Over the last few years, optical switching technology for data centers (DC) has gained much atten... more Over the last few years, optical switching technology for data centers (DC) has gained much attention due to the potential and benefits of using optical components. The performance of the optical network is directly related to the type of optical switching technique used. Optical burst switch (OBS) is currently being developed as a technology capable of supporting wide bandwidth, enabling high transmission of information and various types of traffic. Losses due to contention between bursts at the core nodes are one of the main problems that prevent the achievement of optical burst switching (OBS) technology on core networks. In this paper, wavelength conversion and deflection routing techniques used together to get the best solution for the problem of contention bursts that might be occurred at the core node. Performance evaluation was investigated by analysis of burst loss probability and steady-state throughput using steady-state occupancy probabilities and Poisson traffic model arrivals and the analyzed results are presented at different mean burst arrival rates and the different number of wavelengths.
FiWi access network provides the end-users with a large amount of bandwidth and reliability in a ... more FiWi access network provides the end-users with a large amount of bandwidth and reliability in a flexible manner as it integrates the technical merit of the fiber and wireless network, FiWi access network is a promising access technology, because of the tremendous increase in traffic demands in the FiWi access network, achieving good survivability is facing major challenges as vast traffic could be disrupted due to the failure of any FiWi portion. In this study, all-optical network failures are addressed. Single and multiple segments addressing is allocated an ONU backup in each segment satisfying the shortest distance to backup ONUs in other segments and classified network segments as a cluster. So, backup fibers are deployed between the backup ONUs in each cluster in separate segments to create a protection scheme that satisfies maximum protection and minimum cost. The results accomplished minimizing the backup fiber cost by 20 % compared with the ring scheme and minimize the spare capacity that needs for maximum protection by sharing the spare capacity for segments in the same cluster
The rapid development of smart devices and intelligent things led to exponentially increase the t... more The rapid development of smart devices and intelligent things led to exponentially increase the traffic of data in wireless networks in recent years. A heterogeneous network (Her-Net), and Millimeter Wave (mm-Wave) band are the suitable solutions for the new generation networks to enhance coverage, capacity, and users demand. The main aim of this paper is to plan a fifth-Generation Heterogonous Wireless Local Network (5G Het-WLN) using dense small cells at Taiz university, Taiz, Yemen. The coverage area of Taiz university divided into 4 regions, each region with one microcell operating at 38 GHz frequency band. A further 120 femtocells were distributed inside university buildings which operate at 60 GHz frequency band. The femtocells enhance the capacity and coverage requirement for indoor subscribers. The simulation of the network planning process is implemented using OMNET ++ simulation tool. The results indicated that, throughput in uplink and downlink reached to 5.5 Gbps and 8 Gbps respectively.
The global positioning system (GPS) is one of the most important and useful technologies that has... more The global positioning system (GPS) is one of the most important and useful technologies that has been developed. The propagated wireless signals along GPS channel are affected by the ionospheric electron density irregularities, so the GPS signals may experience amplitude and phase fluctuations. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ionospheric scintillation and total electron content (TEC) monitor (GISTM) receiver has been installed at UTeM, Malaysia (2.3139°N, 102.3183°E) for the purpose of monitoring ionospheric scintillation for many frequencies. In this paper, the GPS ionospheric scintillations are concerned for the dual frequency L1 (fL1 =3D 1.57542 GHz), and L2C (fL2=3D 1.2276 GHz). Data collection of ionospheric scintillation has been done during solar maximum cycle 2013/2014 for six months October 2013-March 2014. The solar activity effects on the GPS link performance especially when this activity increases, so the analysis of the GPS link ionospheric scintillation must be considered for this region. The ionospheric amplitude/phase scintillation, and the carrier-to-noise (C/No) ratio are reported in the proposed experimental GPS model. As a result for Malaysia, typical threshold received C/No ratio is 38 dB-Hz, that means C/No ratio should be greater than 38 dB-Hz to receive good signal at the GPS reciever.
Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies, May 27, 2017
For Long Term Evolution-Advance (LTE-A), this paper aims to minimize the cost of the radio link a... more For Long Term Evolution-Advance (LTE-A), this paper aims to minimize the cost of the radio link and the network infrastructure, taking into account the distribution of subscribers, the location of the area to cover and the quality of service constraints. The coverage and capacity planning, and its optimization are proposed for the urban area at Taiz city, Yemen. This paper involves hands-on simulation exercise on planning and optimization of LTE-A network using ATOLL planning software tool. After LTE optimization by using Automatic Cell Planning (ACP), Automatic Frequency Planning (AFP), Monte-Carlo algorithm and neighbor planning, the coverage, signal level and throughput have been improved. In addition, overlapping has been reduced. The optimization process improves the coverage rate from 90% up to 98.04%, Carrier-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio (CINR) from 65.04% up to 77.6%, and total traffic supported by the network increases after the optimization by 30%.
The world is experiencing a massive advancement in the fifth generation (5G) of wireless networks... more The world is experiencing a massive advancement in the fifth generation (5G) of wireless networks communications., which will bring about a noticeable change in the communication system as well as the emergence of new technology to keep pace with this system including Software Design Network (SDN)., Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Massive Multi inputs Multi outputs (M-MIMO), which will rapidly and effectively improve the quality of services for consumers. The high frequency of tens of GHz used in this type of network, leading to up to tens of gigabits per second in the data rate. This paper dealt with the planning of 5G networks in urban and suburban area in Taiz city. The main problem that faces in the 5G wireless network that in suburban area where the mobility is high, the network implemented using overlapped cells to provide mobility from one cell to another and. However, overlapping increases interference and, consequently, may reduce network capacity. Also, in urban area, the main problem is due to dense deployment of multi-tier heterogeneous networks (Het-Nets) causes the inter-tier and intra-tier interferences. Areas are divided into small cells of different sizes according to population density and other natural factors to achieve network density by millimeter wave (mm- Wave) technology that uses a frequency of 60 GHz., which is one of the most important characteristics of 5G networks resulting from an increase in the number of cells and (Het-Nets). So, it achieved a high data rate which reach to 8 Gbps at each cell. There are about 240 cells in urban area and 105 cells in the suburban area, so this made it able to provide services to more than 220,000 users in urban and more than 100,000 users in suburban in addition to the optimization of power, which has reached the value of power received less than -120 dBm.
Next-generation access networks require simultaneous provision of wired and wireless services and... more Next-generation access networks require simultaneous provision of wired and wireless services and high data rate to meet the huge demands for mobility and multiple services. In this paper, we propose a spectral efficient radio over fiber scheme to simultaneously provide two spatial multiplexed multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless signals with baseband (BB) signal in one wavelength using a centralized light source. The proposed scheme can be applicable in wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON). The BB signal is modulated at low extinction ratio. Using the same modulated light, the two MIMO signals that have the same career frequency are combined optically using polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM). The BER performance of 10-9 is achieved for the three signals after transmission of 20 km single mode fiber (SMF).
Recent trends in research and scientific studies are represented in developing the wireless commu... more Recent trends in research and scientific studies are represented in developing the wireless communication systems to achieve 5G networks with ultra-high reliability, ultra-low latency, high capacity, large amount of data transfer, massive connection density, while improving the quality of service (QoS). Achieving ultra-low latency is one of the fundamental goals for 5G wireless networks to enable new services and applications such as, virtual reality, live content streaming, automated vehicle control, internet of things (IoT) where machines and tools can be controlled remotely with extreme response, and many delay sensitive applications over the mobile network. This paper investigates hybrid strategy of traffic dispersion and network densification, which aims to split and transmit an arrival traffic over multiple different paths within the ultra-dense network. This improved the capacity of, and reduced the communication delay in, planned 5G-wireless network for urban area in Taiz city, Yemen. For our proposed 5G-wireless network there are 376 microcells, which operates using millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) with the 73 GHz band, and used as providers for 274702 subscribers within the covered urban area of Taiz city. The planned 5G-network is carried out using OMNET++ and MATLAB simulation tools, hence the performance of this network is evaluated by key performance indicators (KPIs) such as average throughput, and communication delay. Based on the obtained results the amount of network throughput has reached a high value, up to 9 Gbps at each cell, with 88% probability that average one hop delay less than 0.5 ms.
To prevail against atmospheric attenuation considering unusual haze in tropical areas and to scal... more To prevail against atmospheric attenuation considering unusual haze in tropical areas and to scale the growing demand for high capacity communication bandwidth and scalability, a prominent technique is used known as dense hybrid wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)/multibeam free-space optics (FSO). In this study, attenuation arising due to haze scattering which is given as a function of link distance, wavelength and visibility is estimated from visibility data obtained from Malaysian meteorological department. Maximum attenuation of 20 dB/km has been observed due to unusual haze in Malaysia. This attenuation of 20 dB/km is applied on a proposed hybrid four channel of 1.5-Gb/s DWDM/multibeam FSO network with four wavelengths having standard downlink channel spacing of 100 GHz (~0.8 nm). The hybrid DWDM/multibeam FSO method has enhanced the performance of an FSO link in terms of the data rate, link distance, received power and scalability. The proposed approach facilitated access data to four end users at a data rate of 1.5 Gb/s each, over a link distance of 1,645 m at BER of 10−9 under 20 dB/km attenuation.
In this paper, a simple and bandwidth efficient hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network ... more In this paper, a simple and bandwidth efficient hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is proposed and designed. It is an optimal combination of an optical backhaul and a wireless front-end for an efficient access network. The bandwidth efficient WOBAN based on OFDM provides an effective solution to eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by dispersive channels. There are two factors considered important here; multipath fading in wireless link and dispersion effects in fiber link. The physical layer performance is analyzed in terms of bit error rate (BER), error vector magnitude (EVM), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). An 8 Gb/s data rate has been achieved by the optical backhaul along optical fiber length of 20 km. The wireless front-end access point supports data rate up to 240 Mb/s along an outdoor wireless link.
Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies, May 27, 2017
The propagated wireless signals along Global Positioning System (GPS) link suffer ionospheric sci... more The propagated wireless signals along Global Positioning System (GPS) link suffer ionospheric scintillations due to the ionospheric electron density irregularities. The GPS ionospheric scintillation and Total Electron Content (TEC) Monitor (GISTM) receiver is established at UTeM, Malaysia (Latitude 2° 14′ N, Longitude 102° 16′ E) to monitor ionospheric scintillations during the 24th solar maximum from September 2013 to August 2014. The GPS ionospheric scintillations are measured for the dual frequency L1 (1.57542 GHz) and L2C (1.2276 GHz). The mathematical model of the ionospheric scintillation is statistically estimated based on the collected experimental data using the nonlinear regression (NLR) technique. The scintillation index S4(L2C) is estimated as mathematical function of S4(L1). The proposed mathematical model has been validated and achieved lowest root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.0523 for the S4(L2C).
Free Space Optics (FSO) or optical wireless systems provide high data rate solution for broadband... more Free Space Optics (FSO) or optical wireless systems provide high data rate solution for broadband communication applications. FSO links are highly weather-dependent because different weather conditions significantly affect the link availability. In order to determine the best operational limit of an FSO link with respect to temperature and humidity, the effect of temperature and humidity on FSO network is studied in this work. Two new equations are proposed to model the effect of temperature and humidity on an FSO link operating at 850 nm in tropical climate. The first equation is developed to model the relationship between the humidity and temperature for tropical regions, while the second equation models the FSO link attenuation in terms of tropical temperature. In conclusion, it is suggested that FSO links can be operated with a normal variation of temperature and humidity in a tropical country to achieve near carrier class availability.
2019 First International Conference of Intelligent Computing and Engineering (ICOICE)
In the coming years, there will be a ground-breaking advancement in the field of wireless communi... more In the coming years, there will be a ground-breaking advancement in the field of wireless communications as the introduction of Fifth Generation (5G) network, which will be a turning point in communications systems and lead to the creation of unparalleled new systems and innovations. Network planning suggested in this paper for Aden City's coastal area and contrasted it with our previous 5G wireless access network research planning that we had implemented in Taiz City's urban area. Such densification of the network could support different networks and multiple cells within the primary network, called heterogeneous networks (Het-Nets), and demonstrate how they vary between two cities according to a lot of points. The more challenges of the densification in 5G during planning of 5G are network densification, spectrum aggregation Millimeter Wave (mm-Wave) bands and spectral efficiency techniques, so more bandwidth is needed and Supporting mobility through such a highly Het-Net. In this paper, the planning process came up with solutions which gave us good results that show the planned network which use the frequency of 28 GHz reaching higher data rates that rise to 7.1 Gbps at each cell in Taiz City and 5.2 Gbps at each cell in Aden City. The number of cells up to 212 micro cells in Taiz city which considered as an urban area with 189624 users compared to 200 micro cells and 185543 users in Aden City.
Over the last few years, optical switching technology for data centers (DC) has gained much atten... more Over the last few years, optical switching technology for data centers (DC) has gained much attention due to the potential and benefits of using optical components. The performance of the optical network is directly related to the type of optical switching technique used. Optical burst switch (OBS) is currently being developed as a technology capable of supporting wide bandwidth, enabling high transmission of information and various types of traffic. Losses due to contention between bursts at the core nodes are one of the main problems that prevent the achievement of optical burst switching (OBS) technology on core networks. In this paper, wavelength conversion and deflection routing techniques used together to get the best solution for the problem of contention bursts that might be occurred at the core node. Performance evaluation was investigated by analysis of burst loss probability and steady-state throughput using steady-state occupancy probabilities and Poisson traffic model arrivals and the analyzed results are presented at different mean burst arrival rates and the different number of wavelengths.
FiWi access network provides the end-users with a large amount of bandwidth and reliability in a ... more FiWi access network provides the end-users with a large amount of bandwidth and reliability in a flexible manner as it integrates the technical merit of the fiber and wireless network, FiWi access network is a promising access technology, because of the tremendous increase in traffic demands in the FiWi access network, achieving good survivability is facing major challenges as vast traffic could be disrupted due to the failure of any FiWi portion. In this study, all-optical network failures are addressed. Single and multiple segments addressing is allocated an ONU backup in each segment satisfying the shortest distance to backup ONUs in other segments and classified network segments as a cluster. So, backup fibers are deployed between the backup ONUs in each cluster in separate segments to create a protection scheme that satisfies maximum protection and minimum cost. The results accomplished minimizing the backup fiber cost by 20 % compared with the ring scheme and minimize the spare capacity that needs for maximum protection by sharing the spare capacity for segments in the same cluster
The rapid development of smart devices and intelligent things led to exponentially increase the t... more The rapid development of smart devices and intelligent things led to exponentially increase the traffic of data in wireless networks in recent years. A heterogeneous network (Her-Net), and Millimeter Wave (mm-Wave) band are the suitable solutions for the new generation networks to enhance coverage, capacity, and users demand. The main aim of this paper is to plan a fifth-Generation Heterogonous Wireless Local Network (5G Het-WLN) using dense small cells at Taiz university, Taiz, Yemen. The coverage area of Taiz university divided into 4 regions, each region with one microcell operating at 38 GHz frequency band. A further 120 femtocells were distributed inside university buildings which operate at 60 GHz frequency band. The femtocells enhance the capacity and coverage requirement for indoor subscribers. The simulation of the network planning process is implemented using OMNET ++ simulation tool. The results indicated that, throughput in uplink and downlink reached to 5.5 Gbps and 8 Gbps respectively.
The global positioning system (GPS) is one of the most important and useful technologies that has... more The global positioning system (GPS) is one of the most important and useful technologies that has been developed. The propagated wireless signals along GPS channel are affected by the ionospheric electron density irregularities, so the GPS signals may experience amplitude and phase fluctuations. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ionospheric scintillation and total electron content (TEC) monitor (GISTM) receiver has been installed at UTeM, Malaysia (2.3139°N, 102.3183°E) for the purpose of monitoring ionospheric scintillation for many frequencies. In this paper, the GPS ionospheric scintillations are concerned for the dual frequency L1 (fL1 =3D 1.57542 GHz), and L2C (fL2=3D 1.2276 GHz). Data collection of ionospheric scintillation has been done during solar maximum cycle 2013/2014 for six months October 2013-March 2014. The solar activity effects on the GPS link performance especially when this activity increases, so the analysis of the GPS link ionospheric scintillation must be considered for this region. The ionospheric amplitude/phase scintillation, and the carrier-to-noise (C/No) ratio are reported in the proposed experimental GPS model. As a result for Malaysia, typical threshold received C/No ratio is 38 dB-Hz, that means C/No ratio should be greater than 38 dB-Hz to receive good signal at the GPS reciever.
Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies, May 27, 2017
For Long Term Evolution-Advance (LTE-A), this paper aims to minimize the cost of the radio link a... more For Long Term Evolution-Advance (LTE-A), this paper aims to minimize the cost of the radio link and the network infrastructure, taking into account the distribution of subscribers, the location of the area to cover and the quality of service constraints. The coverage and capacity planning, and its optimization are proposed for the urban area at Taiz city, Yemen. This paper involves hands-on simulation exercise on planning and optimization of LTE-A network using ATOLL planning software tool. After LTE optimization by using Automatic Cell Planning (ACP), Automatic Frequency Planning (AFP), Monte-Carlo algorithm and neighbor planning, the coverage, signal level and throughput have been improved. In addition, overlapping has been reduced. The optimization process improves the coverage rate from 90% up to 98.04%, Carrier-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio (CINR) from 65.04% up to 77.6%, and total traffic supported by the network increases after the optimization by 30%.
The world is experiencing a massive advancement in the fifth generation (5G) of wireless networks... more The world is experiencing a massive advancement in the fifth generation (5G) of wireless networks communications., which will bring about a noticeable change in the communication system as well as the emergence of new technology to keep pace with this system including Software Design Network (SDN)., Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Massive Multi inputs Multi outputs (M-MIMO), which will rapidly and effectively improve the quality of services for consumers. The high frequency of tens of GHz used in this type of network, leading to up to tens of gigabits per second in the data rate. This paper dealt with the planning of 5G networks in urban and suburban area in Taiz city. The main problem that faces in the 5G wireless network that in suburban area where the mobility is high, the network implemented using overlapped cells to provide mobility from one cell to another and. However, overlapping increases interference and, consequently, may reduce network capacity. Also, in urban area, the main problem is due to dense deployment of multi-tier heterogeneous networks (Het-Nets) causes the inter-tier and intra-tier interferences. Areas are divided into small cells of different sizes according to population density and other natural factors to achieve network density by millimeter wave (mm- Wave) technology that uses a frequency of 60 GHz., which is one of the most important characteristics of 5G networks resulting from an increase in the number of cells and (Het-Nets). So, it achieved a high data rate which reach to 8 Gbps at each cell. There are about 240 cells in urban area and 105 cells in the suburban area, so this made it able to provide services to more than 220,000 users in urban and more than 100,000 users in suburban in addition to the optimization of power, which has reached the value of power received less than -120 dBm.
Next-generation access networks require simultaneous provision of wired and wireless services and... more Next-generation access networks require simultaneous provision of wired and wireless services and high data rate to meet the huge demands for mobility and multiple services. In this paper, we propose a spectral efficient radio over fiber scheme to simultaneously provide two spatial multiplexed multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless signals with baseband (BB) signal in one wavelength using a centralized light source. The proposed scheme can be applicable in wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON). The BB signal is modulated at low extinction ratio. Using the same modulated light, the two MIMO signals that have the same career frequency are combined optically using polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM). The BER performance of 10-9 is achieved for the three signals after transmission of 20 km single mode fiber (SMF).
Recent trends in research and scientific studies are represented in developing the wireless commu... more Recent trends in research and scientific studies are represented in developing the wireless communication systems to achieve 5G networks with ultra-high reliability, ultra-low latency, high capacity, large amount of data transfer, massive connection density, while improving the quality of service (QoS). Achieving ultra-low latency is one of the fundamental goals for 5G wireless networks to enable new services and applications such as, virtual reality, live content streaming, automated vehicle control, internet of things (IoT) where machines and tools can be controlled remotely with extreme response, and many delay sensitive applications over the mobile network. This paper investigates hybrid strategy of traffic dispersion and network densification, which aims to split and transmit an arrival traffic over multiple different paths within the ultra-dense network. This improved the capacity of, and reduced the communication delay in, planned 5G-wireless network for urban area in Taiz city, Yemen. For our proposed 5G-wireless network there are 376 microcells, which operates using millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) with the 73 GHz band, and used as providers for 274702 subscribers within the covered urban area of Taiz city. The planned 5G-network is carried out using OMNET++ and MATLAB simulation tools, hence the performance of this network is evaluated by key performance indicators (KPIs) such as average throughput, and communication delay. Based on the obtained results the amount of network throughput has reached a high value, up to 9 Gbps at each cell, with 88% probability that average one hop delay less than 0.5 ms.
To prevail against atmospheric attenuation considering unusual haze in tropical areas and to scal... more To prevail against atmospheric attenuation considering unusual haze in tropical areas and to scale the growing demand for high capacity communication bandwidth and scalability, a prominent technique is used known as dense hybrid wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)/multibeam free-space optics (FSO). In this study, attenuation arising due to haze scattering which is given as a function of link distance, wavelength and visibility is estimated from visibility data obtained from Malaysian meteorological department. Maximum attenuation of 20 dB/km has been observed due to unusual haze in Malaysia. This attenuation of 20 dB/km is applied on a proposed hybrid four channel of 1.5-Gb/s DWDM/multibeam FSO network with four wavelengths having standard downlink channel spacing of 100 GHz (~0.8 nm). The hybrid DWDM/multibeam FSO method has enhanced the performance of an FSO link in terms of the data rate, link distance, received power and scalability. The proposed approach facilitated access data to four end users at a data rate of 1.5 Gb/s each, over a link distance of 1,645 m at BER of 10−9 under 20 dB/km attenuation.
In this paper, a simple and bandwidth efficient hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network ... more In this paper, a simple and bandwidth efficient hybrid wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN) based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is proposed and designed. It is an optimal combination of an optical backhaul and a wireless front-end for an efficient access network. The bandwidth efficient WOBAN based on OFDM provides an effective solution to eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by dispersive channels. There are two factors considered important here; multipath fading in wireless link and dispersion effects in fiber link. The physical layer performance is analyzed in terms of bit error rate (BER), error vector magnitude (EVM), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). An 8 Gb/s data rate has been achieved by the optical backhaul along optical fiber length of 20 km. The wireless front-end access point supports data rate up to 240 Mb/s along an outdoor wireless link.
Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies, May 27, 2017
The propagated wireless signals along Global Positioning System (GPS) link suffer ionospheric sci... more The propagated wireless signals along Global Positioning System (GPS) link suffer ionospheric scintillations due to the ionospheric electron density irregularities. The GPS ionospheric scintillation and Total Electron Content (TEC) Monitor (GISTM) receiver is established at UTeM, Malaysia (Latitude 2° 14′ N, Longitude 102° 16′ E) to monitor ionospheric scintillations during the 24th solar maximum from September 2013 to August 2014. The GPS ionospheric scintillations are measured for the dual frequency L1 (1.57542 GHz) and L2C (1.2276 GHz). The mathematical model of the ionospheric scintillation is statistically estimated based on the collected experimental data using the nonlinear regression (NLR) technique. The scintillation index S4(L2C) is estimated as mathematical function of S4(L1). The proposed mathematical model has been validated and achieved lowest root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.0523 for the S4(L2C).
Free Space Optics (FSO) or optical wireless systems provide high data rate solution for broadband... more Free Space Optics (FSO) or optical wireless systems provide high data rate solution for broadband communication applications. FSO links are highly weather-dependent because different weather conditions significantly affect the link availability. In order to determine the best operational limit of an FSO link with respect to temperature and humidity, the effect of temperature and humidity on FSO network is studied in this work. Two new equations are proposed to model the effect of temperature and humidity on an FSO link operating at 850 nm in tropical climate. The first equation is developed to model the relationship between the humidity and temperature for tropical regions, while the second equation models the FSO link attenuation in terms of tropical temperature. In conclusion, it is suggested that FSO links can be operated with a normal variation of temperature and humidity in a tropical country to achieve near carrier class availability.
2019 First International Conference of Intelligent Computing and Engineering (ICOICE)
In the coming years, there will be a ground-breaking advancement in the field of wireless communi... more In the coming years, there will be a ground-breaking advancement in the field of wireless communications as the introduction of Fifth Generation (5G) network, which will be a turning point in communications systems and lead to the creation of unparalleled new systems and innovations. Network planning suggested in this paper for Aden City's coastal area and contrasted it with our previous 5G wireless access network research planning that we had implemented in Taiz City's urban area. Such densification of the network could support different networks and multiple cells within the primary network, called heterogeneous networks (Het-Nets), and demonstrate how they vary between two cities according to a lot of points. The more challenges of the densification in 5G during planning of 5G are network densification, spectrum aggregation Millimeter Wave (mm-Wave) bands and spectral efficiency techniques, so more bandwidth is needed and Supporting mobility through such a highly Het-Net. In this paper, the planning process came up with solutions which gave us good results that show the planned network which use the frequency of 28 GHz reaching higher data rates that rise to 7.1 Gbps at each cell in Taiz City and 5.2 Gbps at each cell in Aden City. The number of cells up to 212 micro cells in Taiz city which considered as an urban area with 189624 users compared to 200 micro cells and 185543 users in Aden City.
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Papers by Redhwan Qasem Shaddad