In recent decades, the development of targeted nanomaterials to target cancer cells and interact ... more In recent decades, the development of targeted nanomaterials to target cancer cells and interact at subcellular scales with a high degree of specificity has been interested in precision medicine. Targeted therapy has been reaching a pivotal role in cancer therapy since we cannot count upon the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to penetrate into all tumor microenvironment (TME) types because recent analysis of tumor vessels from patient biopsies has been showing that vessels are sealed and continuous across different tumor types such as ovarian, breast, and glioblastoma. Even so, these sealed vessels express proteins associated with transcytosis that can be targeted by proper ligands and help to their uptake and internalization into the tumor interstitium by receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) mechanism. Targeted nanomaterials as targeting drug delivery systems are being translated into clinical applications and substantial efforts have been exerted for carrying the maximum therapeutic advantage and limited adverse effects. For this purpose, targeting drug delivery systems require (1) blood circulation stability, (2) having targeting specificity with high affinity against corresponding molecular targets that are exposed on cell surfaces or in tumor tissues, and (3) having sufficient internalization into the target cells in the target site. The most important of these properties is the second one that causes aptamers to be an appropriate targeting moiety for drug/gene carriers. Therefore, aptamers are being emerged as chemical antibodies and they are attractive alternatives to antibodies since synthesis and chemically modification of aptamers is relatively easier than antibodies or peptide ligands; moreover, aptamers’ stability is more than antibodies or peptide ligand counterparts.
At the moment, anaplastic changes within the brain are challenging due to the complexity of neura... more At the moment, anaplastic changes within the brain are challenging due to the complexity of neural tissue, leading to the inefficiency of therapeutic protocols. The existence of a cellular interface, namely the blood-brain barrier (BBB), restricts the entry of several macromolecules and therapeutic agents into the brain. To date, several nano-based platforms have been used in laboratory settings and in vivo conditions to overcome the barrier properties of BBB. Exosomes (Exos) are one-of-a-kind of extracellular vesicles with specific cargo to modulate cell bioactivities in a paracrine manner. Regarding unique physicochemical properties and easy access to various biofluids, Exos provide a favorable platform for drug delivery and therapeutic purposes. Emerging data have indicated that Exos enable brain penetration of selective cargos such as bioactive factors and chemotherapeutic compounds. Along with these statements, the application of smart delivery approaches can increase delivery efficiency and thus therapeutic outcomes. Here, we highlighted the recent advances in the application of Exos in the context of brain tumors.
Nanobiotechnology in Diagnosis, Drug Delivery, and Treatment, 2020
Millions of people suffer from cancer worldwide, and many cases end up with the death of the pati... more Millions of people suffer from cancer worldwide, and many cases end up with the death of the patient. The current procedures for cancer diagnosis and therapy suffer from several shortcomings, including unpredictable tissue distribution of imaging and/or therapeutic agents, and their irrecoverable side effects on healthy cells. To address this issue, there is a critical demand for novel theranostic agents. Due to their excellent superparamagnetic properties, biocompatibility, and tailorable surface chemistry, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained much attention toward magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and emergent cancer targeted drug delivery systems. This chapter debates the state of MNPs in cancer theranostics; particular emphasis will be given to their synthesis and functionalization methods, and their applications in MRI, hyperthermia, and smart drug delivery systems for targeted diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
At the moment, anaplastic changes within the brain are challenging due to the complexity of neura... more At the moment, anaplastic changes within the brain are challenging due to the complexity of neural tissue, leading to the inefficiency of therapeutic protocols. The existence of a cellular interface, namely the blood-brain barrier (BBB), restricts the entry of several macromolecules and therapeutic agents into the brain. To date, several nano-based platforms have been used in laboratory settings and in vivo conditions to overcome the barrier properties of BBB. Exosomes (Exos) are one-of-a-kind of extracellular vesicles with specific cargo to modulate cell bioactivities in a paracrine manner. Regarding unique physicochemical properties and easy access to various biofluids, Exos provide a favorable platform for drug delivery and therapeutic purposes. Emerging data have indicated that Exos enable brain penetration of selective cargos such as bioactive factors and chemotherapeutic compounds. Along with these statements, the application of smart delivery approaches can increase delivery efficiency and thus therapeutic outcomes. Here, we highlighted the recent advances in the application of Exos in the context of brain tumors.
There are two kinds of targeted drug delivery systems: (I) Active targeted drug delivery (smart d... more There are two kinds of targeted drug delivery systems: (I) Active targeted drug delivery (smart drug delivery) based on ligands affiliation to receptors, (II) Passive targeted drug delivery, based on the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR effect). Active targeted drug delivery system is based on a method that delivers a certain amount of a therapeutic or diagnostic agent or both of them to a targeted diseased area within the special organ in the body. Drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) by the addition of ligands or with special physical or chemical engineering at structure are used for recognition by specific receptors/antigens on target cells for limitations of non-specific distribution of drug in whole cells of body and decreasing cytotoxicity and side effects of drugs on healthy cells and organs that it is impossible in traditional chemotherapy. Smart nanoparticles vehicles have been approved for the treatment of a broad spectrum of human cancers.
All chemical compounds or elements of our earth display some magnetic properties under certain si... more All chemical compounds or elements of our earth display some magnetic properties under certain situations. In this context, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained a huge interest all over the world due to their promising applications in the biomedical field. Considering this, the main focus has been given on materials having ferri-or ferromagnetic, superparamagnetic (SPM), and superferrimagnetic properties at ambient temperature. In this regard, three types of materials exist. First are metals; the metallic elements which possess ferromagnetism at room temperature include iron, nickel, and cobalt. The nanoparticle (NP) preparation of these metals and their use in biomedical applications hereof is probable because of their favorable magnetic behaviors (Hadjipanayis et al. 2008; Li et al. 2013). Since such NPs present a strong tendency to oxidation in non-magnetic oxides (antiferromagnetic FeO, NiO, CoO), an oxidation-protective layer is needed. Also, due to the toxicity of metallic NPs, they play a limited role in medicine (Tran and Webster 2010). Ferromagnetic alloys such as FePt, FeNi, CoPt, or FeCo are the second type of ferromagnetic materials. The MNP preparation consisting of ferromagnetic alloys is illustrated in the literature by numerous research groups (Wang et al. 2014). To date, none of those nanostructures has found access in biomedical usage, mainly owing to two reasons: (i) some of the ferromagnetic alloys (such as FeCoCr, AlNiCo, CoPt) display a hard-magnetic behavior (a remnant magnetization and coercivity), leading to potential particle agglomeration and causing vessel embolism risk for the patient; and (ii) most of the alloys with favorable magnetic behavior have toxic components (such as Co or Ni) which prevent the usage of these materials in the human body. The third kind of materials are oxides; magnetic oxide materials could be divided into mixed oxides by various crystal structures (such as the magnetic garnets and the ferrites) as well as the pure metallic oxides. Because the saturation magnetization of all garnets is very small, these materials are not appropriate for biomedical uses. The ferrites indicate hard-or soft-magnetic behavior, depending on their composition. In spite of some groups having found soft-magnetic ferrites with favorable magnetic properties, they have only been used for certain biomedical applications, and
Aptamers as molecular theranostic agents candidate are appropriate tools for diagnostics and ther... more Aptamers as molecular theranostic agents candidate are appropriate tools for diagnostics and therapeutic applications and basic research. They have been verified to have the potential for high affinity, targeting specificity, efficient internalization, and stable delivery of nanosystems carriers such micelles. Modified micelles with targeting moiety such as well-designed aptamers (Apt-micelles) are used as a drug/gene delivery system to enhance their selective delivery in target cells. Hence, Apt-micelles as an active targeting therapeutic system are being used to treat malignant diseases such as many types of cancers in precision medicine. This chapter represents an overview of recent developments of Apt-micelles in targeted cancer therapy.
In recent years the new stimuli-responsive nanocarriers were synthesized to carry multiple antica... more In recent years the new stimuli-responsive nanocarriers were synthesized to carry multiple anticancer drugs. Developing the special physiology of the target and cancerous tissue, microenvironment for triggering drug release through engineered nanoparticle can be one of the promising ways to decrease the side effects of chemotherapy drugs in healthy tissue. Given that, there is a physicochemical difference, for example, temperature, pH, and redox-triggers, between the cancerous cells and normal tissues environment; therefore the development of a stimuli-responsive drug delivery system based on these differences could be more effective to deliver a suitable dose of drugs to the target cells. In this chapter, we have summarized the usage of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for smart drug delivery. So, more consideration should be motivated on the numerous stimuli-responsive nanocarriers to gather nanocarriers at the cancerous site, and rapid drug release at the action site in response to internal and/or external stimuli. This cancerous-targeting, rapid drug release, and site-specific nanoparticles are greatly interested in the treatment of numerous cancers, and we are confident that dual and multistimuli responsive nanocarriers will show an important role in the future of cancers treatment.
In recent decades, the development of targeted nanomaterials to target cancer cells and interact ... more In recent decades, the development of targeted nanomaterials to target cancer cells and interact at subcellular scales with a high degree of specificity has been interested in precision medicine. Targeted therapy has been reaching a pivotal role in cancer therapy since we cannot count upon the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to penetrate into all tumor microenvironment (TME) types because recent analysis of tumor vessels from patient biopsies has been showing that vessels are sealed and continuous across different tumor types such as ovarian, breast, and glioblastoma. Even so, these sealed vessels express proteins associated with transcytosis that can be targeted by proper ligands and help to their uptake and internalization into the tumor interstitium by receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) mechanism. Targeted nanomaterials as targeting drug delivery systems are being translated into clinical applications and substantial efforts have been exerted for carrying the maximum therapeutic advantage and limited adverse effects. For this purpose, targeting drug delivery systems require (1) blood circulation stability, (2) having targeting specificity with high affinity against corresponding molecular targets that are exposed on cell surfaces or in tumor tissues, and (3) having sufficient internalization into the target cells in the target site. The most important of these properties is the second one that causes aptamers to be an appropriate targeting moiety for drug/gene carriers. Therefore, aptamers are being emerged as chemical antibodies and they are attractive alternatives to antibodies since synthesis and chemically modification of aptamers is relatively easier than antibodies or peptide ligands; moreover, aptamers’ stability is more than antibodies or peptide ligand counterparts.
At the moment, anaplastic changes within the brain are challenging due to the complexity of neura... more At the moment, anaplastic changes within the brain are challenging due to the complexity of neural tissue, leading to the inefficiency of therapeutic protocols. The existence of a cellular interface, namely the blood-brain barrier (BBB), restricts the entry of several macromolecules and therapeutic agents into the brain. To date, several nano-based platforms have been used in laboratory settings and in vivo conditions to overcome the barrier properties of BBB. Exosomes (Exos) are one-of-a-kind of extracellular vesicles with specific cargo to modulate cell bioactivities in a paracrine manner. Regarding unique physicochemical properties and easy access to various biofluids, Exos provide a favorable platform for drug delivery and therapeutic purposes. Emerging data have indicated that Exos enable brain penetration of selective cargos such as bioactive factors and chemotherapeutic compounds. Along with these statements, the application of smart delivery approaches can increase delivery efficiency and thus therapeutic outcomes. Here, we highlighted the recent advances in the application of Exos in the context of brain tumors.
Nanobiotechnology in Diagnosis, Drug Delivery, and Treatment, 2020
Millions of people suffer from cancer worldwide, and many cases end up with the death of the pati... more Millions of people suffer from cancer worldwide, and many cases end up with the death of the patient. The current procedures for cancer diagnosis and therapy suffer from several shortcomings, including unpredictable tissue distribution of imaging and/or therapeutic agents, and their irrecoverable side effects on healthy cells. To address this issue, there is a critical demand for novel theranostic agents. Due to their excellent superparamagnetic properties, biocompatibility, and tailorable surface chemistry, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained much attention toward magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and emergent cancer targeted drug delivery systems. This chapter debates the state of MNPs in cancer theranostics; particular emphasis will be given to their synthesis and functionalization methods, and their applications in MRI, hyperthermia, and smart drug delivery systems for targeted diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
At the moment, anaplastic changes within the brain are challenging due to the complexity of neura... more At the moment, anaplastic changes within the brain are challenging due to the complexity of neural tissue, leading to the inefficiency of therapeutic protocols. The existence of a cellular interface, namely the blood-brain barrier (BBB), restricts the entry of several macromolecules and therapeutic agents into the brain. To date, several nano-based platforms have been used in laboratory settings and in vivo conditions to overcome the barrier properties of BBB. Exosomes (Exos) are one-of-a-kind of extracellular vesicles with specific cargo to modulate cell bioactivities in a paracrine manner. Regarding unique physicochemical properties and easy access to various biofluids, Exos provide a favorable platform for drug delivery and therapeutic purposes. Emerging data have indicated that Exos enable brain penetration of selective cargos such as bioactive factors and chemotherapeutic compounds. Along with these statements, the application of smart delivery approaches can increase delivery efficiency and thus therapeutic outcomes. Here, we highlighted the recent advances in the application of Exos in the context of brain tumors.
There are two kinds of targeted drug delivery systems: (I) Active targeted drug delivery (smart d... more There are two kinds of targeted drug delivery systems: (I) Active targeted drug delivery (smart drug delivery) based on ligands affiliation to receptors, (II) Passive targeted drug delivery, based on the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR effect). Active targeted drug delivery system is based on a method that delivers a certain amount of a therapeutic or diagnostic agent or both of them to a targeted diseased area within the special organ in the body. Drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) by the addition of ligands or with special physical or chemical engineering at structure are used for recognition by specific receptors/antigens on target cells for limitations of non-specific distribution of drug in whole cells of body and decreasing cytotoxicity and side effects of drugs on healthy cells and organs that it is impossible in traditional chemotherapy. Smart nanoparticles vehicles have been approved for the treatment of a broad spectrum of human cancers.
All chemical compounds or elements of our earth display some magnetic properties under certain si... more All chemical compounds or elements of our earth display some magnetic properties under certain situations. In this context, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained a huge interest all over the world due to their promising applications in the biomedical field. Considering this, the main focus has been given on materials having ferri-or ferromagnetic, superparamagnetic (SPM), and superferrimagnetic properties at ambient temperature. In this regard, three types of materials exist. First are metals; the metallic elements which possess ferromagnetism at room temperature include iron, nickel, and cobalt. The nanoparticle (NP) preparation of these metals and their use in biomedical applications hereof is probable because of their favorable magnetic behaviors (Hadjipanayis et al. 2008; Li et al. 2013). Since such NPs present a strong tendency to oxidation in non-magnetic oxides (antiferromagnetic FeO, NiO, CoO), an oxidation-protective layer is needed. Also, due to the toxicity of metallic NPs, they play a limited role in medicine (Tran and Webster 2010). Ferromagnetic alloys such as FePt, FeNi, CoPt, or FeCo are the second type of ferromagnetic materials. The MNP preparation consisting of ferromagnetic alloys is illustrated in the literature by numerous research groups (Wang et al. 2014). To date, none of those nanostructures has found access in biomedical usage, mainly owing to two reasons: (i) some of the ferromagnetic alloys (such as FeCoCr, AlNiCo, CoPt) display a hard-magnetic behavior (a remnant magnetization and coercivity), leading to potential particle agglomeration and causing vessel embolism risk for the patient; and (ii) most of the alloys with favorable magnetic behavior have toxic components (such as Co or Ni) which prevent the usage of these materials in the human body. The third kind of materials are oxides; magnetic oxide materials could be divided into mixed oxides by various crystal structures (such as the magnetic garnets and the ferrites) as well as the pure metallic oxides. Because the saturation magnetization of all garnets is very small, these materials are not appropriate for biomedical uses. The ferrites indicate hard-or soft-magnetic behavior, depending on their composition. In spite of some groups having found soft-magnetic ferrites with favorable magnetic properties, they have only been used for certain biomedical applications, and
Aptamers as molecular theranostic agents candidate are appropriate tools for diagnostics and ther... more Aptamers as molecular theranostic agents candidate are appropriate tools for diagnostics and therapeutic applications and basic research. They have been verified to have the potential for high affinity, targeting specificity, efficient internalization, and stable delivery of nanosystems carriers such micelles. Modified micelles with targeting moiety such as well-designed aptamers (Apt-micelles) are used as a drug/gene delivery system to enhance their selective delivery in target cells. Hence, Apt-micelles as an active targeting therapeutic system are being used to treat malignant diseases such as many types of cancers in precision medicine. This chapter represents an overview of recent developments of Apt-micelles in targeted cancer therapy.
In recent years the new stimuli-responsive nanocarriers were synthesized to carry multiple antica... more In recent years the new stimuli-responsive nanocarriers were synthesized to carry multiple anticancer drugs. Developing the special physiology of the target and cancerous tissue, microenvironment for triggering drug release through engineered nanoparticle can be one of the promising ways to decrease the side effects of chemotherapy drugs in healthy tissue. Given that, there is a physicochemical difference, for example, temperature, pH, and redox-triggers, between the cancerous cells and normal tissues environment; therefore the development of a stimuli-responsive drug delivery system based on these differences could be more effective to deliver a suitable dose of drugs to the target cells. In this chapter, we have summarized the usage of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for smart drug delivery. So, more consideration should be motivated on the numerous stimuli-responsive nanocarriers to gather nanocarriers at the cancerous site, and rapid drug release at the action site in response to internal and/or external stimuli. This cancerous-targeting, rapid drug release, and site-specific nanoparticles are greatly interested in the treatment of numerous cancers, and we are confident that dual and multistimuli responsive nanocarriers will show an important role in the future of cancers treatment.
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