, due chiefly to the island's position atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and exhibits plentiful hot water reservoirs and geysers. This has the effect of drastically reducing the price of electricity in Iceland, and has attracted several energy-intensive industries.

Aluminum Smelting (The reduction of Aluminum ores to Aluminum metal) is the largest energy-intensive manufacturing sector in Iceland, and the country produced over 800,000 Metric Tonnes per Year in 2013, making it the 10th largest producer of Aluminum metal worldwide.

Geography

Three types of landscapes in Iceland.

Iceland sits on a rift between two tectonic plates. No surprise then that Iceland is very geologically active.

There are large amounts of rain and snow caused by the warm waters of the gulf stream current which flows toward it. Many interesting and unusual geographic features which make it different from any other island.

Some of these features are Iceland's numerous mountains, volcanoes, hot springs, rivers, small lakes, waterfalls, glaciers, and geysers. The word geyser is, in fact, derived from Geysir, the name of a particularly famous geyser on the southern side of the island. Glaciers cover about 11% of the island and the largest, Vatnajökull, is up to 1 km thick and, by far, the largest glacier in Europe.

Iceland, though a European country, sits partly in North America since it straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which marks the boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates. The ridge runs right through the populated Reykjavik and Thingvellir historic areas. The tectonic activity of these plates separating is the source of the abundant geothermal energy in the region.

Towns and cities

See the main article: List of settlements in Iceland

Reykjavik.

Reykjavík is the capital city of Iceland. Reykjavík is also the most important port in Iceland. Other important towns in Iceland are Akureyri, Kópavogur, Hafnarfjörður, Keflavík, Seyðisfjörður and Vestmannaeyjar.

People

If you see a group of Icelanders together, one thing will immediately strike you. They all look rather similar. This impression is even stronger if you see an age-group of children together. And, they are indeed genetically more similar than any other group in any other European country. The reason is that they had a small founding population, and a very modest rate of immigration after that.

This is a problem which their government is well aware of. Why should it be a problem? Because it increases the risk that a viral infection could sweep through the whole population. So they have a very good health service which is entirely funded by the government. It is a world without Down's syndrome. Why? Because all pregnant women are tested, and any fetus with a serious genetic defect is aborted.

The people in Iceland are mostly of Scandinavian origin. The language they speak is Icelandic. The language has not changed much in 1,000 years, so Icelanders are still able to read the sagas about the Vikings without many problems. Most people in Iceland are Christian. Most of them are Lutheran.

Icelandic people are considered to be the happiest people on Earth. Iceland has the highest birth rate in Europe, highest divorce rate and the highest percentage of women working outside their home.

Names

There are no real surnames on Iceland. Children get the first name of their father (sometimes mother) with -s+son if it's a boy, and -s+dóttir if it's a girl. For example, a man named Jón Stefánsson has a son named Fjalar. Fjalar's last name will not be Stefánsson like his father's, it will become Fjalar Jónsson. The same goes for women. Jón Stefánsson's daughter Kata would not have the last name Stefánsson, she would have the name Jónsdóttir. In most countries people use to call other people by their surname, but in Iceland people call other people by their first name. So when people talk about Halldór Ásgrímsson they do not call him Ásgrímsson, but Halldór.

Other websites

• "Iceland". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
• Iceland at the Open Directory Project
• Wikimedia Atlas of Iceland