We reply to the main concerns raised by Bridgewater (2021) in his response to Davies et al. (2021... more We reply to the main concerns raised by Bridgewater (2021) in his response to Davies et al. (2021a), ‘Towards a Universal Declaration of the Rights of Wetlands’. We appreciate the contribution of Bridgewater (2021) to this emerging conversation and, although we disagree with some of his assessments and statements, we do not find his points to be incompatible with support for the Declaration of the Rights of Wetlands (ROW). This reply focuses on four areas of concern raised by Bridgewater (2021). First, we describe why a wetlands-specific declaration will add important value to other Rights of Nature declarations. Second, we discuss how the ROW does not detract from, but rather can contribute to and complement, existing conservation and management approaches and mechanisms. Third, we agree on the importance of weaving Indigenous and local knowledge with other knowledges and emphasise that the ROW should not be confused with or misused to undermine the rights of Indigenous peoples and...
Joint Implementation (JI) appears to have been born with Applied Energy Services Guatemala projec... more Joint Implementation (JI) appears to have been born with Applied Energy Services Guatemala project in 1988. That project, to plant 52 million trees, protect existing forests from cutting and fire, and enhance rural development, is being implemented by CARE Guatemala to offset 120 per cent of the emissions of a small coal burning power plant that has been built in Connecticut. Since that time, several utilities and governments have initiated additional projects. Not all of these necessarily consist of tree planting in other countries, but may consist of energy efficiency or energy conservation programs designed to reduce carbon emissions by at least as much as the additional releases from a new facility. All JI projects share the characteristic of linking the release of greenhouse gases in an industrial country with an offset that reduces or absorbs a comparable amount in another country. The emitter in the industrial country is willing to pay for the reduction elsewhere because costs are less than they would be at home.
It began with micro-organisms millions of years ago, was enhanced by the burning of fossil carbon... more It began with micro-organisms millions of years ago, was enhanced by the burning of fossil carbon in the last several hundred years, and was magnified by a patent filed one hundred years ago. Today, the combined actions of cultivation-induced biological nitrogen fixation, fossil fuel combustion and the Haber-Bosch process have exceeded natural terrestrial processes in converting N22 to nitrogen compounds that are biologically, chemically or physically reactive (reactive nitrogen, Nr). While the benefits of Nr are well understood, many of the adverse consequences of excessive Nr are invisible from a policy perspective. Over the past century, the fundamental knowledge on nitrogen processes has advanced to the point where we have a good understanding of nitrogen's biogeochemical cycle, the role of humans in altering the cycle, and the consequences of the alterations. This knowledge has collectively led us to two conclusions-the consequences of intensive human influence on the nitr...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013
Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is the largest known remaining anthropogenic threat to the stratospheric oz... more Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is the largest known remaining anthropogenic threat to the stratospheric ozone layer. However, it is currently only regulated under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol because of its simultaneous ability to warm the climate. The threat N 2 O poses to the stratospheric ozone layer, coupled with the uncertain future of the international climate regime, motivates our exploration of issues that could be relevant to the Parties to the ozone regime (the 1985 Vienna Convention and its 1987 Montreal Protocol) should they decide to take measures to manage N 2 O in the future. There are clear legal avenues to regulate N 2 O under the ozone regime as well as several ways to share authority with the existing and future international climate treaties. N 2 O mitigation strategies exist to address the most significant anthropogenic sources, including agriculture, where behavioral practices and new technologies could contribute significantly to reducing emissions. Existing policies managi...
A general framework is developed for the theoretical treatment of d-orbital contributions of heav... more A general framework is developed for the theoretical treatment of d-orbital contributions of heavy atoms to the spin-orbit coupling of planar molecules. Unlike pπ orbitals for which only three-centre spin-orbit terms are non-vanishing, it is shown that a number of one- and two-centre terms will contribute. The case of thiophene (C4H4S) is examined, and all one- and two-centre integrals are
A purification scheme has been developed which is capable of separating the two isomers quinoline... more A purification scheme has been developed which is capable of separating the two isomers quinoline and isoquinoline. The emission spectra of the purified compounds were measured at 77 K in a 3‐methylpentane (3MP) glass and in a 3MP glass with small amounts of hydrogen bonder added. The hydrogen bonders used were hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), trifluoroethanol (TFE), and absolute ethanol (EtOH). An upper limit on the ratio of fluorescence to phosphorescence quantum yields has been set at 20 ppm for quinoline in 3MP, which is 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported. Isoquinoline still fluoresces in 3MP, which we believe to be caused by a residual hydrogen bonder not removed by the purification scheme. The excitation and lifetime data obtained suggest that the phosphorescence in these compounds is originating in a nonhydrogen‐bonded species, while the fluorescence is originating in a hydrogen‐bonded species, regardless of solvent. A new emission has also been detected in the presence of small ...
We reply to the main concerns raised by Bridgewater (2021) in his response to Davies et al. (2021... more We reply to the main concerns raised by Bridgewater (2021) in his response to Davies et al. (2021a), ‘Towards a Universal Declaration of the Rights of Wetlands’. We appreciate the contribution of Bridgewater (2021) to this emerging conversation and, although we disagree with some of his assessments and statements, we do not find his points to be incompatible with support for the Declaration of the Rights of Wetlands (ROW). This reply focuses on four areas of concern raised by Bridgewater (2021). First, we describe why a wetlands-specific declaration will add important value to other Rights of Nature declarations. Second, we discuss how the ROW does not detract from, but rather can contribute to and complement, existing conservation and management approaches and mechanisms. Third, we agree on the importance of weaving Indigenous and local knowledge with other knowledges and emphasise that the ROW should not be confused with or misused to undermine the rights of Indigenous peoples and...
Joint Implementation (JI) appears to have been born with Applied Energy Services Guatemala projec... more Joint Implementation (JI) appears to have been born with Applied Energy Services Guatemala project in 1988. That project, to plant 52 million trees, protect existing forests from cutting and fire, and enhance rural development, is being implemented by CARE Guatemala to offset 120 per cent of the emissions of a small coal burning power plant that has been built in Connecticut. Since that time, several utilities and governments have initiated additional projects. Not all of these necessarily consist of tree planting in other countries, but may consist of energy efficiency or energy conservation programs designed to reduce carbon emissions by at least as much as the additional releases from a new facility. All JI projects share the characteristic of linking the release of greenhouse gases in an industrial country with an offset that reduces or absorbs a comparable amount in another country. The emitter in the industrial country is willing to pay for the reduction elsewhere because costs are less than they would be at home.
It began with micro-organisms millions of years ago, was enhanced by the burning of fossil carbon... more It began with micro-organisms millions of years ago, was enhanced by the burning of fossil carbon in the last several hundred years, and was magnified by a patent filed one hundred years ago. Today, the combined actions of cultivation-induced biological nitrogen fixation, fossil fuel combustion and the Haber-Bosch process have exceeded natural terrestrial processes in converting N22 to nitrogen compounds that are biologically, chemically or physically reactive (reactive nitrogen, Nr). While the benefits of Nr are well understood, many of the adverse consequences of excessive Nr are invisible from a policy perspective. Over the past century, the fundamental knowledge on nitrogen processes has advanced to the point where we have a good understanding of nitrogen's biogeochemical cycle, the role of humans in altering the cycle, and the consequences of the alterations. This knowledge has collectively led us to two conclusions-the consequences of intensive human influence on the nitr...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013
Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is the largest known remaining anthropogenic threat to the stratospheric oz... more Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is the largest known remaining anthropogenic threat to the stratospheric ozone layer. However, it is currently only regulated under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol because of its simultaneous ability to warm the climate. The threat N 2 O poses to the stratospheric ozone layer, coupled with the uncertain future of the international climate regime, motivates our exploration of issues that could be relevant to the Parties to the ozone regime (the 1985 Vienna Convention and its 1987 Montreal Protocol) should they decide to take measures to manage N 2 O in the future. There are clear legal avenues to regulate N 2 O under the ozone regime as well as several ways to share authority with the existing and future international climate treaties. N 2 O mitigation strategies exist to address the most significant anthropogenic sources, including agriculture, where behavioral practices and new technologies could contribute significantly to reducing emissions. Existing policies managi...
A general framework is developed for the theoretical treatment of d-orbital contributions of heav... more A general framework is developed for the theoretical treatment of d-orbital contributions of heavy atoms to the spin-orbit coupling of planar molecules. Unlike pπ orbitals for which only three-centre spin-orbit terms are non-vanishing, it is shown that a number of one- and two-centre terms will contribute. The case of thiophene (C4H4S) is examined, and all one- and two-centre integrals are
A purification scheme has been developed which is capable of separating the two isomers quinoline... more A purification scheme has been developed which is capable of separating the two isomers quinoline and isoquinoline. The emission spectra of the purified compounds were measured at 77 K in a 3‐methylpentane (3MP) glass and in a 3MP glass with small amounts of hydrogen bonder added. The hydrogen bonders used were hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), trifluoroethanol (TFE), and absolute ethanol (EtOH). An upper limit on the ratio of fluorescence to phosphorescence quantum yields has been set at 20 ppm for quinoline in 3MP, which is 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported. Isoquinoline still fluoresces in 3MP, which we believe to be caused by a residual hydrogen bonder not removed by the purification scheme. The excitation and lifetime data obtained suggest that the phosphorescence in these compounds is originating in a nonhydrogen‐bonded species, while the fluorescence is originating in a hydrogen‐bonded species, regardless of solvent. A new emission has also been detected in the presence of small ...
Uploads