Finding, identifying and interring the war dead are ethically and ceremonially crucial tasks for ... more Finding, identifying and interring the war dead are ethically and ceremonially crucial tasks for healing, repairing and legitimising. Before the end of the Vietnam War, the United States had begun to look for missing Americans in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. In the wake of its victory and takeover of South Vietnam, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam went to great lengths to identify and immortalise its fallen soldiers. The same cannot be said for the war dead of the Republic of Vietnam, whose fall on 30 April 1975 made the war dead stateless; consequently they have never been legitimately acknowledged by the current Vietnamese government or their former ally, the United States. This article explores the accounting efforts by Nguyễn-Da. c Thành and the Vietnamese American Foundation to reveal the financial, logistical, technical and political opportunities and challenges in accounting for war dead associated with a state that no longer exists.
This interdisciplinary research investigates the Democratic Republic of Vietnam’s (DRV) Chinese-i... more This interdisciplinary research investigates the Democratic Republic of Vietnam’s (DRV) Chinese-inspired mass mobilization and land reform policies to explore the rise of the communist revolution in Vietnam and the country’s violent transformation from colonialism to communism, from 1945 to 1960. I situate this post-WWII period of transformation in North Vietnam within the context of decolonization and the global Cold War and argue that land reform was the communist-led DRV’s most important domestic policy during the First and Second Indochina Wars against France and the United States. Drawing on Vietnamese, English, French, and Chinese sources, including interviews and previously untapped archival documents, the dissertation demonstrates that the mobilization of the masses to implement land reform was an orchestrated class campaign to mobilize popular support against colonial French rule. This support contributed to the 1954 defeat of French forces at Dien Bien Phu, which essentially led to the division of Vietnam into two opposing polities—Democratic of (North) Vietnam and Republic of (South) Vietnam. Moreover, land reform legitimized and consolidated socio-political power for the DRV by abolishing established, village-level bureaucratic and social-cultural power structures that could block the Party-state’s transformation of the state, society, economy, and culture. Those tasks paved the way for full-scale modernization, following the Sino-Soviet model, on agricultural collectivization and industrialization. The Party-state was then able to assume control over the population by subjugating it to the repressive authority of the state, setting the foundation to militarily outlast the United States in the Second Indochina War. Thus, land reform was the Party-state’s most important domestic policy during this transitional period as it allowed the Party-state to decolonize, to consolidate power, and to transition Vietnam into an authoritarian socialist state. These achievements, however, resulted in hundreds of thousands of people being falsely and summarily prosecuted, tortured, ostracized, or executed. Ultimately, this dissertation rectifies the imbalances in the traditional Western-centric literature of the wars in Vietnam by emphasizing the centrality of non-Western actors—Vietnamese and Chinese—and illuminating the significance of domestic policies such as class mobilization and land reform in nation-building and in determining the trajectories of national and international affairs and the outcome of conflicts. Consequently, it presents a better understanding of the Party-state, its decision-making and rule.2022-01-1
New scholarship has challenged conventional portrayals of the Vietnamese revolution and its leade... more New scholarship has challenged conventional portrayals of the Vietnamese revolution and its leader, Hồ Chí Minh. However, little has been said about Hồ Chí Minh’s role in the social-political and economic revolution known as the land reform. This paper looks at the life and trial of landowner Nguyễn Thị Năm to illuminate Hồ Chí Minh’s role in the decision to execute Nguyễn Thị Năm. It also examines the execution as part of the broader history of the land reform and of the consolidation of communist power in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Modelled after the Chinese experience, the land reform undertaken by the Democratic Republic of V... more Modelled after the Chinese experience, the land reform undertaken by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam of 1953–56 is perhaps the most important domestic policy of the Vietnamese Communist revolution. Because of a scarcity of primary sources, however, very little is known about the influence of Chinese advisors on this policy. Luo Guibo’s recommendations on mobilizing the masses to carry out land reform are one of the very few known documents drafted by a leading Chinese advisor to the Hanoi government. Translating and making this document available makes possible a rare glimpse of the Chinese perspective on and assessment of the situation in Vietnam in the early 1950s. It also illuminates one aspect of the influential role of Chinese advisors in Sino–Vietnamese relations during that decade, especially in the controversial land reform campaign.
The Vietnam War: A Film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick reflects a pervasive America-centrism and fe... more The Vietnam War: A Film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick reflects a pervasive America-centrism and fear. America-centrism is the practice of viewing the world solely from the US perspective. The fear I am referring to is the aversion to being challenged by the complexity of war and history, which could threaten that cherished centrism. Perhaps the documentary series reflects the views and fears of the documentarians. Or maybe it represents their assumptions about what Americans view and fear. Whatever the case, it is alarming to know that these biases continue to preclude a fuller understanding of the Vietnam War, even though it ended nearly half a century ago and even though many studies have painted a much more intricate picture of the war.
America-centrism puts blinders on our ability to see value in anything that is not the US perspective. Fear often leads to the desire for reassurance and security. Chronic fear often bespeaks a need for more consolation and even more reassurance. With The Vietnam War, Burns and Novick soothe rather than challenge. Hence, despite ten years of production and $30 million, behind the veneer of archival footage and photographs and captivating cinematography, the series, at its core, is nothing more than a regurgitation of outdated one-sided tropes that advances a dishonest and dangerous argumentative and narrative framework.
Cách nay gần 60 năm, ngày 5 tháng 2, 1956 dương lịch, tức một tuần trước Tết Bính Thân, tập Giai ... more Cách nay gần 60 năm, ngày 5 tháng 2, 1956 dương lịch, tức một tuần trước Tết Bính Thân, tập Giai Phẩm Mùa Xuân ra đời tại Hà Nội, khởi xướng nên phong trào Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm kêu gọi tự do dân chủ trên đất Bắc. 1 Nhân-Văn Giai-Phẩm là đề tài lịch sử tôi yêu thích từ lúc trẻ, lúc chưa biết gì gọi là lịch sử. Lớn lên được đọc tác phẩm Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm, được biết sơ một số chuyện về những người đã phải trải qua…và rồi tuổi xuân của họ lại bị đánh mất. Nhưng mỗi khi thấy hai chữ " Hữu Loan " trong những tập Giai Phẩm thì lòng tôi sao buồn một nỗi buồn vô tận. Cái buồn không phải bởi thu tàn như Văn Cao tả. Không " buồn ơi xa vắng " như Phạm Duy phổ thơ " Tiếng Sao Thiên Thai " của Thế Lữ, cũng không " ướt mi " như ca khúc đầu tay của Trịnh Công Sơn. Không lãng mạn. Không trau chuốc. Đó là thứ buồn có pha vị cay đắng, nghẹn ngào.
Cuối tháng 12 âm lịch năm Bính Thân, 1956, nhà xuất bản Minh Đức cho xuất bản một tác phẩm với tự... more Cuối tháng 12 âm lịch năm Bính Thân, 1956, nhà xuất bản Minh Đức cho xuất bản một tác phẩm với tựa Sách Tết 1957, đánh dấu sự cố gắng cuối cùng của phong trào Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm. Đến nay đã là một chu kỳ 60 năm nhưng hầu như không mấy người còn biết đến tác phẩm này và quan hệ đặc biệt của nó đối với phong trào Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm. Với một bìa in màu bức tranh các thiếu nữ đi chợ Tết, tập sách gồm 28 trang ruột ở khổ 27x39cm có thể được xem là tác phẩm cuối cùng của nhóm Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm. Bài viết này không nhằm mục đích lý giải tất cả sự kiện lịch sử tạo nên phong trào và vấn đề Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm, vì đó là một công trình lớn cần nhiều thời gian và cố gắng. Nhân dịp xuân Đinh Dậu 2017 tác giả mong được chia sẻ một số thông tin và sự kiện chung về tạp chí Giai Phẩm và báo Nhân Văn. Nhưng đặc biệt hơn là để giới thiệu đặc san Sách Tết 1957, được nhóm Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm xuất bản sau khi chính quyền Hà Nội đình bản và cấm tờ Nhân Văn và tạp chí Giai Phẩm, hầu để ngày xuân người đọc còn nghĩ đến tinh thần quật cường của những văn nghệ sĩ và trí thức góp phần tạo nên phong trào Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm. Nghĩ đến Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm là nghĩ đến những người đi trước và cái giá họ phải trả để đòi về cái quyền tự do và dân chủ.
Abstract: "Modelled after the Chinese experience, the land reform undertaken by the Democratic Re... more Abstract: "Modelled after the Chinese experience, the land reform undertaken by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam of 1953–56 is perhaps the most important domestic policy of the Vietnamese Communist revolution. Because of a scarcity of primary sources, however, very little is known about the influence of Chinese advisors on this policy. Luo Guibo's recommendations on mobilizing the masses to carry out land reform are one of the very few known documents drafted by a leading Chinese advisor to the Hanoi government. Translating and making this document available makes possible a rare glimpse of the Chinese perspective on and assessment of the situation in Vietnam in the early 1950s. It also illuminates one aspect of the influential role of Chinese advisors in Sino–Vietnamese relations during that decade, especially in the controversial land reform campaign."
Keywords: First Indochina War, Hồ Chí Minh, Trường Chinh, Luo Guibo, Chinese advisors, land reform, mass mobilization, Mao Zedong, Sino-Vietnamese relations
New scholarship has challenged conventional portrayals of the Vietnamese revolution and its leade... more New scholarship has challenged conventional portrayals of the Vietnamese revolution and its leader, Hồ Chí Minh. However, little has been said about Hồ Chí Minh’s role in the social-political and economic revolution known as the land reform. This paper looks at the life and trial of landowner Nguyễn Thị Năm to illuminate Hồ Chí Minh’s role in the decision to execute Nguyễn Thị Năm. It also examines the execution as part of the broader history of the land reform and of the consolidation of communist power in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
H-Diplo | Robert Jervis International Security Studies Forum Roundtable Review 15-1, 2023
How was the Vietnamese Communist state formed? In Christopher Goscha’s The Road to Dien Bien Phu,... more How was the Vietnamese Communist state formed? In Christopher Goscha’s The Road to Dien Bien Phu, that state was initially an “archipelago state” (1945–49)—“archipelago” in the sense of both its territorial shape and its coalitional politics—which then transformed into a “War Communist state” (since 1950), one that was dominated at the core by the Communist Party and was built specifically to fight the war against the French, the Associated States, and their supporters. While the story in the book ends with the battle of Dien Bien Phu, the War Communist state went on to take full control over North Vietnam, and two decades later, all of Vietnam after another, even more violent, war.
Contributors: Introduction by Tuong Vu, University of Oregon Review by Martin Grossheim, Seoul National University Review by Stein Tønnesson, Emeritus, Peace Research Institute Oslo Review by Claire Thi Liên Tran, University Paris Cité Review by Alex-Thai Dinh Vo, Texas Tech University Response by Christopher Goscha, Université du Québec à Montréal
Finding, identifying and interring the war dead are ethically and ceremonially crucial tasks for ... more Finding, identifying and interring the war dead are ethically and ceremonially crucial tasks for healing, repairing and legitimising. Before the end of the Vietnam War, the United States had begun to look for missing Americans in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. In the wake of its victory and takeover of South Vietnam, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam went to great lengths to identify and immortalise its fallen soldiers. The same cannot be said for the war dead of the Republic of Vietnam, whose fall on 30 April 1975 made the war dead stateless; consequently they have never been legitimately acknowledged by the current Vietnamese government or their former ally, the United States. This article explores the accounting efforts by Nguyễn-Da. c Thành and the Vietnamese American Foundation to reveal the financial, logistical, technical and political opportunities and challenges in accounting for war dead associated with a state that no longer exists.
This interdisciplinary research investigates the Democratic Republic of Vietnam’s (DRV) Chinese-i... more This interdisciplinary research investigates the Democratic Republic of Vietnam’s (DRV) Chinese-inspired mass mobilization and land reform policies to explore the rise of the communist revolution in Vietnam and the country’s violent transformation from colonialism to communism, from 1945 to 1960. I situate this post-WWII period of transformation in North Vietnam within the context of decolonization and the global Cold War and argue that land reform was the communist-led DRV’s most important domestic policy during the First and Second Indochina Wars against France and the United States. Drawing on Vietnamese, English, French, and Chinese sources, including interviews and previously untapped archival documents, the dissertation demonstrates that the mobilization of the masses to implement land reform was an orchestrated class campaign to mobilize popular support against colonial French rule. This support contributed to the 1954 defeat of French forces at Dien Bien Phu, which essentially led to the division of Vietnam into two opposing polities—Democratic of (North) Vietnam and Republic of (South) Vietnam. Moreover, land reform legitimized and consolidated socio-political power for the DRV by abolishing established, village-level bureaucratic and social-cultural power structures that could block the Party-state’s transformation of the state, society, economy, and culture. Those tasks paved the way for full-scale modernization, following the Sino-Soviet model, on agricultural collectivization and industrialization. The Party-state was then able to assume control over the population by subjugating it to the repressive authority of the state, setting the foundation to militarily outlast the United States in the Second Indochina War. Thus, land reform was the Party-state’s most important domestic policy during this transitional period as it allowed the Party-state to decolonize, to consolidate power, and to transition Vietnam into an authoritarian socialist state. These achievements, however, resulted in hundreds of thousands of people being falsely and summarily prosecuted, tortured, ostracized, or executed. Ultimately, this dissertation rectifies the imbalances in the traditional Western-centric literature of the wars in Vietnam by emphasizing the centrality of non-Western actors—Vietnamese and Chinese—and illuminating the significance of domestic policies such as class mobilization and land reform in nation-building and in determining the trajectories of national and international affairs and the outcome of conflicts. Consequently, it presents a better understanding of the Party-state, its decision-making and rule.2022-01-1
New scholarship has challenged conventional portrayals of the Vietnamese revolution and its leade... more New scholarship has challenged conventional portrayals of the Vietnamese revolution and its leader, Hồ Chí Minh. However, little has been said about Hồ Chí Minh’s role in the social-political and economic revolution known as the land reform. This paper looks at the life and trial of landowner Nguyễn Thị Năm to illuminate Hồ Chí Minh’s role in the decision to execute Nguyễn Thị Năm. It also examines the execution as part of the broader history of the land reform and of the consolidation of communist power in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Modelled after the Chinese experience, the land reform undertaken by the Democratic Republic of V... more Modelled after the Chinese experience, the land reform undertaken by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam of 1953–56 is perhaps the most important domestic policy of the Vietnamese Communist revolution. Because of a scarcity of primary sources, however, very little is known about the influence of Chinese advisors on this policy. Luo Guibo’s recommendations on mobilizing the masses to carry out land reform are one of the very few known documents drafted by a leading Chinese advisor to the Hanoi government. Translating and making this document available makes possible a rare glimpse of the Chinese perspective on and assessment of the situation in Vietnam in the early 1950s. It also illuminates one aspect of the influential role of Chinese advisors in Sino–Vietnamese relations during that decade, especially in the controversial land reform campaign.
The Vietnam War: A Film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick reflects a pervasive America-centrism and fe... more The Vietnam War: A Film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick reflects a pervasive America-centrism and fear. America-centrism is the practice of viewing the world solely from the US perspective. The fear I am referring to is the aversion to being challenged by the complexity of war and history, which could threaten that cherished centrism. Perhaps the documentary series reflects the views and fears of the documentarians. Or maybe it represents their assumptions about what Americans view and fear. Whatever the case, it is alarming to know that these biases continue to preclude a fuller understanding of the Vietnam War, even though it ended nearly half a century ago and even though many studies have painted a much more intricate picture of the war.
America-centrism puts blinders on our ability to see value in anything that is not the US perspective. Fear often leads to the desire for reassurance and security. Chronic fear often bespeaks a need for more consolation and even more reassurance. With The Vietnam War, Burns and Novick soothe rather than challenge. Hence, despite ten years of production and $30 million, behind the veneer of archival footage and photographs and captivating cinematography, the series, at its core, is nothing more than a regurgitation of outdated one-sided tropes that advances a dishonest and dangerous argumentative and narrative framework.
Cách nay gần 60 năm, ngày 5 tháng 2, 1956 dương lịch, tức một tuần trước Tết Bính Thân, tập Giai ... more Cách nay gần 60 năm, ngày 5 tháng 2, 1956 dương lịch, tức một tuần trước Tết Bính Thân, tập Giai Phẩm Mùa Xuân ra đời tại Hà Nội, khởi xướng nên phong trào Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm kêu gọi tự do dân chủ trên đất Bắc. 1 Nhân-Văn Giai-Phẩm là đề tài lịch sử tôi yêu thích từ lúc trẻ, lúc chưa biết gì gọi là lịch sử. Lớn lên được đọc tác phẩm Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm, được biết sơ một số chuyện về những người đã phải trải qua…và rồi tuổi xuân của họ lại bị đánh mất. Nhưng mỗi khi thấy hai chữ " Hữu Loan " trong những tập Giai Phẩm thì lòng tôi sao buồn một nỗi buồn vô tận. Cái buồn không phải bởi thu tàn như Văn Cao tả. Không " buồn ơi xa vắng " như Phạm Duy phổ thơ " Tiếng Sao Thiên Thai " của Thế Lữ, cũng không " ướt mi " như ca khúc đầu tay của Trịnh Công Sơn. Không lãng mạn. Không trau chuốc. Đó là thứ buồn có pha vị cay đắng, nghẹn ngào.
Cuối tháng 12 âm lịch năm Bính Thân, 1956, nhà xuất bản Minh Đức cho xuất bản một tác phẩm với tự... more Cuối tháng 12 âm lịch năm Bính Thân, 1956, nhà xuất bản Minh Đức cho xuất bản một tác phẩm với tựa Sách Tết 1957, đánh dấu sự cố gắng cuối cùng của phong trào Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm. Đến nay đã là một chu kỳ 60 năm nhưng hầu như không mấy người còn biết đến tác phẩm này và quan hệ đặc biệt của nó đối với phong trào Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm. Với một bìa in màu bức tranh các thiếu nữ đi chợ Tết, tập sách gồm 28 trang ruột ở khổ 27x39cm có thể được xem là tác phẩm cuối cùng của nhóm Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm. Bài viết này không nhằm mục đích lý giải tất cả sự kiện lịch sử tạo nên phong trào và vấn đề Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm, vì đó là một công trình lớn cần nhiều thời gian và cố gắng. Nhân dịp xuân Đinh Dậu 2017 tác giả mong được chia sẻ một số thông tin và sự kiện chung về tạp chí Giai Phẩm và báo Nhân Văn. Nhưng đặc biệt hơn là để giới thiệu đặc san Sách Tết 1957, được nhóm Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm xuất bản sau khi chính quyền Hà Nội đình bản và cấm tờ Nhân Văn và tạp chí Giai Phẩm, hầu để ngày xuân người đọc còn nghĩ đến tinh thần quật cường của những văn nghệ sĩ và trí thức góp phần tạo nên phong trào Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm. Nghĩ đến Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm là nghĩ đến những người đi trước và cái giá họ phải trả để đòi về cái quyền tự do và dân chủ.
Abstract: "Modelled after the Chinese experience, the land reform undertaken by the Democratic Re... more Abstract: "Modelled after the Chinese experience, the land reform undertaken by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam of 1953–56 is perhaps the most important domestic policy of the Vietnamese Communist revolution. Because of a scarcity of primary sources, however, very little is known about the influence of Chinese advisors on this policy. Luo Guibo's recommendations on mobilizing the masses to carry out land reform are one of the very few known documents drafted by a leading Chinese advisor to the Hanoi government. Translating and making this document available makes possible a rare glimpse of the Chinese perspective on and assessment of the situation in Vietnam in the early 1950s. It also illuminates one aspect of the influential role of Chinese advisors in Sino–Vietnamese relations during that decade, especially in the controversial land reform campaign."
Keywords: First Indochina War, Hồ Chí Minh, Trường Chinh, Luo Guibo, Chinese advisors, land reform, mass mobilization, Mao Zedong, Sino-Vietnamese relations
New scholarship has challenged conventional portrayals of the Vietnamese revolution and its leade... more New scholarship has challenged conventional portrayals of the Vietnamese revolution and its leader, Hồ Chí Minh. However, little has been said about Hồ Chí Minh’s role in the social-political and economic revolution known as the land reform. This paper looks at the life and trial of landowner Nguyễn Thị Năm to illuminate Hồ Chí Minh’s role in the decision to execute Nguyễn Thị Năm. It also examines the execution as part of the broader history of the land reform and of the consolidation of communist power in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
H-Diplo | Robert Jervis International Security Studies Forum Roundtable Review 15-1, 2023
How was the Vietnamese Communist state formed? In Christopher Goscha’s The Road to Dien Bien Phu,... more How was the Vietnamese Communist state formed? In Christopher Goscha’s The Road to Dien Bien Phu, that state was initially an “archipelago state” (1945–49)—“archipelago” in the sense of both its territorial shape and its coalitional politics—which then transformed into a “War Communist state” (since 1950), one that was dominated at the core by the Communist Party and was built specifically to fight the war against the French, the Associated States, and their supporters. While the story in the book ends with the battle of Dien Bien Phu, the War Communist state went on to take full control over North Vietnam, and two decades later, all of Vietnam after another, even more violent, war.
Contributors: Introduction by Tuong Vu, University of Oregon Review by Martin Grossheim, Seoul National University Review by Stein Tønnesson, Emeritus, Peace Research Institute Oslo Review by Claire Thi Liên Tran, University Paris Cité Review by Alex-Thai Dinh Vo, Texas Tech University Response by Christopher Goscha, Université du Québec à Montréal
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Papers by Alex-Thai Vo
America-centrism puts blinders on our ability to see value in anything that is not the US perspective. Fear often leads to the desire for reassurance and security. Chronic fear often bespeaks a need for more consolation and even more reassurance. With The Vietnam War, Burns and Novick soothe rather than challenge. Hence, despite ten years of production and $30 million, behind the veneer of archival footage and photographs and captivating cinematography, the series, at its core, is nothing more than a regurgitation of outdated one-sided tropes that advances a dishonest and dangerous argumentative and narrative framework.
Note: The final version of the article was published in the Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol. 14, Issue 3, pps. 115-136. ISSN 1559-372X, electronic 1559-3738. © 2019 by The Regents of the University of California. The published version of your article is available at https://vs.ucpress.edu.
Keywords: First Indochina War, Hồ Chí Minh, Trường Chinh, Luo Guibo, Chinese advisors, land reform, mass mobilization, Mao Zedong, Sino-Vietnamese relations
Book Reviews by Alex-Thai Vo
Contributors:
Introduction by Tuong Vu, University of Oregon
Review by Martin Grossheim, Seoul National University
Review by Stein Tønnesson, Emeritus, Peace Research Institute Oslo
Review by Claire Thi Liên Tran, University Paris Cité
Review by Alex-Thai Dinh Vo, Texas Tech University
Response by Christopher Goscha, Université du Québec à Montréal
America-centrism puts blinders on our ability to see value in anything that is not the US perspective. Fear often leads to the desire for reassurance and security. Chronic fear often bespeaks a need for more consolation and even more reassurance. With The Vietnam War, Burns and Novick soothe rather than challenge. Hence, despite ten years of production and $30 million, behind the veneer of archival footage and photographs and captivating cinematography, the series, at its core, is nothing more than a regurgitation of outdated one-sided tropes that advances a dishonest and dangerous argumentative and narrative framework.
Note: The final version of the article was published in the Journal of Vietnamese Studies, Vol. 14, Issue 3, pps. 115-136. ISSN 1559-372X, electronic 1559-3738. © 2019 by The Regents of the University of California. The published version of your article is available at https://vs.ucpress.edu.
Keywords: First Indochina War, Hồ Chí Minh, Trường Chinh, Luo Guibo, Chinese advisors, land reform, mass mobilization, Mao Zedong, Sino-Vietnamese relations
Contributors:
Introduction by Tuong Vu, University of Oregon
Review by Martin Grossheim, Seoul National University
Review by Stein Tønnesson, Emeritus, Peace Research Institute Oslo
Review by Claire Thi Liên Tran, University Paris Cité
Review by Alex-Thai Dinh Vo, Texas Tech University
Response by Christopher Goscha, Université du Québec à Montréal