The article based on new historical data analyses the discussion that took place in Russian Empir... more The article based on new historical data analyses the discussion that took place in Russian Empire at the turn of the XX c. The discussion was about the introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet to Muslim peoples. The author gives special attention to the Rules of Primary Education for Inorodtsy (Indigenous people) 1906 and the reasons that forced Russian government to review them. The author shows that a number of letters and wires demanding the revision of the Rules sent to the government from all over the country in reality were composed in Saint Petersburg by the most energetic Muslim public figures-including members of State Duma. By the example of these discussions about alphabet the author tries to prove that Russian government failed to devise common and circumspect policy towards «Muslim question», therefore it is incorrect to define Russian policy towards Muslim indigenous people in terms of «rusification» or «obrusenija».
Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы выявить характерную динамику в позитивной и негативной дискримин... more Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы выявить характерную динамику в позитивной и негативной дискриминации населения Памира со стороны российской, а позднее советской администрации, а также причины, обуславливавшие тот или другой подход к памирской этнической идентичности. В результате исследования сделаны выводы о том, что юридический и этнический статус населения Памира в значительной степени был обусловлен конкретными задачами имперской политики в Центральной Азии. Позитивная дискриминация была характерна для конца XIX века и, особенно, для начала ХХ века. Такая политика достигает своего пика в середине 1920-х гг. С середины 1930-х гг. республиканские власти Таджикской ССР переходят к политике негативной дискриминации и, в целом, получают молчаливое одобрение у центральных властей СССР. Однако в течение 1940-70-х гг. статус памирцев продолжает оставаться двойственным, что приводит к возобновлению дискуссии и попыткам изменить политику властей по отношению к ним в конце 1980-х гг.
Russian schools for indigenous population in Turkestan: in Search of “Obrusenie”
The article usi... more Russian schools for indigenous population in Turkestan: in Search of “Obrusenie”
The article using new archival documents deals with the process of creation and development of the Russian schools for indigenous population (Russko-tusemnye) in Turkestan at the end of XIX-beginning of XX century. The creation and functioning of such schools shows a number of characteristic traits of Russian colonial administration, that distinguish Russia from other European empires. "Russko-tusemnye" schools in Turkestan conceived as a tool of policy of "obrusenie", that is, they were ment to contribute to the rapprochement of local residents with Russian culture and consolidate the population on the basis of common citizenship. At the same time, in the early decades the Russian administration adhered to so-called policy of neglect towards Islam. Although formally Russian policy in the region towards Islam varied, the author tries to show that de facto, these changes were not felt and realized. This is especially true of Muslim education, which until the Revolution of 1917, remained without any administrative control. A similar situation developed in "native" classes of "Russko-tusemnye" schools. At the same time the Muslims of Russia at the turn of XIX-XX centuries actively involved in social and political life of the country and developed the movement of Jadidism. In terms of Turkestan, this led to the fact that "Russko-tusemnye" schools not only contributed to Russification (or Obrusenie), but, on the contrary, in some cases led to Turkization of local population.
The article deals with the Russian government policy towards Russian Muslims during the First Wor... more The article deals with the Russian government policy towards Russian Muslims during the First World War and the reaction of the later to this policy. Dealing with new historical sources, the article analyses the activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which primarily aimed at restraining pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism. Both ideologies were closely related and considered by Russian Government as one of the greatest menaces to the very existence of the Empire. However, the research shows that the Ministry of Internal Affairs tended to overestimate this threat and the involvement of Russian Muslims in those ideological movements was rather low during the World War I. Nevertheless, the attitude of Muslims towards the War and Russia as well dramatically changed within the period of 1914-1916.
УДК 325.45 В. Г. Соболев РОЛЬ И. И. ЗАРУБИНА В ПРОЦЕССАХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО РАЗМЕЖЕВАНИЯ В СРЕДНЕЙ АЗИ... more УДК 325.45 В. Г. Соболев РОЛЬ И. И. ЗАРУБИНА В ПРОЦЕССАХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО РАЗМЕЖЕВАНИЯ В СРЕДНЕЙ АЗИИ В 1920-е ГОДЫ В статье рассматривается роль известного российского ученого-ираниста И. И. Зарубина в процессах национального размежевания в Средней Азии. Зарубин проявил себя не только как исследователь, но и как администратор, непосредственно принимавший участие в управлении Памирским районом. Был Зарубин также и участником переписей населения в Средней Азии, которые оказали большое влияние на процесс становления наций в современных центральноазитаских республиках. Особое внимание автор обращает на два аспекта деятельности Зарубина. Первый связан с обособлением памирских народов и процессами конструирования национальных идентичностей на Памире. Данные начала ХХ в. сопоставляются с результатами современных полевых исследований, проведенных автором в 2014 г. Второй аспект связан с так называемой проблемой «сартов» и отношением к ней И. И. Зарубина. Опираясь на опубликованные Зарубиным сведения и сопоставляя их с мнением других ученых начала 1920-х годов, автор делает некоторые уточнения в отношении того, кто и как принимал решение о замене термина «сарт» термином «узбек». Библиогр. 28 назв.
The article based on new historical data analyses the discussion that took place in Russian Empir... more The article based on new historical data analyses the discussion that took place in Russian Empire at the turn of the XX c. The discussion was about the introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet to Muslim peoples. The author gives special attention to the Rules of Primary Education for Inorodtsy (Indigenous people) 1906 and the reasons that forced Russian government to review them. The author shows that a number of letters and wires demanding the revision of the Rules sent to the government from all over the country in reality were composed in Saint Petersburg by the most energetic Muslim public figures-including members of State Duma. By the example of these discussions about alphabet the author tries to prove that Russian government failed to devise common and circumspect policy towards «Muslim question», therefore it is incorrect to define Russian policy towards Muslim indigenous people in terms of «rusification» or «obrusenija».
Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы выявить характерную динамику в позитивной и негативной дискримин... more Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы выявить характерную динамику в позитивной и негативной дискриминации населения Памира со стороны российской, а позднее советской администрации, а также причины, обуславливавшие тот или другой подход к памирской этнической идентичности. В результате исследования сделаны выводы о том, что юридический и этнический статус населения Памира в значительной степени был обусловлен конкретными задачами имперской политики в Центральной Азии. Позитивная дискриминация была характерна для конца XIX века и, особенно, для начала ХХ века. Такая политика достигает своего пика в середине 1920-х гг. С середины 1930-х гг. республиканские власти Таджикской ССР переходят к политике негативной дискриминации и, в целом, получают молчаливое одобрение у центральных властей СССР. Однако в течение 1940-70-х гг. статус памирцев продолжает оставаться двойственным, что приводит к возобновлению дискуссии и попыткам изменить политику властей по отношению к ним в конце 1980-х гг.
Russian schools for indigenous population in Turkestan: in Search of “Obrusenie”
The article usi... more Russian schools for indigenous population in Turkestan: in Search of “Obrusenie”
The article using new archival documents deals with the process of creation and development of the Russian schools for indigenous population (Russko-tusemnye) in Turkestan at the end of XIX-beginning of XX century. The creation and functioning of such schools shows a number of characteristic traits of Russian colonial administration, that distinguish Russia from other European empires. "Russko-tusemnye" schools in Turkestan conceived as a tool of policy of "obrusenie", that is, they were ment to contribute to the rapprochement of local residents with Russian culture and consolidate the population on the basis of common citizenship. At the same time, in the early decades the Russian administration adhered to so-called policy of neglect towards Islam. Although formally Russian policy in the region towards Islam varied, the author tries to show that de facto, these changes were not felt and realized. This is especially true of Muslim education, which until the Revolution of 1917, remained without any administrative control. A similar situation developed in "native" classes of "Russko-tusemnye" schools. At the same time the Muslims of Russia at the turn of XIX-XX centuries actively involved in social and political life of the country and developed the movement of Jadidism. In terms of Turkestan, this led to the fact that "Russko-tusemnye" schools not only contributed to Russification (or Obrusenie), but, on the contrary, in some cases led to Turkization of local population.
The article deals with the Russian government policy towards Russian Muslims during the First Wor... more The article deals with the Russian government policy towards Russian Muslims during the First World War and the reaction of the later to this policy. Dealing with new historical sources, the article analyses the activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which primarily aimed at restraining pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism. Both ideologies were closely related and considered by Russian Government as one of the greatest menaces to the very existence of the Empire. However, the research shows that the Ministry of Internal Affairs tended to overestimate this threat and the involvement of Russian Muslims in those ideological movements was rather low during the World War I. Nevertheless, the attitude of Muslims towards the War and Russia as well dramatically changed within the period of 1914-1916.
УДК 325.45 В. Г. Соболев РОЛЬ И. И. ЗАРУБИНА В ПРОЦЕССАХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО РАЗМЕЖЕВАНИЯ В СРЕДНЕЙ АЗИ... more УДК 325.45 В. Г. Соболев РОЛЬ И. И. ЗАРУБИНА В ПРОЦЕССАХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО РАЗМЕЖЕВАНИЯ В СРЕДНЕЙ АЗИИ В 1920-е ГОДЫ В статье рассматривается роль известного российского ученого-ираниста И. И. Зарубина в процессах национального размежевания в Средней Азии. Зарубин проявил себя не только как исследователь, но и как администратор, непосредственно принимавший участие в управлении Памирским районом. Был Зарубин также и участником переписей населения в Средней Азии, которые оказали большое влияние на процесс становления наций в современных центральноазитаских республиках. Особое внимание автор обращает на два аспекта деятельности Зарубина. Первый связан с обособлением памирских народов и процессами конструирования национальных идентичностей на Памире. Данные начала ХХ в. сопоставляются с результатами современных полевых исследований, проведенных автором в 2014 г. Второй аспект связан с так называемой проблемой «сартов» и отношением к ней И. И. Зарубина. Опираясь на опубликованные Зарубиным сведения и сопоставляя их с мнением других ученых начала 1920-х годов, автор делает некоторые уточнения в отношении того, кто и как принимал решение о замене термина «сарт» термином «узбек». Библиогр. 28 назв.
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The article using new archival documents deals with the process of creation and development of the Russian schools for indigenous population (Russko-tusemnye) in Turkestan at the end of XIX-beginning of XX century. The creation and functioning of such schools shows a number of characteristic traits of Russian colonial administration, that distinguish Russia from other European empires. "Russko-tusemnye" schools in Turkestan conceived as a tool of policy of "obrusenie", that is, they were ment to contribute to the rapprochement of local residents with Russian culture and consolidate the population on the basis of common citizenship. At the same time, in the early decades the Russian administration adhered to so-called policy of neglect towards Islam. Although formally Russian policy in the region towards Islam varied, the author tries to show that de facto, these changes were not felt and realized. This is especially true of Muslim education, which until the Revolution of 1917, remained without any administrative control. A similar situation developed in "native" classes of "Russko-tusemnye" schools. At the same time the Muslims of Russia at the turn of XIX-XX centuries actively involved in social and political life of the country and developed the movement of Jadidism. In terms of Turkestan, this led to the fact that "Russko-tusemnye" schools not only contributed to Russification (or Obrusenie), but, on the contrary, in some cases led to Turkization of local population.
The article using new archival documents deals with the process of creation and development of the Russian schools for indigenous population (Russko-tusemnye) in Turkestan at the end of XIX-beginning of XX century. The creation and functioning of such schools shows a number of characteristic traits of Russian colonial administration, that distinguish Russia from other European empires. "Russko-tusemnye" schools in Turkestan conceived as a tool of policy of "obrusenie", that is, they were ment to contribute to the rapprochement of local residents with Russian culture and consolidate the population on the basis of common citizenship. At the same time, in the early decades the Russian administration adhered to so-called policy of neglect towards Islam. Although formally Russian policy in the region towards Islam varied, the author tries to show that de facto, these changes were not felt and realized. This is especially true of Muslim education, which until the Revolution of 1917, remained without any administrative control. A similar situation developed in "native" classes of "Russko-tusemnye" schools. At the same time the Muslims of Russia at the turn of XIX-XX centuries actively involved in social and political life of the country and developed the movement of Jadidism. In terms of Turkestan, this led to the fact that "Russko-tusemnye" schools not only contributed to Russification (or Obrusenie), but, on the contrary, in some cases led to Turkization of local population.