Wafaranki

Wafaranki walikuwa Wagermanik waliovamia Dola la Roma na hatimaye kujitokeza kama kabila lenye nguvu kuliko yote ya aina hiyo.

Mahali pa Wafaranki katika karne ya 3.

Kazi bora ya usanii majengo wa Kikarolo: kanisa palatina huko Aachen, Ujerumani.

Milki ya Wafranki wakati wa kifo cha Karolo Mkuu mnamo mwaka 814.

Nchi ya Ufaransa imepata jina lake kutoka kwao, ambao waliitawala na kutoka huko wakaeneza himaya yao juu ya sehemu kubwa ya Ulaya Magharibi, wakizuia Waislamu wasiweze kutoka Hispania.

Ushirikiano wao na Mapapa, kama kabila la kwanza la Kijerumani kuingia Kanisa Katoliki bila kupitia kwanza Uario, ni kati ya mambo yaliyoathiri zaidi historia ya Ulaya.

Kilele cha ustawi wao kilifikiwa chini ya mfalme Karolo Mkuu aliyetawala sehemu kubwa za Ufaransa, Ujerumani, Italia ya kaskazini pamoja na Ubelgiji na Uholanzi ya leo. Papa Leo III alimpa taji la Kaizari wa Roma tarehe 25 Desemba 800. Ndio mwanzo wa Dola Takatifu la Roma. Baada ya Karolo milki yake iligawiwa pande mbili zilizoendelea tofauti na kuwa asili ya mataifa ya Ufaransa na Ujerumani.

Marejeo

Vyanzo

• Fredegar
  • Fredegarius (1981) [1960]. Fredegarii chronicorum liber quartus cum continuationibus (kwa Latin na English opposite). Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Unknown (1973). Liber Historiae Francorum. Coronado Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Woodruff, Jane Ellen (1987). The Historia Epitomata (third book) of the Chronicle of Fredegar: an annotated translation and historical analysis of interpolated material. Thesis (Ph. D.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

• Gregori wa Tours
  • Gregory of Tours. "Libri Historiarum". The Classics Page: The Latin Library (kwa Latin). thelatinlibrary.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Gregory of Tours (1997) [1916]. Halsall, Paul (mhr.). History of the Franks: Books I-X (Extended Selections). New York: Columbia University Press; Fordham University. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-08-14. Iliwekwa mnamo 2014-07-20. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  • Gregory (1967). The History of the Franks. Farnborough: Gregg Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Ammianus Marcellinus
  • Marcellinus, Ammianus (2007) [1862]. Roman History. London; Internet: Bohn; tertullian.org. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Procopius
  •  Procopius; H.B. Dewing (Translator) (2008). History of the Wars. Wikisource.

Marejeo mengine

• Bachrach, Bernard S. Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971. ISBN 0-8166-0621-8
• Collins, Roger. Early Medieval Europe 300–1000. London: MacMillan, 1991.
• Geary, Patrick J. Before France and Germany: the Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-504458-4
• Geipel, John (1970) [1969]. The Europeans: The People - Today and Yesterday: Their Origins and Interrelations. New York: PEGASUS: a division of Western Publishing Company, Inc. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Greenwood, Thomas (1836). The First Book of the History of the Germans: Barbaric period. London: Longman, Rees, Orne, and Co. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help).
• Howorth, Henry H. (1884). "XVII. The Ethnology of Germany (Part VI). The Varini, Varangians and Franks. - Section II". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 13. London: Trübner & Co.: 213–239. doi:10.2307/2841727. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• James, Edward (1988). The Franks. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-17936-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lewis, Archibald R. "The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751." Speculum, Vol. 51, No 3 (July 1976), pp 381–410.
• McKitterick, Rosamond. The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987. London: Longman, 1983. ISBN 0-582-49005-7.
• Murray, Archibald Callander, and Goffart, Walter A. After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History. University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1998.
• Nixon, C. E. V. and Rodgers, Barbara. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors. Berkeley, 1994.
• Noske, Roland (2007). "Autonomous typological prosodic evolution versus the Germanic superstrate in diachronic French phonology". Katika Aboh, Enoch; van der Linden, Elisabeth; Quer, Josep; Sleeman, Petra (whr.). Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory (PDF). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: Benjamins. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2016-03-03. Iliwekwa mnamo 2014-07-20Kigezo:Inconsistent citations {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link).
• Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Pfister, M. Christian (1911). "(B) The Franks Before Clovis". Katika Bury, J.B. (mhr.). The Cambridge Medieval History. Juz. la Volume I: The Christian Roman Empire and the Foundation of the Teutonic Kingdoms. London: Cambridge University PressKigezo:Inconsistent citations {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Schutz, Herbert. The Germanic Realms in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400–750. American University Studies, Series IX: History, Vol. 196. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.
• Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. The Long-Haired Kings. London: Butler & tanner Ltd, 1962.
• Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. The Barbarian West. London: Hutchinson, 1970.

Viungo vya nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Wafaranki

• Åhlfeldt, Johan (2010). "Regnum Francorum Online — interactive maps and sources of early medieval Europe 614-840". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-10-11. Iliwekwa mnamo 2014-07-20.
• Kurth, G. (1909). "The Franks". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06238a.htm.
• Martinsson, Örjan. "The Frankish Kingdom". Historical Atlas. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Desemba 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Nelson, Lynn Harry (2001). "The Rise of the Franks, 330-751". Lectures in Medieval History. vlib.us.
• "The Franks". International World History Project. 2001. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2018-09-12. Iliwekwa mnamo 2014-07-20.

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