Although sunflower production in Tanzania is increasing, smallholder farmers still face a number ... more Although sunflower production in Tanzania is increasing, smallholder farmers still face a number of constraints that result in poor yields. Lack or inadequate nutrient supply is one of the main factors limiting crop productivity in Tanzania. However, mineral fertilizer is not always easily available and not economically affordable by smallholder farmers. Therefore, the use of animal manure could be a feasible and financially viable alternative, especially in the Dodoma region, where there is abundant livestock production. The aim is to analyze the effects of different animal manure rates on sunflower yield and the economic response of smallholder farms from Dodoma region. The dataset used in this study was obtained from a 2-year in loco survey. Sunflower yields under different animal manure rates were obtained using a process-based biophysical model, and results linked to an economic assessment. Results considering the 2015 and 2045 period showed a positive effect of animal manure a...
This study investigates the impacts of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on smallholder far... more This study investigates the impacts of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on smallholder farmers and their coping strategies in three contrasting Low- and Middle-Income Countries. The case studies include Brazil (South region), Madagascar (Atsimo Atsinanana region), and Tanzania (Morogoro/Eastern Tanzania). These countries were chosen because i) the economies are strongly influenced by the agricultural sector; ii) their national food security is strongly affected by smallholder production, and, iii) they represent a set of contrasting government responses to COVID-19 including the denial of the pandemic. Data were collected through semi-structured household interviews in all three countries in rural areas. COVID-19 induced effects were found in all three countries, including in Brazil and Tanzania where both national governments initially neglected the existence of COVID-19 and introduced few containment measures only. Here, mobility and trade restrictions of other countries im...
The study was carried out in two divisions of Meru District in Arusha region in Tanzania to inves... more The study was carried out in two divisions of Meru District in Arusha region in Tanzania to investigate the profitability and coordination of fresh fruit and vegetable export marketing channels by small-scale farmers in Tanzania. Purposive sampling was done in order to select two divisions where most of the horticultural crops are grown and then simple random sampling technique was employed in selecting 60 small-scale farmers of fresh fruit and vegetable, 5 large-scale producers, 14 middlemen and one Export Company. Descriptive and quantitative analytical techniques i.e. cluster analysis; GrossMargin and Logistic regression were employed. The findings suggest that four export marketing channels for fresh fruit and vegetable exist, and these are vertically integrated. The enterprises profitability between farmers selling fresh fruit and vegetable to export and domestic markets was statistically different (P<0.05), meaning that export trade is shown significantly being more profita...
Certification is increasingly becoming necessary for accessing coffee export markets and practici... more Certification is increasingly becoming necessary for accessing coffee export markets and practicing environmental conservation, especially at this time when many of the farmers in developing countries strive to achieve agricultural transformation. Using data from 400 randomly selected coffee farmers in Tanzania, the study determined the status, constraints, key drivers, and impact of coffee certifications. Descriptive statistics and the endogenous switching regression (ESR) model were used for data analysis. Results indicated that the level of coffee certification is low, being constrained by unawareness and inaccessibility, the prevalence of coffee diseases, failure in realizing price advantages, and certification not being cost effective. Economies of scale, experience, and participation in collective actions are significant factors affecting coffee farmers’ decision to join certification schemes. Additionally, the study rejects the hypothesis of certification to improve household...
Achieving the sustainable development goals in developing countries will require the realization ... more Achieving the sustainable development goals in developing countries will require the realization of benefits from the global supply and value chains, such as coffee, for inclusive economic development and poverty reduction. This study uses the data of 400 men and women randomly sampled coffee farmers from a developing country, Tanzania, to evaluate coffee income distribution, and how general coffee production and trade contribute to gender equity and livelihood improvement. Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition and Gini coefficient models are used for data analysis. We find a gender imbalance from the ownership and control of resources to the participation of men and women in the coffee supply chain. However, investing in supporting the coffee supply chain has an impact on livelihood improvement, due to coffee income inequality reducing effects. There is a gender gap in the income earned from coffee production and trading, which is 44% of the women’s structural disadvantages. Empowerment for...
There are many arguments that, increasing food self-sufficiency in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) could... more There are many arguments that, increasing food self-sufficiency in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) could reduce the high food price escalations which are often related to the increasing demand and importation of food commodities. In Tanzania, as in most SSA countries, edible oil crops production has been among the most vibrant activities, as there has been rapid expansion in the production of oil crops with high protein content, such as soybean, groundnuts, rapeseed and sunflower seeds. These crops are used largely for direct oil consumption, with their residues used as animal feed. Currently, annual edible oil demand is around 400,000 tons, a figure that is increasing at a rate of 3 % annually mainly because of population growth and increased health concerns. Current data shows that domestic production of both factory and small-scale extracted edible oils contribute to about 40 % of the national edible oil requirement while the deficit is imported. However, among the edible oil seeds, sun...
The imposition of high tariff rates is considered as strategies to protect domestic producers, st... more The imposition of high tariff rates is considered as strategies to protect domestic producers, stimulate production and accelerate industrialisation in developing countries. Tanzania, among many developing countries, has a strong agricultural base and is in a verge of choosing which trade strategies will enable the country to attain among her population a high economic growth and develop her industrial potential. Therefore, the government has opted to implement a protectionism policy on the edible oil sector by gradually imposing 10 % tariffs in 2016/17 to 35 % in 2018/19 on both crude and refined edible oil with the aim of promoting domestic production. It is expected that the intervention will create more employment not only to the edible oil sub-sector but also to other sectors in the economy. This study assesses the impact of the imposed tariffs on edible oil in Tanzania using a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model (CGE) at the national level, dis-aggregating t...
Certification is increasingly becoming necessary for accessing coffee export markets and practici... more Certification is increasingly becoming necessary for accessing coffee export markets and practicing environmental conservation, especially at this time when many of the farmers in developing countries strive to achieve agricultural transformation. Using data from 400 randomly selected coffee farmers in Tanzania, the study determined the status, constraints, key drivers, and impact of coffee certifications. Descriptive statistics and the endogenous switching regression (ESR) model were used for data analysis. Results indicated that the level of coffee certification is low, being constrained by unawareness and inaccessibility, the prevalence of coffee diseases, failure in realizing price advantages, and certification not being cost effective. Economies of scale, experience, and participation in collective actions are significant factors affecting coffee farmers’ decision to join certification schemes. Additionally, the study rejects the hypothesis of certification to improve household...
Achieving the sustainable development goals in developing countries will require the realization ... more Achieving the sustainable development goals in developing countries will require the realization of benefits from the global supply and value chains, such as coffee, for inclusive economic development and poverty reduction. This study uses the data of 400 men and women randomly sampled coffee farmers from a developing country, Tanzania, to evaluate coffee income distribution, and how general coffee production and trade contribute to gender equity and livelihood improvement. Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition and Gini coefficient models are used for data analysis. We find a gender imbalance from the ownership and control of resources to the participation of men and women in the coffee supply chain. However, investing in supporting the coffee supply chain has an impact on livelihood improvement, due to coffee income inequality reducing effects. There is a gender gap in the income earned from coffee production and trading, which is 44% of the women’s structural disadvantages. Empowerment for...
Although sunflower production in Tanzania is increasing, smallholder farmers still face a number ... more Although sunflower production in Tanzania is increasing, smallholder farmers still face a number of constraints that result in poor yields. Lack or inadequate nutrient supply is one of the main factors limiting crop productivity in Tanzania. However, mineral fertilizer is not always easily available and not economically affordable by smallholder farmers. Therefore, the use of animal manure could be a feasible and financially viable alternative, especially in the Dodoma region, where there is abundant livestock production. The aim is to analyze the effects of different animal manure rates on sunflower yield and the economic response of smallholder farms from Dodoma region. The dataset used in this study was obtained from a 2-year in loco survey. Sunflower yields under different animal manure rates were obtained using a process-based biophysical model, and results linked to an economic assessment. Results considering the 2015 and 2045 period showed a positive effect of animal manure a...
This study investigates the impacts of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on smallholder far... more This study investigates the impacts of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on smallholder farmers and their coping strategies in three contrasting Low- and Middle-Income Countries. The case studies include Brazil (South region), Madagascar (Atsimo Atsinanana region), and Tanzania (Morogoro/Eastern Tanzania). These countries were chosen because i) the economies are strongly influenced by the agricultural sector; ii) their national food security is strongly affected by smallholder production, and, iii) they represent a set of contrasting government responses to COVID-19 including the denial of the pandemic. Data were collected through semi-structured household interviews in all three countries in rural areas. COVID-19 induced effects were found in all three countries, including in Brazil and Tanzania where both national governments initially neglected the existence of COVID-19 and introduced few containment measures only. Here, mobility and trade restrictions of other countries im...
The study was carried out in two divisions of Meru District in Arusha region in Tanzania to inves... more The study was carried out in two divisions of Meru District in Arusha region in Tanzania to investigate the profitability and coordination of fresh fruit and vegetable export marketing channels by small-scale farmers in Tanzania. Purposive sampling was done in order to select two divisions where most of the horticultural crops are grown and then simple random sampling technique was employed in selecting 60 small-scale farmers of fresh fruit and vegetable, 5 large-scale producers, 14 middlemen and one Export Company. Descriptive and quantitative analytical techniques i.e. cluster analysis; GrossMargin and Logistic regression were employed. The findings suggest that four export marketing channels for fresh fruit and vegetable exist, and these are vertically integrated. The enterprises profitability between farmers selling fresh fruit and vegetable to export and domestic markets was statistically different (P<0.05), meaning that export trade is shown significantly being more profita...
Certification is increasingly becoming necessary for accessing coffee export markets and practici... more Certification is increasingly becoming necessary for accessing coffee export markets and practicing environmental conservation, especially at this time when many of the farmers in developing countries strive to achieve agricultural transformation. Using data from 400 randomly selected coffee farmers in Tanzania, the study determined the status, constraints, key drivers, and impact of coffee certifications. Descriptive statistics and the endogenous switching regression (ESR) model were used for data analysis. Results indicated that the level of coffee certification is low, being constrained by unawareness and inaccessibility, the prevalence of coffee diseases, failure in realizing price advantages, and certification not being cost effective. Economies of scale, experience, and participation in collective actions are significant factors affecting coffee farmers’ decision to join certification schemes. Additionally, the study rejects the hypothesis of certification to improve household...
Achieving the sustainable development goals in developing countries will require the realization ... more Achieving the sustainable development goals in developing countries will require the realization of benefits from the global supply and value chains, such as coffee, for inclusive economic development and poverty reduction. This study uses the data of 400 men and women randomly sampled coffee farmers from a developing country, Tanzania, to evaluate coffee income distribution, and how general coffee production and trade contribute to gender equity and livelihood improvement. Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition and Gini coefficient models are used for data analysis. We find a gender imbalance from the ownership and control of resources to the participation of men and women in the coffee supply chain. However, investing in supporting the coffee supply chain has an impact on livelihood improvement, due to coffee income inequality reducing effects. There is a gender gap in the income earned from coffee production and trading, which is 44% of the women’s structural disadvantages. Empowerment for...
There are many arguments that, increasing food self-sufficiency in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) could... more There are many arguments that, increasing food self-sufficiency in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) could reduce the high food price escalations which are often related to the increasing demand and importation of food commodities. In Tanzania, as in most SSA countries, edible oil crops production has been among the most vibrant activities, as there has been rapid expansion in the production of oil crops with high protein content, such as soybean, groundnuts, rapeseed and sunflower seeds. These crops are used largely for direct oil consumption, with their residues used as animal feed. Currently, annual edible oil demand is around 400,000 tons, a figure that is increasing at a rate of 3 % annually mainly because of population growth and increased health concerns. Current data shows that domestic production of both factory and small-scale extracted edible oils contribute to about 40 % of the national edible oil requirement while the deficit is imported. However, among the edible oil seeds, sun...
The imposition of high tariff rates is considered as strategies to protect domestic producers, st... more The imposition of high tariff rates is considered as strategies to protect domestic producers, stimulate production and accelerate industrialisation in developing countries. Tanzania, among many developing countries, has a strong agricultural base and is in a verge of choosing which trade strategies will enable the country to attain among her population a high economic growth and develop her industrial potential. Therefore, the government has opted to implement a protectionism policy on the edible oil sector by gradually imposing 10 % tariffs in 2016/17 to 35 % in 2018/19 on both crude and refined edible oil with the aim of promoting domestic production. It is expected that the intervention will create more employment not only to the edible oil sub-sector but also to other sectors in the economy. This study assesses the impact of the imposed tariffs on edible oil in Tanzania using a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model (CGE) at the national level, dis-aggregating t...
Certification is increasingly becoming necessary for accessing coffee export markets and practici... more Certification is increasingly becoming necessary for accessing coffee export markets and practicing environmental conservation, especially at this time when many of the farmers in developing countries strive to achieve agricultural transformation. Using data from 400 randomly selected coffee farmers in Tanzania, the study determined the status, constraints, key drivers, and impact of coffee certifications. Descriptive statistics and the endogenous switching regression (ESR) model were used for data analysis. Results indicated that the level of coffee certification is low, being constrained by unawareness and inaccessibility, the prevalence of coffee diseases, failure in realizing price advantages, and certification not being cost effective. Economies of scale, experience, and participation in collective actions are significant factors affecting coffee farmers’ decision to join certification schemes. Additionally, the study rejects the hypothesis of certification to improve household...
Achieving the sustainable development goals in developing countries will require the realization ... more Achieving the sustainable development goals in developing countries will require the realization of benefits from the global supply and value chains, such as coffee, for inclusive economic development and poverty reduction. This study uses the data of 400 men and women randomly sampled coffee farmers from a developing country, Tanzania, to evaluate coffee income distribution, and how general coffee production and trade contribute to gender equity and livelihood improvement. Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition and Gini coefficient models are used for data analysis. We find a gender imbalance from the ownership and control of resources to the participation of men and women in the coffee supply chain. However, investing in supporting the coffee supply chain has an impact on livelihood improvement, due to coffee income inequality reducing effects. There is a gender gap in the income earned from coffee production and trading, which is 44% of the women’s structural disadvantages. Empowerment for...
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