Papers by Daria Cherkaska
Ukraina Moderna, 2023
With the aim of demonstrating how archaeologically derived data can fill gaps in knowledge regard... more With the aim of demonstrating how archaeologically derived data can fill gaps in knowledge regarding lesser-known sites – and how the use of inappropriate methods can result in a loss of evidence - this paper will examine some of the investigations that have sought to locate Holocaust-related mass graves in Ukraine. Utilising multiple spatially and temporally diverse case studies, this paper determines the effectiveness of the different archaeological and non-archaeological approaches employed. The text is divided into three sections based on the qualifications and field of expertise of researchers who have initiated in-field investigations -non-archaeologists, archaeologists and forensic archaeologists – in which we highlight the different approaches taken and common missteps of applying archaeological and forensic archaeological methods in this context. It not our intention to provide a review of every search or recovery project that has been undertaken, but rather to provide a range of examples to illustrate strengths, weaknesses and the evolution of investigatory practices. Within these sections we present a detailed analysis of the largest and most widely publicised archaeological excavation of Holocaust mass graves in Ukraine (at the time of writing) which was undertaken in Busk in 2006 as well as presenting some of our own work at numerous sites across the country as a second detailed case study. We conclude with our recommendations for practitioners who may wish to undertake or initiate an archaeological investigation in the future
based on our own experience in the field.
Revista Arheologică, 2017
The topic discussed in this article is theoretical and methodological transformation of Soviet ar... more The topic discussed in this article is theoretical and methodological transformation of Soviet archaeology and the manifestation of this process in the Soviet Ukraine. There was a targeted science institution created in Kyiv the task of which was not only to implement ideas put forth by scientists from Moscow and Leningrad into the research process but also to create its own vision of Soviet archaeology. It is also worth noting that until 1934 Kyiv was not the capital of Soviet Ukraine. Vast majority of works created by Ukrainian Soviet scientists between the two World Wars never got published. However, they were presented at countrywide summits. In addition, documented evidence affirms that Ukrainian Soviet archaeologists were in close contact with representatives of other science centers, including not only domestic but also foreign ones. As of today some of such evidence is stored in archives of Scientific archive Institute of archaeology NAS of Ukraine and we are continuing the ...
Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area, 2019
The article analyses the living and working conditions of Kyiv archaeologists in the 1940s and 19... more The article analyses the living and working conditions of Kyiv archaeologists in the 1940s and 1950s when Kyiv gradually recovered from the terrible war destruction. Like all Kyiv citizens, archaeologists suffered from a lack of housing and the necessary equipment and furniture but continued their research. All this was compounded by the intensification of post-war repression. After the restoration of its activity, the Institute of Archeology was located on Taras Shevchenko Boulevard with several other institutes of the Academy of Sciences until 1960. In the same building, there was a dormitory for employees. All this did not improve the work of the institution, but also led to interpersonal conflicts. The sluggish bureaucratic system created in the USSR forced the use of the Institute's administrative resources to solve ordinary household issues. To improve the living conditions of staff, as well as to ensure relatively normal working conditions, Directorate of Institute of Arc...
Kyiv Historical Studies, 2017
Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area, 2018
Dissertation to obtain the degree of candidate of historical sciences (PhD) in specialty 07.00.01... more Dissertation to obtain the degree of candidate of historical sciences (PhD) in specialty 07.00.01 - History of Ukraine. - Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, Kyiv, 2018.
The process of evolution of archaeological science in Ukraine in the Soviet period is tightly connected with the activity of Lazarгі Slavin (1906-1971) – Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR, antiquist, candidate of historical sciences, professor, founder and head of the department of archaeology and museum studies of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University. The character of Lazarus Slavin, who was one of the organizers and leaders of Ukrainian Soviet archaeology starting from 1940’s is worth its own study. L. Slavin has used the base of department of archaeology and museum sciences of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University to create a training system for quality research professionals that were taught to study and preserve monuments specifically in the territory of Ukraine SSR. Сontemporary scientists are pointing out that it was Lazarus Slavin’s science-education work that manifested his talent in the most brilliant way.
The professional activity of L. Slavin has most certainly influenced the development of Ukrainian Soviet archaeology. As an archaeologist-antiquist for many years he has lead the studying of one of the most famous Ukrainian archaeological complexes – the ancient Olbia. L. Slavin has also participated in methodical and theoretical innovations in the fields of history of archaeology, monument preservation and museum science. In his highly professionally rated work the scientist has introduced innovative and current methods, created a series of encompassing studies on various aspects of researching of the most ancient history of Ukrainian SSR and has trained several generations of world-class specialists in archaeology, monument preservation and museum science that proudly call themselves his students. The scientific novelty of the study resides in establishing and developing of the cognitive problem which requires a comprehensive and complex studying of the scientific and educational activity of L. Slavin, and in particular his role as a scientist during formation and evolution of Kyiv archaeological center in the times of Stalinism, de-Stalinization and "brezhnyevschyna":
Key words: L. Slavin, history of archeology, Soviet archeology, Archeology and museumlogy Department of the Taras Shevchenko National University, Olbia, ancient archeology, museumlogy, archeology sites.
Автореверат до дисертації "Наукова та педагогічна діяльність археолога Л.М. Славіна"
Анотація до дисертації Черкаської Д. В. "Наукова та педагогічна діяльність археолога Л.М. Славіна"
This article examines scientific and science-organizational activity of Lazarus Slavin in the con... more This article examines scientific and science-organizational activity of Lazarus Slavin in the context of
development of museum science and his role as one of the founders of “museum science” as a specialization in
the curriculum of higher education institutions of Soviet Ukraine.
Since 1935 L. Slavin held the responsibility of assistant chief of Olbian expedition and since 1936 he was
in charge of research of Olbia and its khora (χώρα). In the middle of 1938 the scientist was sent from
Leningrad’s State Academy of Material Culture to Kiev to serve as assistant director of Archeology Institute at
the Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR. The activities of a professional archaeologist the topic of
preservation of archaeological heritage is just as important as the research of a found object. It mostly has to do
with the specifics of how an archaeological monument is studied; during the excavation process archaeologists
frequently destroy the object, either partially or fully, and it is very important to document all phases of research
process. Upon completion of archaeological research the immobile part of the object (architectural details,
remains of a foundation, etc.) gets conserved and/or “musee-fied” and movable objects get handed over to the
Museum Fund.
As a leader of Olbian expedition L. Slavin since late 1930’s, following the tradition of his mentor, Boris
Farmakovsky, has invited representatives from various museums to join in the research of Olbian polis.
After the Second World War has ended, there were two main problems that L.Slavin and his colleagues
were facing:
- Re-evacuation of museum’s treasures
- Restoration of museum’s expositions
The initiation of museum science specialization on the basis of department of archaeology that was
created by L. Slavin in 1944 at Taras Shevchenko Kiev State University has become the main aspect of his
museum science development work.
Since the moment of creation the department has been focused on training not just archaeologists but
also museum scientists. However, “museum science” as an officially recognized specialty has only started being
offered by Ministry of Higher Education in 1947/48 school year.
Even though Lazarus Slavin cannot be called a museum scientist his entire career has been focused
around museum collections and the people that were managing them.
Key words: Lazarus Slavin, museology, Department of Archaeology and Museology Taras Shevchenko
Kyiv National University, high education in Ukrainian SSR, museum of archaeology
Methodological transformation of Soviet archaeology: Kyiv archaeologist vision
The topic discuss... more Methodological transformation of Soviet archaeology: Kyiv archaeologist vision
The topic discussed in this article is theoretical and methodological transformation of Soviet archaeology and the manifestation of this process in the Soviet Ukraine. There was a targeted science institution created in Kyiv the task of which was not only to implement ideas put forth by scientists from Moscow and Leningrad into the research process but also to create its own vision of Soviet archaeology. It is also worth noting that until 1934 Kyiv was not the capital of Soviet Ukraine. Vast majority of works created by Ukrainian Soviet scientists between the two World Wars never got published. However, they were presented at countrywide summits. In addition, documented evidence affirms that Ukrainian Soviet archaeologists were in close contact with representatives of other science centers, including not only domestic but also foreign ones. As of today some of such evidence is stored in archives of Scientific archive Institute of archaeology NAS of Ukraine and we are continuing the search for sources that would prove the existence of theoretical and methodological discussions in the network of Kyiv's archaeologists.
Keywords: Turning point of methodology, archaeology, history of material culture, history of archaeology, Soviet archaeology, Soviet Ukraine
ACTIVITY OF LAZARUS SLAVIN IN THE STATE ACADEMY OF HISTORY OF MATERIAL CULTURE
The problem histo... more ACTIVITY OF LAZARUS SLAVIN IN THE STATE ACADEMY OF HISTORY OF MATERIAL CULTURE
The problem history of archaeological science in St. Petersburg is the subject of many historical researches.
The main purpose of this article is to study the activities of the State Academy of History of Material Culture
in 1929–1938. During this period Lazarus Slavin had been working in the institution, and later headed
the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences. Certainly, the formation and development of future
corresponding member held within the Leningrad Academy. In this institution Lazarus Slavin gained practical
experience in scientific and organizational work. Also important role to further career of scientist was played
by interpersonal communications established in Leningrad. Certainly, Lazarus Slavin used the gained
experience in his further activity in Kyiv. Another important aspect of this study is that in those years (1929–
1938) primarily in the Leningrad Academy as the central archaeological institutions, the process of transition
from the «old bourgeois archeology» to the new Marxist history of material culture took place.
Key words: Lazarus Slavin, history of archaeology, State Academy of History of Material Culture, Soviet
archaeology.
Тhe article presents views on activity of Lasarus Slavin, when he was holding the
titles of Deput... more Тhe article presents views on activity of Lasarus Slavin, when he was holding the
titles of Deputy Director and Director of the Archaeology Institute of the Academy of
Sciences of Ukrainian SSR, by the representatives of the Ukrainian postwar diaspora:
Myhailo Miller, Yaroslaw Pasternak, Petro Kurinniy and historian-Natalia PolonskaVasylenko,
who were colleagues scientist in Kiev or knew him personally.
Keywords: Lazarus Slavin, history of archeology, diaspora, Institute of
Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Soviet science.
After the annexation of Western Ukraine to the USSR there was a problem with including of Galici... more After the annexation of Western Ukraine to the USSR there was a problem with including of Galician scientific organizations to the Soviet system of scientific institutions. Lviv, as the largest city of Western Ukraine, was well-known research center in Europe at that time. Active archaeological researches were primarily conducted by the Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society. Moreover, the Department of Archaeology was estimated in Lviv in 1905 as a part of Lviv University of Jan Kazimierz, but after the war it was included in the Department of Ancient History. The Department of Archaeology at the Kiev State University of Shevchenko was created by the efforts L. Slavin only in 1944, but still in historiography it is called the first department of archeology in Soviet Ukraine.
After the arrival of Soviet state all spheres of life had to reform according to the Soviet ideological systems. Fundamental changes have occurred in the academic life and educational system, which were strongholds of plantation ideological doctrines of Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist ideas.
In 1940, when Lazarus Slavin headed the Institute of Archaeology, the Lviv department of the Institute of Archaeology was established, which actually was the successor of Shevchenko Scientific Society. Markiyan Smishko, whitch research the Slavs, became it's head. Employees of the Lviv department became well-known archaeologists - Stefan Krukovskiy, Yaroslav Pasternak, Kazimierz Majewski and others. From the founding of the department it cooperates with the Kiev Institute of Archaeology. Scientists from Lviv took part in expeditions and conferences organized by the Institute of Archaeology under the direction of L. Slavin. Unfortunately, the inclusion of Lviv archaeological school was interrupted by the war, and many archaeologists from Lviv emigrated after the war, but contacts with the Institute of Archaeology and personally L. Slavin is not interrupted.
Keywords: Lasarus Slavin, Lviv department of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Archaeology in Lviv, history of Archaeology.
During the period starting from mid-1930s and thru 1940s the historical science in the Soviet Uni... more During the period starting from mid-1930s and thru 1940s the historical science in the Soviet Union
was under total control of communist ideology. The influence of societal and political processes upon the
development of scientific historical research can also be seen very clearly throughout that same period.
All historical science institutions of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were guided by communist
ideology and all the research produced at that time was dominated by formational approach to
interpretation of historical events. As a representative of Ukrainian Soviet scientific community, Lazarus
Slavin, having just moved to Kiev in 1938, did not only begin to actively incorporate himself into the life
of archaeological science of Ukrainian SSR but also started working with the Institute of History of Ukraine
as a member of the collective of authors working on the Institute’s behalf. The time from 1930 thru 1950
became the period of consolidation of Ukrainian Soviet historical science. But the rise of patriotism after
the end of the World War II, newly resurrected investigations into “traitors”, “spies” and “enemies of the
state” and the peak of the confrontation with “Ukrainian bourgeois science” (first and foremost with
historical scientific concepts of Mykhailo Hrushevsky have become a reason for harsh criticism of the
representatives of historical scientific community working in the Academy of Science of Ukrainian SSR.
As a result of this process quite a few works of the Ukrainian scientists were confiscated and removed from
public access for many decades (practically until the Ukrainian independence in 1991). It has also led to
realignment of the entire historical science according to the principles that were imposed by the political
agenda of the Communist Party. Despite all the obstacles encountered during his scientific and pedagogical
career L. Slavin has remained primarily a researcher and a mentor. And in order to advance his scientific
and teaching endeavors he had to adjust to the realities of the life in science at that time.
Abstract: In this article the problem of restoration of one of the largest reserves of Ukraine - ... more Abstract: In this article the problem of restoration of one of the largest reserves of Ukraine - "Olbia" in 1945-1952 years is reviewed. During this time the Reserve staff led research, extended the study area by excavations of number of surrounding settlements and revived economic base and not only continued tourism activities, but also strengthened it in reserve.
Keywords: Olbia, L. Slavin, reserve management, post-war period, historical and archaeological reserve, Mykolaiv, museums.
PRACTICES AND ACADEMIC SOCIETIES IN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF LASARUS SLAVIN
Practical training i... more PRACTICES AND ACADEMIC SOCIETIES IN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF LASARUS SLAVIN
Practical training in high education plays an important role for future professionals. For specialized archaeologists qualitative education is impossible without the participation in archeological expeditions throughout the study period. For students who are interested in scientific work to deepen their knowledge creating specialized student academic societies plays an important role. The article aims to show the place and role of educational practices and academic societies in teaching activities of Lazarus Slavin.
Practical training conducted at various archaeological sites, enabling students to practice and compare techniques of researching different archaeological sites. It has not been formalized, the students treated with respect and care, despite the demands of time, manifested in the compulsory "Marxist-Leninist" aspect of scientific and educational activities. Active practical training of students and archaeologists museum specialists provided the opportunity to gain hands-on experience even during their studies and prepared for future professional activities after graduation. Many Ukrainian archaeologists and museum specialists went through practical training with Lazarus Slavin in Olbio expedition and during training at the Department of Archaeology and Museology.
The article is devoted to the research of the contribution to the development of monument protect... more The article is devoted to the research of the contribution to the development of monument protection movement in
the field of protection and preservation of archaeological heritage of USSR in post-war period of the famous scientist,
archaeologist, corresponding member of USSR Academy of Sciences - Lazarus Slavin. The article discusses various
activities of the scientist in the field of archaeological monuments protection and preservation in Ukraine. Particular
attention is paid to the participation in creation and activity of civil society organizations involved in the protection of
monuments of Lazarus Slavin. Three main activities of L .M. Slavin in branch of protection and preservation of
archaeological sights of Ukraine are investigated: the actions directed on protection of archeology sights in a practical
way, first of all Olviia; creation of methodical and training materials for study and training the pupils and students to
techniques of the sights protection actions; participation and management of organizations which were engaged in
protection of archeology sights. It is noted that in the scientific activity L. M. Slavin constantly addressed to the subject of
the sights protection researches both on theoretical, and at the practical level. Besides L. M. Slavin cultivated respect for
historical sights at the pupils and students. Lazar Moiseevich played an important role in formation of archaeological and
others the sights protection public organizations. L. M. Slavin’s activity belongs to actions of the practical direction as
heads of Olviyskaia archaeological expedition, and also his work as director of the National historical and archaeological
park «Olviya». Besides the scientist was involved also the different state commissions of the actions directed on realization
the sights protection in Ukraine.
Thesis Chapters by Daria Cherkaska
The examination of genocide sites, including those related to the Holocaust, is not a terra incog... more The examination of genocide sites, including those related to the Holocaust, is not a terra incognita in the 21st century. Forensic and archaeological investigations of mass graves and other sites connected to these events have developed significantly, particularly over the last 40 years. Forensic archaeology is widely accepted as this sub-discipline that can be defined as the application of archaeological theory and methods to the resolution of medico-legal and humanitarian issues.
However, these approaches are not commonly applied in Ukraine, and forensic archaeology is not considered a separate discipline. Likewise, in the past seven decades, archaeological investigations have not played an important role in Holocaust studies in Ukraine. Instead, research has had a tendency to focus on reviewing historical documents or oral history sources rather than physical evidence. Current Ukrainian legislation does not have guidelines for such expertise, and excavations of wartime burials are not done by professionals but by representatives of so-called search organisations (poshukovtsi). These are mostly volunteer organisations that focus on searching for and exhuming missing soldiers and their further identification in former Soviet countries such as Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. The absence of investigation reports and an adequate level of professional skills make this practice inappropriate for Holocaust sites. Therefore, this thesis aims: (1) to discuss the potential of forensic archaeological approaches for the identification and investigation of Holocaust sites in Ukraine, (2) to analyse Ukrainian legislation and current practice in order to understand why and how forensic archaeological methods are not used to widely employed for Holocaust sites (2) to demonstrate how archaeological and forensic archaeological data could enrich knowledge about the Holocaust of the East.
In many cases, there is only fragmented data available concerning the means of the killing of the Jewish population, Romas, Soviet Pows and many other groups during the Holocaust era and their burial places. The first attempts to investigate specific sites have only taken place in the past 70 years since these dramatic events. Often there was no commemoration of many of these places in the post-war years, which means that the primary task of a researcher in most cases is to identify the specific location of killing and burial sites.
Furthermore, forensic archaeology is constantly developing, and this evolution has altered not only current practice but also its aims, objectives, scope, and definition. In order to understand these changes, the most common scenarios for applying archaeological approaches in Ukraine were discussed in this thesis. In addition, the benefits of more comprehensive applications of forensic archaeological methods are becoming more evident due to the ongoing war in Ukraine and the permanently increasing level of war crimes committed by Russians there.
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Papers by Daria Cherkaska
based on our own experience in the field.
The process of evolution of archaeological science in Ukraine in the Soviet period is tightly connected with the activity of Lazarгі Slavin (1906-1971) – Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR, antiquist, candidate of historical sciences, professor, founder and head of the department of archaeology and museum studies of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University. The character of Lazarus Slavin, who was one of the organizers and leaders of Ukrainian Soviet archaeology starting from 1940’s is worth its own study. L. Slavin has used the base of department of archaeology and museum sciences of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University to create a training system for quality research professionals that were taught to study and preserve monuments specifically in the territory of Ukraine SSR. Сontemporary scientists are pointing out that it was Lazarus Slavin’s science-education work that manifested his talent in the most brilliant way.
The professional activity of L. Slavin has most certainly influenced the development of Ukrainian Soviet archaeology. As an archaeologist-antiquist for many years he has lead the studying of one of the most famous Ukrainian archaeological complexes – the ancient Olbia. L. Slavin has also participated in methodical and theoretical innovations in the fields of history of archaeology, monument preservation and museum science. In his highly professionally rated work the scientist has introduced innovative and current methods, created a series of encompassing studies on various aspects of researching of the most ancient history of Ukrainian SSR and has trained several generations of world-class specialists in archaeology, monument preservation and museum science that proudly call themselves his students. The scientific novelty of the study resides in establishing and developing of the cognitive problem which requires a comprehensive and complex studying of the scientific and educational activity of L. Slavin, and in particular his role as a scientist during formation and evolution of Kyiv archaeological center in the times of Stalinism, de-Stalinization and "brezhnyevschyna":
Key words: L. Slavin, history of archeology, Soviet archeology, Archeology and museumlogy Department of the Taras Shevchenko National University, Olbia, ancient archeology, museumlogy, archeology sites.
development of museum science and his role as one of the founders of “museum science” as a specialization in
the curriculum of higher education institutions of Soviet Ukraine.
Since 1935 L. Slavin held the responsibility of assistant chief of Olbian expedition and since 1936 he was
in charge of research of Olbia and its khora (χώρα). In the middle of 1938 the scientist was sent from
Leningrad’s State Academy of Material Culture to Kiev to serve as assistant director of Archeology Institute at
the Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR. The activities of a professional archaeologist the topic of
preservation of archaeological heritage is just as important as the research of a found object. It mostly has to do
with the specifics of how an archaeological monument is studied; during the excavation process archaeologists
frequently destroy the object, either partially or fully, and it is very important to document all phases of research
process. Upon completion of archaeological research the immobile part of the object (architectural details,
remains of a foundation, etc.) gets conserved and/or “musee-fied” and movable objects get handed over to the
Museum Fund.
As a leader of Olbian expedition L. Slavin since late 1930’s, following the tradition of his mentor, Boris
Farmakovsky, has invited representatives from various museums to join in the research of Olbian polis.
After the Second World War has ended, there were two main problems that L.Slavin and his colleagues
were facing:
- Re-evacuation of museum’s treasures
- Restoration of museum’s expositions
The initiation of museum science specialization on the basis of department of archaeology that was
created by L. Slavin in 1944 at Taras Shevchenko Kiev State University has become the main aspect of his
museum science development work.
Since the moment of creation the department has been focused on training not just archaeologists but
also museum scientists. However, “museum science” as an officially recognized specialty has only started being
offered by Ministry of Higher Education in 1947/48 school year.
Even though Lazarus Slavin cannot be called a museum scientist his entire career has been focused
around museum collections and the people that were managing them.
Key words: Lazarus Slavin, museology, Department of Archaeology and Museology Taras Shevchenko
Kyiv National University, high education in Ukrainian SSR, museum of archaeology
The topic discussed in this article is theoretical and methodological transformation of Soviet archaeology and the manifestation of this process in the Soviet Ukraine. There was a targeted science institution created in Kyiv the task of which was not only to implement ideas put forth by scientists from Moscow and Leningrad into the research process but also to create its own vision of Soviet archaeology. It is also worth noting that until 1934 Kyiv was not the capital of Soviet Ukraine. Vast majority of works created by Ukrainian Soviet scientists between the two World Wars never got published. However, they were presented at countrywide summits. In addition, documented evidence affirms that Ukrainian Soviet archaeologists were in close contact with representatives of other science centers, including not only domestic but also foreign ones. As of today some of such evidence is stored in archives of Scientific archive Institute of archaeology NAS of Ukraine and we are continuing the search for sources that would prove the existence of theoretical and methodological discussions in the network of Kyiv's archaeologists.
Keywords: Turning point of methodology, archaeology, history of material culture, history of archaeology, Soviet archaeology, Soviet Ukraine
The problem history of archaeological science in St. Petersburg is the subject of many historical researches.
The main purpose of this article is to study the activities of the State Academy of History of Material Culture
in 1929–1938. During this period Lazarus Slavin had been working in the institution, and later headed
the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences. Certainly, the formation and development of future
corresponding member held within the Leningrad Academy. In this institution Lazarus Slavin gained practical
experience in scientific and organizational work. Also important role to further career of scientist was played
by interpersonal communications established in Leningrad. Certainly, Lazarus Slavin used the gained
experience in his further activity in Kyiv. Another important aspect of this study is that in those years (1929–
1938) primarily in the Leningrad Academy as the central archaeological institutions, the process of transition
from the «old bourgeois archeology» to the new Marxist history of material culture took place.
Key words: Lazarus Slavin, history of archaeology, State Academy of History of Material Culture, Soviet
archaeology.
titles of Deputy Director and Director of the Archaeology Institute of the Academy of
Sciences of Ukrainian SSR, by the representatives of the Ukrainian postwar diaspora:
Myhailo Miller, Yaroslaw Pasternak, Petro Kurinniy and historian-Natalia PolonskaVasylenko,
who were colleagues scientist in Kiev or knew him personally.
Keywords: Lazarus Slavin, history of archeology, diaspora, Institute of
Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Soviet science.
After the arrival of Soviet state all spheres of life had to reform according to the Soviet ideological systems. Fundamental changes have occurred in the academic life and educational system, which were strongholds of plantation ideological doctrines of Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist ideas.
In 1940, when Lazarus Slavin headed the Institute of Archaeology, the Lviv department of the Institute of Archaeology was established, which actually was the successor of Shevchenko Scientific Society. Markiyan Smishko, whitch research the Slavs, became it's head. Employees of the Lviv department became well-known archaeologists - Stefan Krukovskiy, Yaroslav Pasternak, Kazimierz Majewski and others. From the founding of the department it cooperates with the Kiev Institute of Archaeology. Scientists from Lviv took part in expeditions and conferences organized by the Institute of Archaeology under the direction of L. Slavin. Unfortunately, the inclusion of Lviv archaeological school was interrupted by the war, and many archaeologists from Lviv emigrated after the war, but contacts with the Institute of Archaeology and personally L. Slavin is not interrupted.
Keywords: Lasarus Slavin, Lviv department of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Archaeology in Lviv, history of Archaeology.
was under total control of communist ideology. The influence of societal and political processes upon the
development of scientific historical research can also be seen very clearly throughout that same period.
All historical science institutions of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were guided by communist
ideology and all the research produced at that time was dominated by formational approach to
interpretation of historical events. As a representative of Ukrainian Soviet scientific community, Lazarus
Slavin, having just moved to Kiev in 1938, did not only begin to actively incorporate himself into the life
of archaeological science of Ukrainian SSR but also started working with the Institute of History of Ukraine
as a member of the collective of authors working on the Institute’s behalf. The time from 1930 thru 1950
became the period of consolidation of Ukrainian Soviet historical science. But the rise of patriotism after
the end of the World War II, newly resurrected investigations into “traitors”, “spies” and “enemies of the
state” and the peak of the confrontation with “Ukrainian bourgeois science” (first and foremost with
historical scientific concepts of Mykhailo Hrushevsky have become a reason for harsh criticism of the
representatives of historical scientific community working in the Academy of Science of Ukrainian SSR.
As a result of this process quite a few works of the Ukrainian scientists were confiscated and removed from
public access for many decades (practically until the Ukrainian independence in 1991). It has also led to
realignment of the entire historical science according to the principles that were imposed by the political
agenda of the Communist Party. Despite all the obstacles encountered during his scientific and pedagogical
career L. Slavin has remained primarily a researcher and a mentor. And in order to advance his scientific
and teaching endeavors he had to adjust to the realities of the life in science at that time.
Keywords: Olbia, L. Slavin, reserve management, post-war period, historical and archaeological reserve, Mykolaiv, museums.
Practical training in high education plays an important role for future professionals. For specialized archaeologists qualitative education is impossible without the participation in archeological expeditions throughout the study period. For students who are interested in scientific work to deepen their knowledge creating specialized student academic societies plays an important role. The article aims to show the place and role of educational practices and academic societies in teaching activities of Lazarus Slavin.
Practical training conducted at various archaeological sites, enabling students to practice and compare techniques of researching different archaeological sites. It has not been formalized, the students treated with respect and care, despite the demands of time, manifested in the compulsory "Marxist-Leninist" aspect of scientific and educational activities. Active practical training of students and archaeologists museum specialists provided the opportunity to gain hands-on experience even during their studies and prepared for future professional activities after graduation. Many Ukrainian archaeologists and museum specialists went through practical training with Lazarus Slavin in Olbio expedition and during training at the Department of Archaeology and Museology.
the field of protection and preservation of archaeological heritage of USSR in post-war period of the famous scientist,
archaeologist, corresponding member of USSR Academy of Sciences - Lazarus Slavin. The article discusses various
activities of the scientist in the field of archaeological monuments protection and preservation in Ukraine. Particular
attention is paid to the participation in creation and activity of civil society organizations involved in the protection of
monuments of Lazarus Slavin. Three main activities of L .M. Slavin in branch of protection and preservation of
archaeological sights of Ukraine are investigated: the actions directed on protection of archeology sights in a practical
way, first of all Olviia; creation of methodical and training materials for study and training the pupils and students to
techniques of the sights protection actions; participation and management of organizations which were engaged in
protection of archeology sights. It is noted that in the scientific activity L. M. Slavin constantly addressed to the subject of
the sights protection researches both on theoretical, and at the practical level. Besides L. M. Slavin cultivated respect for
historical sights at the pupils and students. Lazar Moiseevich played an important role in formation of archaeological and
others the sights protection public organizations. L. M. Slavin’s activity belongs to actions of the practical direction as
heads of Olviyskaia archaeological expedition, and also his work as director of the National historical and archaeological
park «Olviya». Besides the scientist was involved also the different state commissions of the actions directed on realization
the sights protection in Ukraine.
Thesis Chapters by Daria Cherkaska
However, these approaches are not commonly applied in Ukraine, and forensic archaeology is not considered a separate discipline. Likewise, in the past seven decades, archaeological investigations have not played an important role in Holocaust studies in Ukraine. Instead, research has had a tendency to focus on reviewing historical documents or oral history sources rather than physical evidence. Current Ukrainian legislation does not have guidelines for such expertise, and excavations of wartime burials are not done by professionals but by representatives of so-called search organisations (poshukovtsi). These are mostly volunteer organisations that focus on searching for and exhuming missing soldiers and their further identification in former Soviet countries such as Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. The absence of investigation reports and an adequate level of professional skills make this practice inappropriate for Holocaust sites. Therefore, this thesis aims: (1) to discuss the potential of forensic archaeological approaches for the identification and investigation of Holocaust sites in Ukraine, (2) to analyse Ukrainian legislation and current practice in order to understand why and how forensic archaeological methods are not used to widely employed for Holocaust sites (2) to demonstrate how archaeological and forensic archaeological data could enrich knowledge about the Holocaust of the East.
In many cases, there is only fragmented data available concerning the means of the killing of the Jewish population, Romas, Soviet Pows and many other groups during the Holocaust era and their burial places. The first attempts to investigate specific sites have only taken place in the past 70 years since these dramatic events. Often there was no commemoration of many of these places in the post-war years, which means that the primary task of a researcher in most cases is to identify the specific location of killing and burial sites.
Furthermore, forensic archaeology is constantly developing, and this evolution has altered not only current practice but also its aims, objectives, scope, and definition. In order to understand these changes, the most common scenarios for applying archaeological approaches in Ukraine were discussed in this thesis. In addition, the benefits of more comprehensive applications of forensic archaeological methods are becoming more evident due to the ongoing war in Ukraine and the permanently increasing level of war crimes committed by Russians there.
based on our own experience in the field.
The process of evolution of archaeological science in Ukraine in the Soviet period is tightly connected with the activity of Lazarгі Slavin (1906-1971) – Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR, antiquist, candidate of historical sciences, professor, founder and head of the department of archaeology and museum studies of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University. The character of Lazarus Slavin, who was one of the organizers and leaders of Ukrainian Soviet archaeology starting from 1940’s is worth its own study. L. Slavin has used the base of department of archaeology and museum sciences of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University to create a training system for quality research professionals that were taught to study and preserve monuments specifically in the territory of Ukraine SSR. Сontemporary scientists are pointing out that it was Lazarus Slavin’s science-education work that manifested his talent in the most brilliant way.
The professional activity of L. Slavin has most certainly influenced the development of Ukrainian Soviet archaeology. As an archaeologist-antiquist for many years he has lead the studying of one of the most famous Ukrainian archaeological complexes – the ancient Olbia. L. Slavin has also participated in methodical and theoretical innovations in the fields of history of archaeology, monument preservation and museum science. In his highly professionally rated work the scientist has introduced innovative and current methods, created a series of encompassing studies on various aspects of researching of the most ancient history of Ukrainian SSR and has trained several generations of world-class specialists in archaeology, monument preservation and museum science that proudly call themselves his students. The scientific novelty of the study resides in establishing and developing of the cognitive problem which requires a comprehensive and complex studying of the scientific and educational activity of L. Slavin, and in particular his role as a scientist during formation and evolution of Kyiv archaeological center in the times of Stalinism, de-Stalinization and "brezhnyevschyna":
Key words: L. Slavin, history of archeology, Soviet archeology, Archeology and museumlogy Department of the Taras Shevchenko National University, Olbia, ancient archeology, museumlogy, archeology sites.
development of museum science and his role as one of the founders of “museum science” as a specialization in
the curriculum of higher education institutions of Soviet Ukraine.
Since 1935 L. Slavin held the responsibility of assistant chief of Olbian expedition and since 1936 he was
in charge of research of Olbia and its khora (χώρα). In the middle of 1938 the scientist was sent from
Leningrad’s State Academy of Material Culture to Kiev to serve as assistant director of Archeology Institute at
the Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR. The activities of a professional archaeologist the topic of
preservation of archaeological heritage is just as important as the research of a found object. It mostly has to do
with the specifics of how an archaeological monument is studied; during the excavation process archaeologists
frequently destroy the object, either partially or fully, and it is very important to document all phases of research
process. Upon completion of archaeological research the immobile part of the object (architectural details,
remains of a foundation, etc.) gets conserved and/or “musee-fied” and movable objects get handed over to the
Museum Fund.
As a leader of Olbian expedition L. Slavin since late 1930’s, following the tradition of his mentor, Boris
Farmakovsky, has invited representatives from various museums to join in the research of Olbian polis.
After the Second World War has ended, there were two main problems that L.Slavin and his colleagues
were facing:
- Re-evacuation of museum’s treasures
- Restoration of museum’s expositions
The initiation of museum science specialization on the basis of department of archaeology that was
created by L. Slavin in 1944 at Taras Shevchenko Kiev State University has become the main aspect of his
museum science development work.
Since the moment of creation the department has been focused on training not just archaeologists but
also museum scientists. However, “museum science” as an officially recognized specialty has only started being
offered by Ministry of Higher Education in 1947/48 school year.
Even though Lazarus Slavin cannot be called a museum scientist his entire career has been focused
around museum collections and the people that were managing them.
Key words: Lazarus Slavin, museology, Department of Archaeology and Museology Taras Shevchenko
Kyiv National University, high education in Ukrainian SSR, museum of archaeology
The topic discussed in this article is theoretical and methodological transformation of Soviet archaeology and the manifestation of this process in the Soviet Ukraine. There was a targeted science institution created in Kyiv the task of which was not only to implement ideas put forth by scientists from Moscow and Leningrad into the research process but also to create its own vision of Soviet archaeology. It is also worth noting that until 1934 Kyiv was not the capital of Soviet Ukraine. Vast majority of works created by Ukrainian Soviet scientists between the two World Wars never got published. However, they were presented at countrywide summits. In addition, documented evidence affirms that Ukrainian Soviet archaeologists were in close contact with representatives of other science centers, including not only domestic but also foreign ones. As of today some of such evidence is stored in archives of Scientific archive Institute of archaeology NAS of Ukraine and we are continuing the search for sources that would prove the existence of theoretical and methodological discussions in the network of Kyiv's archaeologists.
Keywords: Turning point of methodology, archaeology, history of material culture, history of archaeology, Soviet archaeology, Soviet Ukraine
The problem history of archaeological science in St. Petersburg is the subject of many historical researches.
The main purpose of this article is to study the activities of the State Academy of History of Material Culture
in 1929–1938. During this period Lazarus Slavin had been working in the institution, and later headed
the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences. Certainly, the formation and development of future
corresponding member held within the Leningrad Academy. In this institution Lazarus Slavin gained practical
experience in scientific and organizational work. Also important role to further career of scientist was played
by interpersonal communications established in Leningrad. Certainly, Lazarus Slavin used the gained
experience in his further activity in Kyiv. Another important aspect of this study is that in those years (1929–
1938) primarily in the Leningrad Academy as the central archaeological institutions, the process of transition
from the «old bourgeois archeology» to the new Marxist history of material culture took place.
Key words: Lazarus Slavin, history of archaeology, State Academy of History of Material Culture, Soviet
archaeology.
titles of Deputy Director and Director of the Archaeology Institute of the Academy of
Sciences of Ukrainian SSR, by the representatives of the Ukrainian postwar diaspora:
Myhailo Miller, Yaroslaw Pasternak, Petro Kurinniy and historian-Natalia PolonskaVasylenko,
who were colleagues scientist in Kiev or knew him personally.
Keywords: Lazarus Slavin, history of archeology, diaspora, Institute of
Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Soviet science.
After the arrival of Soviet state all spheres of life had to reform according to the Soviet ideological systems. Fundamental changes have occurred in the academic life and educational system, which were strongholds of plantation ideological doctrines of Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist ideas.
In 1940, when Lazarus Slavin headed the Institute of Archaeology, the Lviv department of the Institute of Archaeology was established, which actually was the successor of Shevchenko Scientific Society. Markiyan Smishko, whitch research the Slavs, became it's head. Employees of the Lviv department became well-known archaeologists - Stefan Krukovskiy, Yaroslav Pasternak, Kazimierz Majewski and others. From the founding of the department it cooperates with the Kiev Institute of Archaeology. Scientists from Lviv took part in expeditions and conferences organized by the Institute of Archaeology under the direction of L. Slavin. Unfortunately, the inclusion of Lviv archaeological school was interrupted by the war, and many archaeologists from Lviv emigrated after the war, but contacts with the Institute of Archaeology and personally L. Slavin is not interrupted.
Keywords: Lasarus Slavin, Lviv department of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Archaeology in Lviv, history of Archaeology.
was under total control of communist ideology. The influence of societal and political processes upon the
development of scientific historical research can also be seen very clearly throughout that same period.
All historical science institutions of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were guided by communist
ideology and all the research produced at that time was dominated by formational approach to
interpretation of historical events. As a representative of Ukrainian Soviet scientific community, Lazarus
Slavin, having just moved to Kiev in 1938, did not only begin to actively incorporate himself into the life
of archaeological science of Ukrainian SSR but also started working with the Institute of History of Ukraine
as a member of the collective of authors working on the Institute’s behalf. The time from 1930 thru 1950
became the period of consolidation of Ukrainian Soviet historical science. But the rise of patriotism after
the end of the World War II, newly resurrected investigations into “traitors”, “spies” and “enemies of the
state” and the peak of the confrontation with “Ukrainian bourgeois science” (first and foremost with
historical scientific concepts of Mykhailo Hrushevsky have become a reason for harsh criticism of the
representatives of historical scientific community working in the Academy of Science of Ukrainian SSR.
As a result of this process quite a few works of the Ukrainian scientists were confiscated and removed from
public access for many decades (practically until the Ukrainian independence in 1991). It has also led to
realignment of the entire historical science according to the principles that were imposed by the political
agenda of the Communist Party. Despite all the obstacles encountered during his scientific and pedagogical
career L. Slavin has remained primarily a researcher and a mentor. And in order to advance his scientific
and teaching endeavors he had to adjust to the realities of the life in science at that time.
Keywords: Olbia, L. Slavin, reserve management, post-war period, historical and archaeological reserve, Mykolaiv, museums.
Practical training in high education plays an important role for future professionals. For specialized archaeologists qualitative education is impossible without the participation in archeological expeditions throughout the study period. For students who are interested in scientific work to deepen their knowledge creating specialized student academic societies plays an important role. The article aims to show the place and role of educational practices and academic societies in teaching activities of Lazarus Slavin.
Practical training conducted at various archaeological sites, enabling students to practice and compare techniques of researching different archaeological sites. It has not been formalized, the students treated with respect and care, despite the demands of time, manifested in the compulsory "Marxist-Leninist" aspect of scientific and educational activities. Active practical training of students and archaeologists museum specialists provided the opportunity to gain hands-on experience even during their studies and prepared for future professional activities after graduation. Many Ukrainian archaeologists and museum specialists went through practical training with Lazarus Slavin in Olbio expedition and during training at the Department of Archaeology and Museology.
the field of protection and preservation of archaeological heritage of USSR in post-war period of the famous scientist,
archaeologist, corresponding member of USSR Academy of Sciences - Lazarus Slavin. The article discusses various
activities of the scientist in the field of archaeological monuments protection and preservation in Ukraine. Particular
attention is paid to the participation in creation and activity of civil society organizations involved in the protection of
monuments of Lazarus Slavin. Three main activities of L .M. Slavin in branch of protection and preservation of
archaeological sights of Ukraine are investigated: the actions directed on protection of archeology sights in a practical
way, first of all Olviia; creation of methodical and training materials for study and training the pupils and students to
techniques of the sights protection actions; participation and management of organizations which were engaged in
protection of archeology sights. It is noted that in the scientific activity L. M. Slavin constantly addressed to the subject of
the sights protection researches both on theoretical, and at the practical level. Besides L. M. Slavin cultivated respect for
historical sights at the pupils and students. Lazar Moiseevich played an important role in formation of archaeological and
others the sights protection public organizations. L. M. Slavin’s activity belongs to actions of the practical direction as
heads of Olviyskaia archaeological expedition, and also his work as director of the National historical and archaeological
park «Olviya». Besides the scientist was involved also the different state commissions of the actions directed on realization
the sights protection in Ukraine.
However, these approaches are not commonly applied in Ukraine, and forensic archaeology is not considered a separate discipline. Likewise, in the past seven decades, archaeological investigations have not played an important role in Holocaust studies in Ukraine. Instead, research has had a tendency to focus on reviewing historical documents or oral history sources rather than physical evidence. Current Ukrainian legislation does not have guidelines for such expertise, and excavations of wartime burials are not done by professionals but by representatives of so-called search organisations (poshukovtsi). These are mostly volunteer organisations that focus on searching for and exhuming missing soldiers and their further identification in former Soviet countries such as Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. The absence of investigation reports and an adequate level of professional skills make this practice inappropriate for Holocaust sites. Therefore, this thesis aims: (1) to discuss the potential of forensic archaeological approaches for the identification and investigation of Holocaust sites in Ukraine, (2) to analyse Ukrainian legislation and current practice in order to understand why and how forensic archaeological methods are not used to widely employed for Holocaust sites (2) to demonstrate how archaeological and forensic archaeological data could enrich knowledge about the Holocaust of the East.
In many cases, there is only fragmented data available concerning the means of the killing of the Jewish population, Romas, Soviet Pows and many other groups during the Holocaust era and their burial places. The first attempts to investigate specific sites have only taken place in the past 70 years since these dramatic events. Often there was no commemoration of many of these places in the post-war years, which means that the primary task of a researcher in most cases is to identify the specific location of killing and burial sites.
Furthermore, forensic archaeology is constantly developing, and this evolution has altered not only current practice but also its aims, objectives, scope, and definition. In order to understand these changes, the most common scenarios for applying archaeological approaches in Ukraine were discussed in this thesis. In addition, the benefits of more comprehensive applications of forensic archaeological methods are becoming more evident due to the ongoing war in Ukraine and the permanently increasing level of war crimes committed by Russians there.