Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Apr 22, 2021
The present study investigates a two-echelon supply chain including a usual retailer and two comp... more The present study investigates a two-echelon supply chain including a usual retailer and two competing manufacturers. The objective function of our model is the maximization of the whole profit of the supply chain, which consists of the stochastic demand, shortage cost, and holding costs. This paper aims to analyze a single period with two products to define the optimum retail prices and wholesales under different game theory approaches (e.g., Bertrand, cooperation, and Stackelberg competitions) based on Double Interval Grey Numbers (DIGN). The other aim of this paper is to specify the price using the manufacturers and the common retailer and considering the stochastic different channel power structures and demand function. In this paper, it is considered that different power structures of channel members may affect the optimal pricing decisions. In this paper, two pricing policies of manufacturers, eight pricing models and various structures of distribution channel members are utilized. In these pricing models, the impacts of retail substitutability are evaluated on the decisions of the chain members and the equilibrium profits. In this paper, the products are substitutable and the demand is stochastic. In this model, the demand is not certain then, we may have shortages or unsold products. Finally, sensitivity analysis is provided for illustrating the theoretical outcomes established in each case.
Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Sep 15, 2021
Financial flows are one of the three majors in a Supply Chain (SC). Ignoring financial flows, reg... more Financial flows are one of the three majors in a Supply Chain (SC). Ignoring financial flows, regardless of the quality of freight transport and information, could lead the organization to a state of bankruptcy, which is a situation directly resulting from a lack of control over financial inputs/outputs. This study proposes a multi-product mathematical model, which makes it possible to choose among suppliers, manufacturing sites, distribution centres, retailers, and transportation vehicles. The purpose of the model is to integrate physical and material dimensions to maximize net corporate profits through inbound and outbound financial flows; it involves payment mechanisms between the financial and physical flows through maximizing the cash flows of manufacturing sites and suppliers, as two conflicting objectives that must consider the reciprocal effects of their decisions. These objectives are calculated by subtracting costs from the revenue; this process, of course, will ultimately result in an optimization of the organization’s financial flow. To solve the proposed mathematical model, the study relies on two algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Imperialist Competition Algorithm (ICA). The sample under investigation is solved separately using the three algorithms, and results are then compared. The observations of the study reveal the better performance of PSO.
The complexity and significance of decision-making in selecting suppliers highlight the need for ... more The complexity and significance of decision-making in selecting suppliers highlight the need for a systematic and transparent approach. The more organizations rely on suppliers, the more harmful the direct and indirect consequences of poor decision-making are. This study attempted to identify factors affecting supplier selection and develop a system dynamics model for supplier selection by taking into account social corporate responsibility (CSR) practices. This model aims to increase CSR practices when selecting suppliers and thus help supply chain members gain competitive power and satisfy customer demands optimally. The system dynamics model for supplier selection was developed by considering profitability, productivity, social transparency, and customer satisfaction. To this end, first, the indicators affecting supplier selection were identified. Then, a cause–effect model was extracted by surveying subject-matter experts. Finally, the system dynamics model was developed. The fi...
The purpose of this study is to provide a prediction model for the Tehran Stock Exchange Index us... more The purpose of this study is to provide a prediction model for the Tehran Stock Exchange Index using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and fuzzy regression analysis. The behavior of this index is nonlinear and chaotic that traditional methods do not predict accurately. Hence, using the above two tools and identifying three macroeconomic variables including inflation rate, exchange rate and crude oil price as independent variables, we predicted the index of the total stock index for the next week. Then, the modeling was performed using the above three variables. By comparing the results, ANFIS performance was better than fuzzy regression. The Root Mean Square Error Performance criterion was obtained for the ANFIS output of 0.021248. The prediction of the next week showed an error reduction for both tools and ANFIS again with an error value of 0.007933, yielded superior performance of the study. Also, the model with four inputs was more accurate compared to the model with ...
One of the serious supply chain management (SCM) challenges is the effective selection of supplie... more One of the serious supply chain management (SCM) challenges is the effective selection of suppliers and the right allocation of orders to achieve an SCM's suitable financial and technical status. This paper introduced a multi-objective linear programming model to prioritize and weigh suppliers using the modified best–worst method (BWM). The proposed model uses evaluation criteria and used fuzzy variables to determine the right numbers of suppliers as well as order quantity of raw materials each supplier should provide. The model has been made up of four objective functions, and the required constraints have been solved using the goal programming method. The proposed model can take a set of opposing goals into account and prioritize the goals to maximize access to each goal. The uncertain concepts such as fuzzy and rough theories in some criteria enabled the proposed model to use the imprecise information in the best possible manner. This study has solved an example using the proposed model through analytic network process and BWM. Then, the obtained results were compared with our findings for adopting interval-valued fuzzy-rough numbers BWM (IVFRN-BWM) and it was shown that the modified BWM approach generates lower costs and better criteria.
PurposeThis study examines the potential of contracts as one of the supply chain coordination mec... more PurposeThis study examines the potential of contracts as one of the supply chain coordination mechanisms under competitive conditions. It also investigates a two-echelon supply chain model with two manufacturers and two retailers to develop a competitive structure in grey stochastic demand.Design/methodology/approachSupply chain demand is considered as a stochastic phenomenon depending on the selling price of the product. Also, products can be replaced by market manufacturers. Each retailer faces the pricing of products from two manufacturers, leading to competition between downstream retailers. In the present study, the duopoly supply chain model was presented based on the wholesale price contract, revenue-sharing contract and quantity discount contract separately.FindingsGrey optimization and analysis of their coordination were presented. The results showed the high performance of revenue-sharing contracts in the supply chain. Thus, manufacturers will give the next priority to qua...
Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 2021
Globalization initiated the challenges in Supply Chain (SC) such as management and control. In th... more Globalization initiated the challenges in Supply Chain (SC) such as management and control. In this situation, Blockchain as a digital distributed ledger can guarantee clarity, tractability, and safety. Many case studies proved that we can use Blockchain Technology (BT) to solve global supply chain problems especially in smart contracts with their potential applications. BT is in its early period and it is hard to find supply chains that have successfully implemented this technology to track their sustainable actions. Therefore, it is worth studying about the role of customers, members, domestic, national, and international challenges that could resist implementing Blockchain and may affect SC sustainability. Accordingly, four categories of barriers to the use of BT are introduced which are inter-organizational, intra-organizational, technical, and external barriers. Then with Bayesian Best Worst Method, we ranked the BT barriers and the sub-barriers. The study illustrates the inter...
The present study investigates a two-echelon supply chain including a usual retailer and two comp... more The present study investigates a two-echelon supply chain including a usual retailer and two competing manufacturers. The objective function of our model is the maximization of the whole profit of the supply chain, which consists of the stochastic demand, shortage cost, and holding costs. This paper aims to analyze a single period with two products to define the optimum retail prices and wholesales under different game theory approaches (e.g., Bertrand, cooperation, and Stackelberg competitions) based on Double Interval Grey Numbers (DIGN). The other aim of this paper is to specify the price using the manufacturers and the common retailer and considering the stochastic different channel power structures and demand function. In this paper, it is considered that different power structures of channel members may affect the optimal pricing decisions. In this paper, two pricing policies of manufacturers, eight pricing models and various structures of distribution channel members are util...
Supply and distribution management of blood products is a challenging task due to their short lif... more Supply and distribution management of blood products is a challenging task due to their short lifespan. The problem is even more sophisticated considering uncertain demand for these products. This paper addresses integrated inventory-routing of blood in a supply chain network consisting of a single supplier and a group of blood centers. Transshipment among blood centers is allowed to decrease the cost of excess inventory and shortage of goods. A mathematical model is developed that decides on the optimal quantity of supplied blood, delivery plan, inventory level, and quantity of products transshipped between blood centers with the objective of minimizing total costs. In addition, a robust optimization approach is adopted to deal with uncertainty in demand. Since the proposed model is NP-hard, a heuristic solution algorithm is developed that improves solution quality by determining the most efficient change in vehicle routes in each search stage. The efficiency of the proposed algori...
Financial flows are one of the three majors in a Supply Chain (SC). Ignoring financial flows, reg... more Financial flows are one of the three majors in a Supply Chain (SC). Ignoring financial flows, regardless of the quality of freight transport and information, could lead the organization to a state of bankruptcy, which is a situation directly resulting from a lack of control over financial inputs/outputs. This study proposes a multi-product mathematical model, which makes it possible to choose among suppliers, manufacturing sites, distribution centres, retailers, and transportation vehicles. The purpose of the model is to integrate physical and material dimensions to maximize net corporate profits through inbound and outbound financial flows; it involves payment mechanisms between the financial and physical flows through maximizing the cash flows of manufacturing sites and suppliers, as two conflicting objectives that must consider the reciprocal effects of their decisions. These objectives are calculated by subtracting costs from the revenue; this process, of course, will ultimately...
Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Apr 22, 2021
The present study investigates a two-echelon supply chain including a usual retailer and two comp... more The present study investigates a two-echelon supply chain including a usual retailer and two competing manufacturers. The objective function of our model is the maximization of the whole profit of the supply chain, which consists of the stochastic demand, shortage cost, and holding costs. This paper aims to analyze a single period with two products to define the optimum retail prices and wholesales under different game theory approaches (e.g., Bertrand, cooperation, and Stackelberg competitions) based on Double Interval Grey Numbers (DIGN). The other aim of this paper is to specify the price using the manufacturers and the common retailer and considering the stochastic different channel power structures and demand function. In this paper, it is considered that different power structures of channel members may affect the optimal pricing decisions. In this paper, two pricing policies of manufacturers, eight pricing models and various structures of distribution channel members are utilized. In these pricing models, the impacts of retail substitutability are evaluated on the decisions of the chain members and the equilibrium profits. In this paper, the products are substitutable and the demand is stochastic. In this model, the demand is not certain then, we may have shortages or unsold products. Finally, sensitivity analysis is provided for illustrating the theoretical outcomes established in each case.
Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Sep 15, 2021
Financial flows are one of the three majors in a Supply Chain (SC). Ignoring financial flows, reg... more Financial flows are one of the three majors in a Supply Chain (SC). Ignoring financial flows, regardless of the quality of freight transport and information, could lead the organization to a state of bankruptcy, which is a situation directly resulting from a lack of control over financial inputs/outputs. This study proposes a multi-product mathematical model, which makes it possible to choose among suppliers, manufacturing sites, distribution centres, retailers, and transportation vehicles. The purpose of the model is to integrate physical and material dimensions to maximize net corporate profits through inbound and outbound financial flows; it involves payment mechanisms between the financial and physical flows through maximizing the cash flows of manufacturing sites and suppliers, as two conflicting objectives that must consider the reciprocal effects of their decisions. These objectives are calculated by subtracting costs from the revenue; this process, of course, will ultimately result in an optimization of the organization’s financial flow. To solve the proposed mathematical model, the study relies on two algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Imperialist Competition Algorithm (ICA). The sample under investigation is solved separately using the three algorithms, and results are then compared. The observations of the study reveal the better performance of PSO.
The complexity and significance of decision-making in selecting suppliers highlight the need for ... more The complexity and significance of decision-making in selecting suppliers highlight the need for a systematic and transparent approach. The more organizations rely on suppliers, the more harmful the direct and indirect consequences of poor decision-making are. This study attempted to identify factors affecting supplier selection and develop a system dynamics model for supplier selection by taking into account social corporate responsibility (CSR) practices. This model aims to increase CSR practices when selecting suppliers and thus help supply chain members gain competitive power and satisfy customer demands optimally. The system dynamics model for supplier selection was developed by considering profitability, productivity, social transparency, and customer satisfaction. To this end, first, the indicators affecting supplier selection were identified. Then, a cause–effect model was extracted by surveying subject-matter experts. Finally, the system dynamics model was developed. The fi...
The purpose of this study is to provide a prediction model for the Tehran Stock Exchange Index us... more The purpose of this study is to provide a prediction model for the Tehran Stock Exchange Index using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and fuzzy regression analysis. The behavior of this index is nonlinear and chaotic that traditional methods do not predict accurately. Hence, using the above two tools and identifying three macroeconomic variables including inflation rate, exchange rate and crude oil price as independent variables, we predicted the index of the total stock index for the next week. Then, the modeling was performed using the above three variables. By comparing the results, ANFIS performance was better than fuzzy regression. The Root Mean Square Error Performance criterion was obtained for the ANFIS output of 0.021248. The prediction of the next week showed an error reduction for both tools and ANFIS again with an error value of 0.007933, yielded superior performance of the study. Also, the model with four inputs was more accurate compared to the model with ...
One of the serious supply chain management (SCM) challenges is the effective selection of supplie... more One of the serious supply chain management (SCM) challenges is the effective selection of suppliers and the right allocation of orders to achieve an SCM's suitable financial and technical status. This paper introduced a multi-objective linear programming model to prioritize and weigh suppliers using the modified best–worst method (BWM). The proposed model uses evaluation criteria and used fuzzy variables to determine the right numbers of suppliers as well as order quantity of raw materials each supplier should provide. The model has been made up of four objective functions, and the required constraints have been solved using the goal programming method. The proposed model can take a set of opposing goals into account and prioritize the goals to maximize access to each goal. The uncertain concepts such as fuzzy and rough theories in some criteria enabled the proposed model to use the imprecise information in the best possible manner. This study has solved an example using the proposed model through analytic network process and BWM. Then, the obtained results were compared with our findings for adopting interval-valued fuzzy-rough numbers BWM (IVFRN-BWM) and it was shown that the modified BWM approach generates lower costs and better criteria.
PurposeThis study examines the potential of contracts as one of the supply chain coordination mec... more PurposeThis study examines the potential of contracts as one of the supply chain coordination mechanisms under competitive conditions. It also investigates a two-echelon supply chain model with two manufacturers and two retailers to develop a competitive structure in grey stochastic demand.Design/methodology/approachSupply chain demand is considered as a stochastic phenomenon depending on the selling price of the product. Also, products can be replaced by market manufacturers. Each retailer faces the pricing of products from two manufacturers, leading to competition between downstream retailers. In the present study, the duopoly supply chain model was presented based on the wholesale price contract, revenue-sharing contract and quantity discount contract separately.FindingsGrey optimization and analysis of their coordination were presented. The results showed the high performance of revenue-sharing contracts in the supply chain. Thus, manufacturers will give the next priority to qua...
Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 2021
Globalization initiated the challenges in Supply Chain (SC) such as management and control. In th... more Globalization initiated the challenges in Supply Chain (SC) such as management and control. In this situation, Blockchain as a digital distributed ledger can guarantee clarity, tractability, and safety. Many case studies proved that we can use Blockchain Technology (BT) to solve global supply chain problems especially in smart contracts with their potential applications. BT is in its early period and it is hard to find supply chains that have successfully implemented this technology to track their sustainable actions. Therefore, it is worth studying about the role of customers, members, domestic, national, and international challenges that could resist implementing Blockchain and may affect SC sustainability. Accordingly, four categories of barriers to the use of BT are introduced which are inter-organizational, intra-organizational, technical, and external barriers. Then with Bayesian Best Worst Method, we ranked the BT barriers and the sub-barriers. The study illustrates the inter...
The present study investigates a two-echelon supply chain including a usual retailer and two comp... more The present study investigates a two-echelon supply chain including a usual retailer and two competing manufacturers. The objective function of our model is the maximization of the whole profit of the supply chain, which consists of the stochastic demand, shortage cost, and holding costs. This paper aims to analyze a single period with two products to define the optimum retail prices and wholesales under different game theory approaches (e.g., Bertrand, cooperation, and Stackelberg competitions) based on Double Interval Grey Numbers (DIGN). The other aim of this paper is to specify the price using the manufacturers and the common retailer and considering the stochastic different channel power structures and demand function. In this paper, it is considered that different power structures of channel members may affect the optimal pricing decisions. In this paper, two pricing policies of manufacturers, eight pricing models and various structures of distribution channel members are util...
Supply and distribution management of blood products is a challenging task due to their short lif... more Supply and distribution management of blood products is a challenging task due to their short lifespan. The problem is even more sophisticated considering uncertain demand for these products. This paper addresses integrated inventory-routing of blood in a supply chain network consisting of a single supplier and a group of blood centers. Transshipment among blood centers is allowed to decrease the cost of excess inventory and shortage of goods. A mathematical model is developed that decides on the optimal quantity of supplied blood, delivery plan, inventory level, and quantity of products transshipped between blood centers with the objective of minimizing total costs. In addition, a robust optimization approach is adopted to deal with uncertainty in demand. Since the proposed model is NP-hard, a heuristic solution algorithm is developed that improves solution quality by determining the most efficient change in vehicle routes in each search stage. The efficiency of the proposed algori...
Financial flows are one of the three majors in a Supply Chain (SC). Ignoring financial flows, reg... more Financial flows are one of the three majors in a Supply Chain (SC). Ignoring financial flows, regardless of the quality of freight transport and information, could lead the organization to a state of bankruptcy, which is a situation directly resulting from a lack of control over financial inputs/outputs. This study proposes a multi-product mathematical model, which makes it possible to choose among suppliers, manufacturing sites, distribution centres, retailers, and transportation vehicles. The purpose of the model is to integrate physical and material dimensions to maximize net corporate profits through inbound and outbound financial flows; it involves payment mechanisms between the financial and physical flows through maximizing the cash flows of manufacturing sites and suppliers, as two conflicting objectives that must consider the reciprocal effects of their decisions. These objectives are calculated by subtracting costs from the revenue; this process, of course, will ultimately...
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