Public lands including forests and community pastures are still crucial means of local livelihood... more Public lands including forests and community pastures are still crucial means of local livelihood, social security, and environmental conservation in many developing countries including Nepal. However, these resources are increasingly managed primarily to offset greenhouse gas emissions of developed countries. The new management has exacerbated many local problems: livelihood constriction, social crises, human casualties (deaths and serious injuries), biodiversity degradation, and water scarcity including cryosphere retreating. Drawing data from multiple sources, this study attempted to explain the international political objectives and processes that dispossessed developing societies of public land resources for the benefit of developed countries. It shows that representatives of the developed countries were proactively and strategically involved in agenda formation, solutions negotiations, and decision-making while developing international environmental policies, and succeeded to ...
... Emerging opportunities for agriculture: investigating plant adaptation by characterizing germ... more ... Emerging opportunities for agriculture: investigating plant adaptation by characterizing germplasm collection habitats. ... 2 , C Ludwig 1,2 , D Shrestha 1,2 , MC Mackay 3 , KA Street 4 , J ... The advent of high resolution elevational climate models has greatly improved our capacity to ...
With 3 tablesLupin anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lupini (Bondar) Nirenberg, Feiler &a... more With 3 tablesLupin anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lupini (Bondar) Nirenberg, Feiler & Hagedorn] first occurred in commercial crops in Western Australia (WA) in 1996 and severely affected the lupin industry, particularly in the northern grain belt of WA. Subsequent studies led to the identification of good sources of resistance to the disease in narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). However, a reliable source of resistance was lacking in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) until recently. Screening of accessions obtained from various parts of the globe yielded three putative sources of resistance. Crosses were made between the resistant lines and other breeding lines. Consequently, several breeding lines have been developed with a partial resistance to the disease. This is the first report on the development of anthracnose resistance in yellow lupin. This level of resistance should provide enough protection to grow yellow lupin in southwest of WA as this region does not have blue lupin (Lupinus cosentinii Guss.), a perpetual natural host of the anthracnose pathogen.
Faba beans (Vicia faba) are susceptible to the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei, therefo... more Faba beans (Vicia faba) are susceptible to the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei, therefore a range of cultivars and advanced lines were tested to determine if there was genetic variation in resistance to potentially exploit in breeding programs. Two field experiments in Queensland measured the resistance to P. thornei of faba bean cultivars and compared them with wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) ranging from moderately-resistant to susceptible, and a very susceptible narbon bean cultivar (Vicia narbonensis). In the first experiment, in-crop rainfall was 271 mm and plant biomass ranged from 7.3 to 9.2 t/ha, whereas the second experiment, in-crop rainfall was 116 mm and plant biomass ranged from 3.9 to 4.6 t/ha. Despite the differences in seasonal conditions and plant growth, the effect of cultivars on nematode populations was consistent in an across site analysis (P<0.001). All faba bean cultivars were susceptible with final P. thornei populations increased 7 to 14-fold (48 P. thornei/g soil after cv. 11NF001-10 to 90/g soil after cv. Cairo at 0–30 cm soil depth at harvest) when compared with the moderately resistant wheat cultivar (6 P. thornei/g soil). There was a 10-fold increase after the susceptible wheat cultivar (73/g soil) and 22-fold increase after narbon bean (148/g soil). Screening cultivars for resistance to diseases in the field can be confounded by environmental constraints, but not so in these experiments, reflecting the strong genetic control of crop genotypes on P. thornei reproduction. The range of P. thornei populations measured after growing the faba bean cultivars means that targeted breeding can be used to improve resistance levels of all faba bean cultivars so that growers will be able to derive the maximum benefit from this valuable pulse crop in the farming systems of the Australian northern grain region.
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a partially outcrossing species requiring an isolation distance to m... more Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a partially outcrossing species requiring an isolation distance to maintain genetic purity when more than one variety is grown in field conditions. This information is crucial for seed growers and faba bean breeders. A study was conducted at the University of Sydney’s Plant Breeding Institute, Narrabri over two years to examine the extent of natural outcrossing using a creamy white flower characteristic as a morphological marker, which is controlled by a single recessive gene. The white flowered genotype (IX225c) was grown in paired rows of 150 m length in four directions from a central 480 m2 plot of the normal flowered genotype PBA Warda. A beehive was placed in the central plot at flowering time and natural pollination was allowed. At maturity, seed samples were taken from the white flowered genotype at designated intervals along each axis and 100 seeds from each sample were grown in the glasshouse/birdcage to the 4-5 leaf stage and the proportion of plants displaying stipule spot pigmentation (normal flower colour and spotted stipule are linked) was used to determine the percentage of outcrossing. Maximum outcrossing of 2.28% occurred where both genotypes were grown side by side (0 m) and the degree of outcrossing decreased as the distance along each axis from the central plot increased. At 6 m distance the outcrossing was less than 1%, however on occasion it increased to 1% beyond a distance of 100 m, indicating the volatile and unpredictable nature of bee flights. Distance had the major effect on outcrossing, but direction and its interaction had no effect. The results suggest that to limit outcrossing to below 0.5%, a distance of more than 150 m between plots of different faba beans cultivars would be required. It also indicated that Australian faba bean genotypes are mostly self-fertile and a relatively narrow isolation distance will ensure self-fertilization in seed production and breeding programs.
New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, Nov 12, 2017
ABSTRACT Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes undesirable darkening in wheat products such as Asian no... more ABSTRACT Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes undesirable darkening in wheat products such as Asian noodles. The inheritance of PPO activity was investigated in a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a hybrid between a null PPO genotype VAW08-A17 and Australian wheat variety QALBis. The observed genetic ratio indicated three genes controlling high PPO activity. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was performed in this DH population using diversity arrays technology (DArT) to genotype the population. Three highly significant QTLs that control PPO activity were identified on chromosomes 2AL, 2BS and 2DL with additive mode of action. Three closely associated DArT markers, wPt-7024, wPt-0094 and wPt-2544, were identified corresponding to these QTLs. Collectively, these loci explained 74% of the observed variation in PPO activity. Identification of DArT markers associated with PPO genes will accelerate the development of null or very low PPO cultivars that exhibit reduced time-dependent darkening of Asian noodles.
Public lands including forests and community pastures are still crucial means of local livelihood... more Public lands including forests and community pastures are still crucial means of local livelihood, social security, and environmental conservation in many developing countries including Nepal. However, these resources are increasingly managed primarily to offset greenhouse gas emissions of developed countries. The new management has exacerbated many local problems: livelihood constriction, social crises, human casualties (deaths and serious injuries), biodiversity degradation, and water scarcity including cryosphere retreating. Drawing data from multiple sources, this study attempted to explain the international political objectives and processes that dispossessed developing societies of public land resources for the benefit of developed countries. It shows that representatives of the developed countries were proactively and strategically involved in agenda formation, solutions negotiations, and decision-making while developing international environmental policies, and succeeded to ...
... Emerging opportunities for agriculture: investigating plant adaptation by characterizing germ... more ... Emerging opportunities for agriculture: investigating plant adaptation by characterizing germplasm collection habitats. ... 2 , C Ludwig 1,2 , D Shrestha 1,2 , MC Mackay 3 , KA Street 4 , J ... The advent of high resolution elevational climate models has greatly improved our capacity to ...
With 3 tablesLupin anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lupini (Bondar) Nirenberg, Feiler &a... more With 3 tablesLupin anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lupini (Bondar) Nirenberg, Feiler &amp; Hagedorn] first occurred in commercial crops in Western Australia (WA) in 1996 and severely affected the lupin industry, particularly in the northern grain belt of WA. Subsequent studies led to the identification of good sources of resistance to the disease in narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). However, a reliable source of resistance was lacking in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) until recently. Screening of accessions obtained from various parts of the globe yielded three putative sources of resistance. Crosses were made between the resistant lines and other breeding lines. Consequently, several breeding lines have been developed with a partial resistance to the disease. This is the first report on the development of anthracnose resistance in yellow lupin. This level of resistance should provide enough protection to grow yellow lupin in southwest of WA as this region does not have blue lupin (Lupinus cosentinii Guss.), a perpetual natural host of the anthracnose pathogen.
Faba beans (Vicia faba) are susceptible to the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei, therefo... more Faba beans (Vicia faba) are susceptible to the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei, therefore a range of cultivars and advanced lines were tested to determine if there was genetic variation in resistance to potentially exploit in breeding programs. Two field experiments in Queensland measured the resistance to P. thornei of faba bean cultivars and compared them with wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) ranging from moderately-resistant to susceptible, and a very susceptible narbon bean cultivar (Vicia narbonensis). In the first experiment, in-crop rainfall was 271 mm and plant biomass ranged from 7.3 to 9.2 t/ha, whereas the second experiment, in-crop rainfall was 116 mm and plant biomass ranged from 3.9 to 4.6 t/ha. Despite the differences in seasonal conditions and plant growth, the effect of cultivars on nematode populations was consistent in an across site analysis (P<0.001). All faba bean cultivars were susceptible with final P. thornei populations increased 7 to 14-fold (48 P. thornei/g soil after cv. 11NF001-10 to 90/g soil after cv. Cairo at 0–30 cm soil depth at harvest) when compared with the moderately resistant wheat cultivar (6 P. thornei/g soil). There was a 10-fold increase after the susceptible wheat cultivar (73/g soil) and 22-fold increase after narbon bean (148/g soil). Screening cultivars for resistance to diseases in the field can be confounded by environmental constraints, but not so in these experiments, reflecting the strong genetic control of crop genotypes on P. thornei reproduction. The range of P. thornei populations measured after growing the faba bean cultivars means that targeted breeding can be used to improve resistance levels of all faba bean cultivars so that growers will be able to derive the maximum benefit from this valuable pulse crop in the farming systems of the Australian northern grain region.
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a partially outcrossing species requiring an isolation distance to m... more Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a partially outcrossing species requiring an isolation distance to maintain genetic purity when more than one variety is grown in field conditions. This information is crucial for seed growers and faba bean breeders. A study was conducted at the University of Sydney’s Plant Breeding Institute, Narrabri over two years to examine the extent of natural outcrossing using a creamy white flower characteristic as a morphological marker, which is controlled by a single recessive gene. The white flowered genotype (IX225c) was grown in paired rows of 150 m length in four directions from a central 480 m2 plot of the normal flowered genotype PBA Warda. A beehive was placed in the central plot at flowering time and natural pollination was allowed. At maturity, seed samples were taken from the white flowered genotype at designated intervals along each axis and 100 seeds from each sample were grown in the glasshouse/birdcage to the 4-5 leaf stage and the proportion of plants displaying stipule spot pigmentation (normal flower colour and spotted stipule are linked) was used to determine the percentage of outcrossing. Maximum outcrossing of 2.28% occurred where both genotypes were grown side by side (0 m) and the degree of outcrossing decreased as the distance along each axis from the central plot increased. At 6 m distance the outcrossing was less than 1%, however on occasion it increased to 1% beyond a distance of 100 m, indicating the volatile and unpredictable nature of bee flights. Distance had the major effect on outcrossing, but direction and its interaction had no effect. The results suggest that to limit outcrossing to below 0.5%, a distance of more than 150 m between plots of different faba beans cultivars would be required. It also indicated that Australian faba bean genotypes are mostly self-fertile and a relatively narrow isolation distance will ensure self-fertilization in seed production and breeding programs.
New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, Nov 12, 2017
ABSTRACT Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes undesirable darkening in wheat products such as Asian no... more ABSTRACT Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes undesirable darkening in wheat products such as Asian noodles. The inheritance of PPO activity was investigated in a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a hybrid between a null PPO genotype VAW08-A17 and Australian wheat variety QALBis. The observed genetic ratio indicated three genes controlling high PPO activity. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was performed in this DH population using diversity arrays technology (DArT) to genotype the population. Three highly significant QTLs that control PPO activity were identified on chromosomes 2AL, 2BS and 2DL with additive mode of action. Three closely associated DArT markers, wPt-7024, wPt-0094 and wPt-2544, were identified corresponding to these QTLs. Collectively, these loci explained 74% of the observed variation in PPO activity. Identification of DArT markers associated with PPO genes will accelerate the development of null or very low PPO cultivars that exhibit reduced time-dependent darkening of Asian noodles.
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Papers by Kedar Adhikari