Kyrgyz people
The Kyrgyz people are a Turkic ethnic people native to Kyrgyztan, Uzbekistan, China, Pakistan and Afghanistan. They also live in Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey. Most of them are Sunni Muslims. They speak the Kyrgyz language.
кыргыздар, kırgızdar, قیرغیزدار | |
|---|---|
 A young Kyrgyz kid with traditional hat, near Karakul, Xinjiang. | |
| Total population | |
| c. 5 million[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Kyrgyzstan | |
| 4,587,430 | |
 Uzbekistan | 250,000 |
 China | 202,500 |
 Russia | 103,422 |
 Tajikistan | 62,000 |
 Kazakhstan | 23,274 |
 United States | 6,607 |
 South Korea | 5,100 |
 United Arab Emirates | 4,000 |
 Pakistan | 2,000 |
 Israel | 2,000 |
 Turkey | 1,600 |
 Turkmenistan | 1,500 |
 Afghanistan | 1,130 |
 Ukraine | 1,128 |
 Canada | 1,100 |
 Italy | 900 |
| Languages | |
| Kyrgyz, Russian, Chinese | |
| Religion | |
Predominantly Sunni Islam[2][3]
| |
^a At the 2009 census, ethnic Kyrgyz constituted roughly 71% of population of Kyrgyzstan (5.36 million). | |
What does their name mean
changeIt comes from the Turkic word kyrk which means "forty". Kyrgyz means "a collection of forty tribes".[8]
It also means "imperishable", "inextinguishable" and "immortal".[source?]
The hero Manas unified 40 tribes against the Khitans. The History of Yuan (written 1370) says there were 40 women born on a steppe.[9]
Their name is also spelt Kirgiz (in China).[10] In Kyrgyz, it is кыргыз / قىرعىز.
Where are they from
change
They come from Southern Siberia since at least 201 BC.[11] They descend from the Yenisei Kyrgyz. The Yenisei Kyrgyz lived in the upper Yenisey River valley, central Siberia. The earliest Kyrgyz were also related to the Sakas (Scythians), Wusun, Dingling, Mongols and Xiongnu.[12]
History
changeThey first appear in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian (109 - 91 BC, Han dynasty, China). They were called Gekun (鬲昆, 隔昆) or Jiankun (堅昆).
During the 2nd century the Yenisei Kyrgyz were part of the Xiongnu (Huns), Tiele, Rouran, and Xianbei. Later between the 5 - 10 c, the Yenisei Kyrgyz were part of the Göktürk and Uyghur Khaganates.
In 840, the Kyrgyz allied with the Tang dynasty to defeat the Uyghur Khaganate (Mongolia). The Kyrgyz qaghan (king) killed the Uyghur qaghan and rescued Princess Taihe. They moved to Jeti-su and spread south to the Tian Shan mountains and Xinjiang. The Kyrgyz then lived peacefully around Central Asia and Xinjiang, as vassals to the Tang.[13][14]
The Tanghuiyao (8–10 c) called them Tsze-gu (Kirgut) and Xiajiasi. According to Tang records Xiajia could mean "yellow head and red face". That's what the Uyghurs called the Kyrgyz.[15] Their tamga (tribe symbol) is identical to the modern day Kyrgyz tamga.[16]
In the 10 - 12 c, the Kara-Khanid and then Western Liao invaded the area. In the 13th century the Mongol Empire unified everybody. Genghis Khan's first son Jochi occupied Kyrgyzstan.
They were part of the Chagatai Khanate and ruled by other Turkic people. In 1685 the Oirat (Dzungar, Mongolic) ruled them.
Russia then took over, Modern Kyrgyzstan declared independence in 1991.
By the 16th century they lived in Siberia, Xinjiang, Tian Shan, Pamir-Alay, Middle Asia, Urals, Kazakhstan, etc.[17] In China, the term Kyrgyz also refers to the oldest Turkic tribes that lived there (the Tiele and Yeniseian Kyrgyz).[18]
Genes: they look East Asian
changeGenetic shows that Kyrgyz have mostly East Eurasian. In Tajikstan, East Eurasian ancestry is one half to two-thirds.[19]
During the Tang Dynasty, they were described with "red hair and green eyes", while those with dark hair and dark eyes descended from the Chinese.[15]
The Kyrgyz were fair-skinned, green- or blue-eyed and red-haired people with East Asian features.[20][21][22][23]
Religion
changeNowadays Kyrgyz are mostly Muslims of the Hanafi Sunni school.[24] But they were originally shamanist. Arab traders travelled along the Silk Road and arrived by the 8th century. But the Kyrgyz were not immediately converted. The Persian text Hudud al-'alam, said that the Kyrgyz "venerate the Fire and burn the dead".[25]
Islam spread during the Mongol empire and following Chagatai Khanate. By the 18th century the Kyrgyz were converted by the Khanate of Kokand (a vassal of the Qing dynasty). Some Kyrgyz-Chinese practice Tibetan Buddhism.[26][27][28][29]
Chinese-Kyrgyz
changeThe Kyrgyz-Chinese are one of the 56 ethnic groups of China. There are more than 145,000 Kyrgyz living in China. They are known as Kē'ěrkèzī zú (Chinese: 柯尔克孜族).[30] They live mainly in Xinjiang.[31]
In the 19th century, the Russians conquered Kyrgyz land and drove many to China.[32] The Kyrgyz had a better life in China than in Russia. The Russians fought against the Muslim nomadic Kyrgyz. But because there were so many Chinese-Kyrgyz, the Russians stopped because they did not want to fight against the Chinese. The Muslim Kyrgyz were sure that in any upcoming conflict, China would defeat Russia.[33]
Some are called the "Fuyu Kyrgyz". They are Yenisei Kirghiz (Khakas people) people. In the 17th c, the Dzungar khanate moved them from the Yenisei river to Dzungaria. In the 18th c, the Qing dynasty then defeated Dzungaria and moved them to Manchuria. They now live in Wujiazi Village, Fuyu County, Heilongjiang. Their language is related to the Khakas language (the Fuyü Gïrgïs dialect).[34]
Language
changeThey speak a Turkic language. It used to be written in Turkic old script. In Kyrgyzstan, it is written with the Cyrillic alphabet. In China, Pakistan and Afghanistan it is written with an Arabic script. President Atambaev of Kyrgyzstan said switching from Cyrillic to Latin (like Kazakhstan had) may hurt communication with Kyrgyz people in Russia.[35] A different dialect of Kyrgyz called the Pamiri Kyrgyz dialect is spoken by the Kyrgyz people in Pakistan and Afghanistan. They call it "Kara Kyrgyz".[36]
Sources
change- ↑ "Kyrgyzstan Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)".
- ↑ West, Barbara A., p. 440
- ↑ Mitchell, Laurence, pp. 23–24
- ↑ Mitchell, Laurence, p. 25
- ↑ West, Barbara A., p. 441
- ↑ Mitchell, Laurence, p. 24
- ↑ Kyrgyz Religious Hatred Trial Throws Spotlight On Ancient Creed
- ↑ Pulleyblank 1990, p.108.
- ↑ Zuev, Yu.A., Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuyao" of 8–10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 103 (in Russian)
- ↑ GB3304-91 中国各民族名称的罗马字母拼写法和代码 Archived 2010-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "U.S. State Dept". U.S. State Dept. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ↑ Abramzon S.M., p. 30
- ↑ Veit, Veronika (2007). Veronika Veit (ed.). The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001. Vol. 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-447-05537-6. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- ↑ Drompp, Michael Robert (2005). Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126. ISBN 978-90-04-14129-2. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Rachel Lung, Rachel (2011). Interpreters in Early Imperial China. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 108. ISBN 978-90-272-2444-6. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
During the reign period of Kaiyuan of [emperor] Xuanzong, Ge Jiayun, composed A Record of the Western Regions, in which he said "the people of the Jiankun state all have red hair and green eyes. The ones with dark eyes were descendants of [the Chinese general] Li Ling [who was captured by the Xiongnu]...of Tiele tribe and called themselves Hegu.
- ↑ Abramzon S.M. The Kirgiz and their ethnogenetical historical and cultural connections, Moscow, 1971, p. 45
- ↑ Abramzon S.M., p. 31
- ↑ Abramzon S.M., pp. 80–81
- ↑ Martínez-Cruz, B; Vitalis, R; Ségurel, L; Austerlitz, F; Georges, M; Théry, S; Quintana-Murci, L; Hegay, T; Aldashev, A (2011). "In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations". Eur J Hum Genet. 19 (2): 216–23. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.153. PMC 3025785. PMID 20823912.
- ↑ Mitchell, Laurence (2008). Kyrgyzstan: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84162-221-7.
- ↑ Findley, Carter Vaughn (2004). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-19-803939-6.
- ↑ Ocak, Murat (2002). The Turks: Early ages. Yeni Türkiye. pp. 244–249. ISBN 9789756782569.
- ↑ Eickstedt, Egon von (1934). Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit. F. Enke. p. 264.
- ↑ "Kyrgyz Republic". International Religious Freedom Report 2010. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2010-11-23.
- ↑ Levi, Scott Cameron; Sela, Ron (2010). "Chapter 4, Discourse on the Qïrghïz Country". Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources. Indiana University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-253-35385-6.
- ↑ 柯尔克孜族. China.com.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
- ↑ Kokaisl, Petr; Kokaislova, Pavla (2009). The Kyrgyz – Children of Manas. Кыргыздар – Манастын балдары. NOSTALGIE Praha. p. 4. ISBN 978-80-254-6365-9.
- ↑ Kokaisl, Petr; Kokaislova, Pavla (2009). The Kyrgyz – Children of Manas. Кыргыздар – Манастын балдары. NOSTALGIE Praha. pp. 185–188. ISBN 978-80-254-6365-9.
- ↑ Kokaisl, Petr; Kokaislova, Pavla (2009). The Kyrgyz – Children of Manas. Кыргыздар – Манастын балдары. NOSTALGIE Praha. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-80-254-6365-9.
- ↑ Bolick, Hsi Chu. "LibGuides: Chinese Ethnic Groups: Overview Statistics". guides.lib.unc.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
- ↑ Kokaisl, Petr; Kokaislova, Pavla (2009). The Kyrgyz – Children of Manas. Кыргыздар – Манастын балдары. NOSTALGIE Praha. pp. 173–191. ISBN 978-80-254-6365-9.
- ↑ Alexander Douglas Mitchell Carruthers, Jack Humphrey Miller (1914). Unknown Mongolia: a record of travel and exploration in north-west Mongolia and Dzungaria, Volume 2. Lippincott. p. 345. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ↑ Alex Marshall, Alex (22 November 2006). The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1860–1917. Routledge. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-1-134-25379-1.
- ↑ Coene, Frederik (2009-10-16). The Caucasus - An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-20302-3.
- ↑ "Atambaev Expresses Doubts Regarding Switch To Latin Alphabet". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
- ↑ Bliss, Frank (2006-05-02). Social and Economic Change in the Pamirs (Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan): Translated from German by Nicola Pacult and Sonia Guss with Support of Tim Sharp. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-39617-7.