กำลังแก้ไข ผู้ใช้:Alifshinobi (ส่วน)

== วรรณยุกต์ลาว ==
=== วรรณยุกต์เวียงจันทน์ ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vientiane tones according to Osatananda (1997, p. 66)
|-
! Number !! Name !! Chao letters !! Example
|-
| 1 || mid level || 33 || ຄ່າ
|-
| 2 || low || 1(3) || ຂາ
|-
| 3 || high || 35 || ຄາ
|-
| 4 || high-fall || 52 || ຄ້າ
|-
| 5 || mid-fall || 31 || ຂ້າ
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vientiane tones according to Osatananda (1997, p. 40)
|-
| ຜາ 1(3) || ຜ່າ 33 || ຜ້າ 31 || ຜາກ 31 || ຜັກ 35
|-
| ປາ 1(3) || ປ່າ 33 || ປ້າ 52 || ປາກ 31 || ປັກ 35
|-
| ບາ 1(3) || ບ່າ 33 || ບ້າ 52 || ບາກ 31 || ບັກ 35
|-
| ພາ 35 || ພ່າ 33 || ພ້າ 52 || ພາກ 52 || ພັກ 33
|}

"Tonal Alternation for Low Tone"

About the low tone (e.g., ກາ and ຂາ): "A low tone usually preserves its rising contour shape before a pause. Otherwise, the rise is not realized. This process applies before all major syntactic boundaries."
* ຫາປາ: /haa 1'''3''' paa 13/ -> [haa 1'''1''' paa13]
* ຝີມື: /fii 1'''3''' mɯɯ 35/ -> [fii 1'''1''' mɯɯ 35]
(Osatananda, 1997, p. 119)

=== วรรณยุกต์หลวงพระบาง ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Luang Prabang Lao tones based on Brown (1965)
|-
! Number !! Name !! Example
|-
| 1 || mid falling rising || ຂາ
|-
| 2 || low rising || ຄາ, ກາ
|-
| 3 || mid || ຂ່າ, ຄ່າ, ກວ່າ, ຄັກ
|-
| 4 || high-falling (glottalized) || ຂ້າ, ຂາກ, ກາກ
|-
| 5 || mid-rising (glottalized in C and DL) || ຄ້າ, ກ້າ, ຄາກ, ຂັກ, ກັກ
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Luang Prabang Lao tones according to Osatananda (2015, p. 122)
|-
! Number !! Name !! Chao letters !! Tone bars !! Example
|-
| 1 || high-falling-to-mid-level || 533 ||˥˧˧ || ຂາ
|-
| 2 || low rising || 12 || ˩˨ || ຄາ, ກາ
|-
| 3 || mid-falling || 32 (allotone in DS: 22) || ˧˨ (allotone in DS: ˨˨) || ຂ່າ, ຄ່າ, ກວ່າ, ຄັກ
|-
| 4 || high level-falling || 552 (allotone in DL: 332) || ˥˥˨ (allotone in DL: ˧˧˨) || ຂ້າ, ຂາກ, ກາກ
|-
| 5 || mid-rising || 34 (allotone in DL: 23) || ˧˦ (allotone in DL: ˨˧) || ຄ້າ, ກ້າ, ຄາກ, ຂັກ, ກັກ
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Luang Prabang Lao tones according to Osatananda (2015, p. 122)
|-
| ຜາ 533 || ຜ່າ 32 || ຜ້າ 552 || ຜາກ /552/ [332] || ຜັກ /12/ [12]
|-
| ປາ 12 || ປ່າ 32 || ປ້າ 34 || ປາກ /552/ [332] || ປັກ /12/ [12]
|-
| ບາ 12 || ບ່າ 32 || ບ້າ 34 || ບາກ /552/ [332] || ບັກ /12/ [12]
|-
| ພາ 12 || ພ່າ 32 || ພ້າ 34 || ພາກ /34/ [23] || ພັກ /32/ [22]
|}

====Sources====
* Akharawatthanakun, P. (2004). Tonal variation and change in dialects in contact: A case study of Lao. https://brill.com/view/journals/mnya/7/1/article-p56_3.xml?language=en
* Brown, J. Marvin. 1965. ''From Ancient Thai to Modern Dialects.'' Bangkok: Social Science Association Press. 
* Osatananda, V. (1997). ''Tone in Vientiane Lao'' (Order No. 9801455). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (304347191). https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/tone-vientiane-lao/docview/304347191/se-2?accountid=10906
* Osatananda, V (2015). Lao Khrang and Luang Phrabang Lao: A comparison of tonal systems and foreign-accent rating by Luang Phrabang judges. ''The Journal of Lao Studies'', Special Issue 2, 110-143. http://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/Varisa.pdf

====Notes====
*You might find more research studies when you use the names of researchers in Thai. Varisa Osatananda is วริษา โอสถานนท์, and Phinnarat Akharawatthanakun is พิณรัตน์ อัครวัฒนากุล.