The aim of this paper is to examine the potential of auxiliary entities of gminas in the context ... more The aim of this paper is to examine the potential of auxiliary entities of gminas in the context of their usefulness from the point of view of the process of implementation of participatory management tools. The District Councils, the auxiliary entities of the Gmina of the City of Torun, were the subject of the study. The analysis was carried out using the institutional and legal method. They were examined in terms of their competences, principles for appointment and opportunities for using them to reinforce the participatory processes, such as legislative initiatives, public consultation or a participatory budget. The presented recommendations relate mainly to the problem of superficiality of the auxiliary entities and the resulting consequences. This article presents the legal status as at 22 February 2017.
Crisis resulting from the refusal to sign association agreement between the European Union and Uk... more Crisis resulting from the refusal to sign association agreement between the European Union and Ukraine by Viktor Yanukovych’s government was one of the most unpredictable events in the history of this country. The agreement was to be a symbolic confirmation of the development direction of Ukraine: economic modernisation and political democratisation. As a result of lengthy discussions over the content and validity of the understanding, a crisis arose that turned into an armed conflict. International community did not approve of this situation and imposed sanctions on the Russian Federation. A number of financial sanctions was imposed, assets were frozen, acquisition of financial funds was limited, embargo was imposed on a number of industrial and energy products and the Russian authorities were forbidden to cross the EU borders. The aim of this article is to present the outcomes of the sanctions and assessment of their effectiveness. For this purpose, the most adequate method was us...
Crisis resulting from the refusal to sign association agreement between the European Union and Uk... more Crisis resulting from the refusal to sign association agreement between the European Union and Ukraine by Viktor Yanukovych's government was one of the most unpredictable events in the history of this country. The agreement was to be a symbolic confirmation of the development direction of Ukraine: economic modernisation and political democratisation. As a result of lengthy discussions over the content and validity of the understanding, a crisis arose that turned into an armed conflict. International community did not approve of this situation and imposed sanctions on the Russian Federation. A number of financial sanctions was imposed, assets were frozen, acquisition of financial funds was limited, embargo was imposed on a number of industrial and energy products and the Russian authorities were forbidden to cross the EU borders. The aim of this article is to present the outcomes of the sanctions and assessment of their effectiveness. For this purpose, the most adequate method was used namely institutional and legal analysis. Therefore, the subject of the research is a set of selected legal sources (notes, framework documents, research reports) concerning the regulation of sanctions towards Russia.
The aim of this paper is to examine the potential of auxiliary entities of gminas in the context ... more The aim of this paper is to examine the potential of auxiliary entities of gminas in the context of their usefulness from the point of view of the process of implementation of participatory management tools. The District Councils, the auxiliary entities of the Gmina of the City of Toruń, were the subject of the study. The analysis was carried out using the institutional and legal method. They were examined in terms of their competences, principles for appointment and opportunities for using them to reinforce the participatory processes, such as legislative initiatives, public consultation or a participatory budget. The presented recommendations relate mainly to the problem of superficiality of the auxiliary entities and the resulting consequences. This article presents the legal status as at 22 February 2017.
The aim of this paper is to examine the potential of auxiliary entities of gminas in the context ... more The aim of this paper is to examine the potential of auxiliary entities of gminas in the context of their usefulness from the point of view of the process of implementation of participatory management tools. The District Councils, the auxiliary entities of the Gmina of the City of Torun, were the subject of the study. The analysis was carried out using the institutional and legal method. They were examined in terms of their competences, principles for appointment and opportunities for using them to reinforce the participatory processes, such as legislative initiatives, public consultation or a participatory budget. The presented recommendations relate mainly to the problem of superficiality of the auxiliary entities and the resulting consequences. This article presents the legal status as at 22 February 2017.
Crisis resulting from the refusal to sign association agreement between the European Union and Uk... more Crisis resulting from the refusal to sign association agreement between the European Union and Ukraine by Viktor Yanukovych’s government was one of the most unpredictable events in the history of this country. The agreement was to be a symbolic confirmation of the development direction of Ukraine: economic modernisation and political democratisation. As a result of lengthy discussions over the content and validity of the understanding, a crisis arose that turned into an armed conflict. International community did not approve of this situation and imposed sanctions on the Russian Federation. A number of financial sanctions was imposed, assets were frozen, acquisition of financial funds was limited, embargo was imposed on a number of industrial and energy products and the Russian authorities were forbidden to cross the EU borders. The aim of this article is to present the outcomes of the sanctions and assessment of their effectiveness. For this purpose, the most adequate method was us...
Crisis resulting from the refusal to sign association agreement between the European Union and Uk... more Crisis resulting from the refusal to sign association agreement between the European Union and Ukraine by Viktor Yanukovych's government was one of the most unpredictable events in the history of this country. The agreement was to be a symbolic confirmation of the development direction of Ukraine: economic modernisation and political democratisation. As a result of lengthy discussions over the content and validity of the understanding, a crisis arose that turned into an armed conflict. International community did not approve of this situation and imposed sanctions on the Russian Federation. A number of financial sanctions was imposed, assets were frozen, acquisition of financial funds was limited, embargo was imposed on a number of industrial and energy products and the Russian authorities were forbidden to cross the EU borders. The aim of this article is to present the outcomes of the sanctions and assessment of their effectiveness. For this purpose, the most adequate method was used namely institutional and legal analysis. Therefore, the subject of the research is a set of selected legal sources (notes, framework documents, research reports) concerning the regulation of sanctions towards Russia.
The aim of this paper is to examine the potential of auxiliary entities of gminas in the context ... more The aim of this paper is to examine the potential of auxiliary entities of gminas in the context of their usefulness from the point of view of the process of implementation of participatory management tools. The District Councils, the auxiliary entities of the Gmina of the City of Toruń, were the subject of the study. The analysis was carried out using the institutional and legal method. They were examined in terms of their competences, principles for appointment and opportunities for using them to reinforce the participatory processes, such as legislative initiatives, public consultation or a participatory budget. The presented recommendations relate mainly to the problem of superficiality of the auxiliary entities and the resulting consequences. This article presents the legal status as at 22 February 2017.
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