In studies of sensory contributions to motor control, it may be advantageous to temporarily reduc... more In studies of sensory contributions to motor control, it may be advantageous to temporarily reduce the sensitivity of specific sensory systems. This article details a method for non-invasively inducing cutaneous anesthesia, leaving proprioceptive and motor functions intact. This method, called alternating-pulse iontophoresis, differs from conventional direct-current (DC) iontophoretic drug delivery in that adjacent drug delivery electrodes are stimulated out-of-phase. The total current delivered at any instant is then less than that produced during a comparable DC application, while the uniformity of drug delivery is expected to improve. Effective delivery of local anesthetics to the cutaneous foot soles by alternating-pulse iontophoresis was demonstrated using cutaneous pressure sensory threshold levels (STL's) assessed with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (arbitrary units of perceived force, or a.u.). Thirteen of 16 healthy subjects achieved a level of anesthesia greater than or equal to that normally associated with clinical peripheral sensory neuropathy. Average STL's measured prior to the anesthesia procedure were 4.00 a.u. ( approximately 10 mN). Immediately following the procedure, STL's were elevated to an average of 5.40 a.u. ( approximately 246 mN) and averaged 4.97 a.u. ( approximately 92 mN) after 50 min of standing. A number of research and clinical applications for this technique are suggested.
Applications of fast fourier transform (FFT) in noninvasive physiological measurements in sport s... more Applications of fast fourier transform (FFT) in noninvasive physiological measurements in sport science.
BackgroundMounting evidence suggests that wearable technologies using peripheral neuromodulation ... more BackgroundMounting evidence suggests that wearable technologies using peripheral neuromodulation can provide novel ways of improving mobility and gait function in various patient populations including older adults. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an overview of wearable technologies/devices to improve mobility and gait function through noninvasive peripheral neuromodulation in older adults over the age of 65 and to indicate the suggested mechanism of action behind these technologies.MethodsWe performed searches for articles and conference abstracts written in English, using the following databases: Embase Classic+Embase from 1947 to July 15, 2021; Ovid MEDLINE; Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process, In-Data-Review & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Daily and Versions from 1946 to July 15, 2021; PubMed; and Scopus.ResultsForty-one technologies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. We found that the primary implementation of the 41 technologies can be divided into 3 main categories: sensory substitution, sensory augmentation (open loop, closed loop), and motor stimulation. Using these technologies, various aspects of mobility are treated or addressed, including, gait function, fall risk, foot drop, navigating environment, and postural control.ConclusionsThis narrative review summarizes wearable technologies that are currently commercially available and in stages of research and development. Overall, studies suggest that wearable peripheral neuromodulation technologies can improve aspects of mobility for older adults. Existing literature suggests that these technologies may lead to physiological changes in the brain through sensory reweighting or other neuroplastic mechanisms to enhance the performance of mobility and gait function in older adults over the age of 65.
INTRODUCTION The predominanLly rasttwitch gastrocnemius and the slower soleus muscle act in syner... more INTRODUCTION The predominanLly rasttwitch gastrocnemius and the slower soleus muscle act in synergy around the ankle joint. These two muscles represent the final link in the kinematic chain for producing work around this joint during a jump. During one legged jumping it has been suggested that the biarticular gastrocnemius muscle is responsible for some 25% of the total work done around the ankle in the push-off phase (Bobbert et al. 1988). In earlier studies. a preferential involvement of soleus was seen in postural tasks with an increase in activation of gastrocnemius with increasing demands of force and speed in tasks such as hopping and running (Moritani et al. 1991a & b). This task specific activation of soleus and gastrocne mius was demonstrated both at the muscular and spinal level through the use of electromyographical and H-reflex techniques, respectively (Moritani et al. 1990a). In another study, electromyographic evidence of selective fatigue during the eccentric phase ...
Interdisciplinary settings have been highlighted for creative user-close development of products ... more Interdisciplinary settings have been highlighted for creative user-close development of products and services. Similarly, user involvement in the actual design process has been presented as a way to make attractive products that will earn market shares. But will an interdisciplinary setting in itself generate the beneficial spin-offs we expect? Will including the end-user on the development team ensure better products that are more successful on the market? A study has been set up to create a work model for Clinical Innovation Teams (CIT) at the Sister Kenny Research Center in Minneapolis, MN, to facilitate the research and development process, and provide guidance to work in a creative and innovative way around rehabilitation technology development. The CITs consist of clinicians, such as nurses, occupational therapists, physical therapists, physicians, engineers and engineering students, and in some cases patients. The CITs combine the interdisciplinary setting and end-user involv...
In studies of sensory contributions to motor control, it may be advantageous to temporarily reduc... more In studies of sensory contributions to motor control, it may be advantageous to temporarily reduce the sensitivity of specific sensory systems. This article details a method for non-invasively inducing cutaneous anesthesia, leaving proprioceptive and motor functions intact. This method, called alternating-pulse iontophoresis, differs from conventional direct-current (DC) iontophoretic drug delivery in that adjacent drug delivery electrodes are stimulated out-of-phase. The total current delivered at any instant is then less than that produced during a comparable DC application, while the uniformity of drug delivery is expected to improve. Effective delivery of local anesthetics to the cutaneous foot soles by alternating-pulse iontophoresis was demonstrated using cutaneous pressure sensory threshold levels (STL's) assessed with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (arbitrary units of perceived force, or a.u.). Thirteen of 16 healthy subjects achieved a level of anesthesia greater than or equal to that normally associated with clinical peripheral sensory neuropathy. Average STL's measured prior to the anesthesia procedure were 4.00 a.u. ( approximately 10 mN). Immediately following the procedure, STL's were elevated to an average of 5.40 a.u. ( approximately 246 mN) and averaged 4.97 a.u. ( approximately 92 mN) after 50 min of standing. A number of research and clinical applications for this technique are suggested.
Applications of fast fourier transform (FFT) in noninvasive physiological measurements in sport s... more Applications of fast fourier transform (FFT) in noninvasive physiological measurements in sport science.
BackgroundMounting evidence suggests that wearable technologies using peripheral neuromodulation ... more BackgroundMounting evidence suggests that wearable technologies using peripheral neuromodulation can provide novel ways of improving mobility and gait function in various patient populations including older adults. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an overview of wearable technologies/devices to improve mobility and gait function through noninvasive peripheral neuromodulation in older adults over the age of 65 and to indicate the suggested mechanism of action behind these technologies.MethodsWe performed searches for articles and conference abstracts written in English, using the following databases: Embase Classic+Embase from 1947 to July 15, 2021; Ovid MEDLINE; Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process, In-Data-Review & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Daily and Versions from 1946 to July 15, 2021; PubMed; and Scopus.ResultsForty-one technologies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. We found that the primary implementation of the 41 technologies can be divided into 3 main categories: sensory substitution, sensory augmentation (open loop, closed loop), and motor stimulation. Using these technologies, various aspects of mobility are treated or addressed, including, gait function, fall risk, foot drop, navigating environment, and postural control.ConclusionsThis narrative review summarizes wearable technologies that are currently commercially available and in stages of research and development. Overall, studies suggest that wearable peripheral neuromodulation technologies can improve aspects of mobility for older adults. Existing literature suggests that these technologies may lead to physiological changes in the brain through sensory reweighting or other neuroplastic mechanisms to enhance the performance of mobility and gait function in older adults over the age of 65.
INTRODUCTION The predominanLly rasttwitch gastrocnemius and the slower soleus muscle act in syner... more INTRODUCTION The predominanLly rasttwitch gastrocnemius and the slower soleus muscle act in synergy around the ankle joint. These two muscles represent the final link in the kinematic chain for producing work around this joint during a jump. During one legged jumping it has been suggested that the biarticular gastrocnemius muscle is responsible for some 25% of the total work done around the ankle in the push-off phase (Bobbert et al. 1988). In earlier studies. a preferential involvement of soleus was seen in postural tasks with an increase in activation of gastrocnemius with increasing demands of force and speed in tasks such as hopping and running (Moritani et al. 1991a & b). This task specific activation of soleus and gastrocne mius was demonstrated both at the muscular and spinal level through the use of electromyographical and H-reflex techniques, respectively (Moritani et al. 1990a). In another study, electromyographic evidence of selective fatigue during the eccentric phase ...
Interdisciplinary settings have been highlighted for creative user-close development of products ... more Interdisciplinary settings have been highlighted for creative user-close development of products and services. Similarly, user involvement in the actual design process has been presented as a way to make attractive products that will earn market shares. But will an interdisciplinary setting in itself generate the beneficial spin-offs we expect? Will including the end-user on the development team ensure better products that are more successful on the market? A study has been set up to create a work model for Clinical Innovation Teams (CIT) at the Sister Kenny Research Center in Minneapolis, MN, to facilitate the research and development process, and provide guidance to work in a creative and innovative way around rehabilitation technology development. The CITs consist of clinicians, such as nurses, occupational therapists, physical therapists, physicians, engineers and engineering students, and in some cases patients. The CITs combine the interdisciplinary setting and end-user involv...
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