ZOLOTOORDYNSKOE OBOZRENIE / GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW, Sep 1, 2016
The Turkic peoples of the Volga Region lost their statehood for centuries due to the Russian occu... more The Turkic peoples of the Volga Region lost their statehood for centuries due to the Russian occupation of the Khanate of Kazan and Astrakhan in the mid–16 century. The memory of statehood among these peoples has been maintained and preserved for posterity through the oral historiography of the steppe. It comes as no surprise then that there has been an effort to create and strengthen the national identities in the post-Soviet Turkic republics with the successive publication of the latest editions of national epics and collections of historical stories. Research objectives and materials: This investigation focuses on one such source that forms part of the oral historiography of the steppe, a Genghis-name compiled and recorded by an unknown author in the late 17 century. The chapter on Genghis Khan contains two stories that depict the various forms of organisational practices in nomadic states. The first was characteristic of the Golden Horde and the Nogai Horde at its zenith; it concerns the joint rule of the khan and the beglerbeg. The second depicts relations in the late Golden Horde and its successor states, in which the khan and the four chieftains constituted and led the country together. In the Genghis-name we could set the type of a super complex chiefdom headed by Temir Kutlu Khan with his four kara@ı biy’s of the clans Kiyat, Kongrat, Cathay, Saldzhut. Research results and novelty: It was possible to give an answer to the question why are so different the kara@ı biy’s of the Great Horde of those in the other late Golden Horde states. A historian can glean information from this story both on the age in which the source was created and on practices of nomadic rule: What stands out above all is that the clans had the right to resist and that they were able to shift away from their tyrannical rulers without any consequences and seek a new ruler for themselves. The steppe lacked the power of law that would have enabled the ruler to use force in such cases. The khan was only able to maintain his power over the chieftains through his generous gifts or by ensuring regular opportunities for booty. The khan came to be the leader of the society through the support of the chieftains but had no absolute power over them.
The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 2013
This chapter discusses various aspects of the military cooperation between the Ottomans and Tatar... more This chapter discusses various aspects of the military cooperation between the Ottomans and Tatars, the political and economic background, and the diplomatic consequences of the campaigns to make clear that the Crimean Khanate, as a marginal state in the sphere of interest of the Ottoman Empire, enjoyed a relatively significant independence in its military activities during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and also had a great deal of space to maneuver in the sphere of foreign policy. The permanent contacts of the Tatars with the Habsburgs, the arch-enemy of the Ottomans, served to counterbalance the often incalculable power relations and intrigues at the Sublime Porte. Keywords:Crimean Khanate; diplomatic contacts; East Central European Politics; economic goals; military cooperation; Ottoman Empire; Tatars
Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. , 2008
The Crimean Tatars who acted as Ottoman reinforcements on the Hungarian front during the 16th and... more The Crimean Tatars who acted as Ottoman reinforcements on the Hungarian front during the 16th and 17th centuries had the task of making attacks and incursions on their enemy's borders. The Turkish and Tatar sources hardly make any reference to the tools they had at their disposal and to how they collected information about the lands they had to attack and the armies they were likely to encounter. From the little evidence that we have one can only presume that the Tatars got their information directly from the theatre of war by forcing people of the conquered territories to spy and make guidance for the Tatar army. The knowledge that we present here has been gained from a report of 15 September 1663 made on the basis of the testimony of a captured spy working for the Tatars. From his testimony it becomes evident that the Tatars had an extensive spying network which had been organised by a German soldier in their pay, and that the Tatars paid the spies for their service and also rewarded them with a portion of their spoils. The captured spy's testimony refers not only to the 1663 Ottoman campaign but also provides answer for an old historiographical problem. The Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi reported on what he knew about the Tatars' incursions and while doing so he attempted to give information on similar activities in far away territories like Brandenburg, Holland and even Sweden. Researchers agree that Evliya Çelebi never actually visited these countries, but one can suppose that he gleaned information from discussions with spies who worked for the Ottomans and Tatars.
ЗОЛОТООРДЫНСКОЕ ОБОЗРЕНИЕ / GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW, 2022
Research objective: The article is devoted to the discussion of the establishment and the develo... more Research objective: The article is devoted to the discussion of the establishment and the development of diplomatic relations between the Crimean Khanate and the countries of East-Central Europe, with special attention paid to the political and economic influence of the Khanate in the European vassal states of the Ottoman Empire. Research materials: The study uses European and Ottoman chronicles, reports from Constantinople, and still unpublished documents from the Austrian, Romanian, and Hungarian archives. Results and novelty of the research: Ottoman studies has paid little attention to the diplomatic relations of the Crimean Khanate with East-Central Europe. Historical studies primarily emphasized the auxiliary role of Tatars in the Ottoman campaigns and did not pay attention to the fact that in their shadow the khans established and maintained diplomatic relations with the sovereign and vassal states of the region. After thorough research in the archives of the region, it was possible to compile a corpus of documents which revealed the process of the development of the khanate’s diplomatic relations, sometimes even leading to cooperation between the Muslim and Christian rulers. The analysis of the collected and systematized material made it possible to establish the role the khanate played in the policy of the Christian vassals of the Porte, and also the development of the taxation of vassal countries by the Tatars. In the case of Moldova and Wallachia, the sources made it possible to trace the formation of different types of obligations and the amount of tribute.
Die monographische Aufarbeitung der Geschichte des langen Türkenkrieges 1593-1606, der in der ung... more Die monographische Aufarbeitung der Geschichte des langen Türkenkrieges 1593-1606, der in der ungarischen Historiographie als der „Fünfzehnjährige" genannt wird, verlangt von einem Historiker, daß er sich sowohl mit dem weitverzweigten Geflecht von diplomatischen Beziehungen von praktisch ganz Europa und den östlichen Grenzregionen des Osmanischen Reiches als auch mit den Ereignissen auf den ausgedehnten Kriegsschauplätzen auseinandersetzt und vertraut ist. Obwohl zahlreiche narrative Quellen und umfangreiche Aktenpublikationen von deutscher, türkischer, ungarischer, italienischer, französischer, spanischer, englischer, rumänischer und polnischer Provenienz reichlich zur Verfügimg stehen, blieb die Veröffentlichung des Quellengutes der beiden Hauptkontrahenten unvollendet, bzw. befindet sich noch in der Anfangsphase. Die systematische Veröffentlichung der historischen Quellen kann wohl kaum durch solch ausführliche Teilaufarbeitungen, wie z. B. die Monographie von J. P. Niederk...
Fatih doneminden itibaren Osmanli Devletine iltihak eden ve ozel bir statude bulunan Kirim Tatarl... more Fatih doneminden itibaren Osmanli Devletine iltihak eden ve ozel bir statude bulunan Kirim Tatarlari, 1521 Belgrad Muhasarasi’ndan beri Osmanlilarin butun Macar seferlerine katilmislardir. 1526 Mohac Meydan Savasi’ndan sonra Macaristan Kralligi uc bolgeye ayrildi. Kuzey ve bati bolgeleri Habsburglara, orta kisimlari Osmanlilara ve Dogu Macaristan ve Erdel, vassal statude Osmanli Devletine baglandi. Basta 10.000, sonra 15.000 ve 17. yuzyilin ortalarindan itibaren de 40 bin altin odemekle yukumluydu. Osmanli hâkimiyetinde olan Macar topraklari dost, Habsburglarin elinde olan sehirler de dusman ilan edildi. Macar sehirlerine verilen Kirim Tatar vesikalari bu iliskiler cercevesinde olusmustur. 16. yuzyila kadar ortaya sadece bir vesika cikmis iken, 17. yuzyilda itibaren bu vesikalar cogalmaktadir. Bu vesikalar, genellikle Tatarlarin halka zulmetmemeleri yonundedir. Meselâ; 1658-1664 Osmanli-Avusturya savaslari surecinde 1660’ta Varad kalesi ve 3 yil sonra da Uyvar kalesi Osmanlilar tara...
ZOLOTOORDYNSKOE OBOZRENIE / GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW, Sep 1, 2016
The Turkic peoples of the Volga Region lost their statehood for centuries due to the Russian occu... more The Turkic peoples of the Volga Region lost their statehood for centuries due to the Russian occupation of the Khanate of Kazan and Astrakhan in the mid–16 century. The memory of statehood among these peoples has been maintained and preserved for posterity through the oral historiography of the steppe. It comes as no surprise then that there has been an effort to create and strengthen the national identities in the post-Soviet Turkic republics with the successive publication of the latest editions of national epics and collections of historical stories. Research objectives and materials: This investigation focuses on one such source that forms part of the oral historiography of the steppe, a Genghis-name compiled and recorded by an unknown author in the late 17 century. The chapter on Genghis Khan contains two stories that depict the various forms of organisational practices in nomadic states. The first was characteristic of the Golden Horde and the Nogai Horde at its zenith; it concerns the joint rule of the khan and the beglerbeg. The second depicts relations in the late Golden Horde and its successor states, in which the khan and the four chieftains constituted and led the country together. In the Genghis-name we could set the type of a super complex chiefdom headed by Temir Kutlu Khan with his four kara@ı biy’s of the clans Kiyat, Kongrat, Cathay, Saldzhut. Research results and novelty: It was possible to give an answer to the question why are so different the kara@ı biy’s of the Great Horde of those in the other late Golden Horde states. A historian can glean information from this story both on the age in which the source was created and on practices of nomadic rule: What stands out above all is that the clans had the right to resist and that they were able to shift away from their tyrannical rulers without any consequences and seek a new ruler for themselves. The steppe lacked the power of law that would have enabled the ruler to use force in such cases. The khan was only able to maintain his power over the chieftains through his generous gifts or by ensuring regular opportunities for booty. The khan came to be the leader of the society through the support of the chieftains but had no absolute power over them.
The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 2013
This chapter discusses various aspects of the military cooperation between the Ottomans and Tatar... more This chapter discusses various aspects of the military cooperation between the Ottomans and Tatars, the political and economic background, and the diplomatic consequences of the campaigns to make clear that the Crimean Khanate, as a marginal state in the sphere of interest of the Ottoman Empire, enjoyed a relatively significant independence in its military activities during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and also had a great deal of space to maneuver in the sphere of foreign policy. The permanent contacts of the Tatars with the Habsburgs, the arch-enemy of the Ottomans, served to counterbalance the often incalculable power relations and intrigues at the Sublime Porte. Keywords:Crimean Khanate; diplomatic contacts; East Central European Politics; economic goals; military cooperation; Ottoman Empire; Tatars
Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. , 2008
The Crimean Tatars who acted as Ottoman reinforcements on the Hungarian front during the 16th and... more The Crimean Tatars who acted as Ottoman reinforcements on the Hungarian front during the 16th and 17th centuries had the task of making attacks and incursions on their enemy's borders. The Turkish and Tatar sources hardly make any reference to the tools they had at their disposal and to how they collected information about the lands they had to attack and the armies they were likely to encounter. From the little evidence that we have one can only presume that the Tatars got their information directly from the theatre of war by forcing people of the conquered territories to spy and make guidance for the Tatar army. The knowledge that we present here has been gained from a report of 15 September 1663 made on the basis of the testimony of a captured spy working for the Tatars. From his testimony it becomes evident that the Tatars had an extensive spying network which had been organised by a German soldier in their pay, and that the Tatars paid the spies for their service and also rewarded them with a portion of their spoils. The captured spy's testimony refers not only to the 1663 Ottoman campaign but also provides answer for an old historiographical problem. The Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi reported on what he knew about the Tatars' incursions and while doing so he attempted to give information on similar activities in far away territories like Brandenburg, Holland and even Sweden. Researchers agree that Evliya Çelebi never actually visited these countries, but one can suppose that he gleaned information from discussions with spies who worked for the Ottomans and Tatars.
ЗОЛОТООРДЫНСКОЕ ОБОЗРЕНИЕ / GOLDEN HORDE REVIEW, 2022
Research objective: The article is devoted to the discussion of the establishment and the develo... more Research objective: The article is devoted to the discussion of the establishment and the development of diplomatic relations between the Crimean Khanate and the countries of East-Central Europe, with special attention paid to the political and economic influence of the Khanate in the European vassal states of the Ottoman Empire. Research materials: The study uses European and Ottoman chronicles, reports from Constantinople, and still unpublished documents from the Austrian, Romanian, and Hungarian archives. Results and novelty of the research: Ottoman studies has paid little attention to the diplomatic relations of the Crimean Khanate with East-Central Europe. Historical studies primarily emphasized the auxiliary role of Tatars in the Ottoman campaigns and did not pay attention to the fact that in their shadow the khans established and maintained diplomatic relations with the sovereign and vassal states of the region. After thorough research in the archives of the region, it was possible to compile a corpus of documents which revealed the process of the development of the khanate’s diplomatic relations, sometimes even leading to cooperation between the Muslim and Christian rulers. The analysis of the collected and systematized material made it possible to establish the role the khanate played in the policy of the Christian vassals of the Porte, and also the development of the taxation of vassal countries by the Tatars. In the case of Moldova and Wallachia, the sources made it possible to trace the formation of different types of obligations and the amount of tribute.
Die monographische Aufarbeitung der Geschichte des langen Türkenkrieges 1593-1606, der in der ung... more Die monographische Aufarbeitung der Geschichte des langen Türkenkrieges 1593-1606, der in der ungarischen Historiographie als der „Fünfzehnjährige" genannt wird, verlangt von einem Historiker, daß er sich sowohl mit dem weitverzweigten Geflecht von diplomatischen Beziehungen von praktisch ganz Europa und den östlichen Grenzregionen des Osmanischen Reiches als auch mit den Ereignissen auf den ausgedehnten Kriegsschauplätzen auseinandersetzt und vertraut ist. Obwohl zahlreiche narrative Quellen und umfangreiche Aktenpublikationen von deutscher, türkischer, ungarischer, italienischer, französischer, spanischer, englischer, rumänischer und polnischer Provenienz reichlich zur Verfügimg stehen, blieb die Veröffentlichung des Quellengutes der beiden Hauptkontrahenten unvollendet, bzw. befindet sich noch in der Anfangsphase. Die systematische Veröffentlichung der historischen Quellen kann wohl kaum durch solch ausführliche Teilaufarbeitungen, wie z. B. die Monographie von J. P. Niederk...
Fatih doneminden itibaren Osmanli Devletine iltihak eden ve ozel bir statude bulunan Kirim Tatarl... more Fatih doneminden itibaren Osmanli Devletine iltihak eden ve ozel bir statude bulunan Kirim Tatarlari, 1521 Belgrad Muhasarasi’ndan beri Osmanlilarin butun Macar seferlerine katilmislardir. 1526 Mohac Meydan Savasi’ndan sonra Macaristan Kralligi uc bolgeye ayrildi. Kuzey ve bati bolgeleri Habsburglara, orta kisimlari Osmanlilara ve Dogu Macaristan ve Erdel, vassal statude Osmanli Devletine baglandi. Basta 10.000, sonra 15.000 ve 17. yuzyilin ortalarindan itibaren de 40 bin altin odemekle yukumluydu. Osmanli hâkimiyetinde olan Macar topraklari dost, Habsburglarin elinde olan sehirler de dusman ilan edildi. Macar sehirlerine verilen Kirim Tatar vesikalari bu iliskiler cercevesinde olusmustur. 16. yuzyila kadar ortaya sadece bir vesika cikmis iken, 17. yuzyilda itibaren bu vesikalar cogalmaktadir. Bu vesikalar, genellikle Tatarlarin halka zulmetmemeleri yonundedir. Meselâ; 1658-1664 Osmanli-Avusturya savaslari surecinde 1660’ta Varad kalesi ve 3 yil sonra da Uyvar kalesi Osmanlilar tara...
The Book of the Činggis Legend is a product of the steppe’s oral historiography, referring to eve... more The Book of the Činggis Legend is a product of the steppe’s oral historiography, referring to events from the 13th−17th centuries, and presents the collective historical consciousness of the nomadic peoples of the Volga region’s TurcoTatar world. The stories offer abundant information on the society, way of thinking and morals of the nomads, one of them can even be regarded as a kind of nomad “mirror of princes”. The other ones incorporate such crucial events in the Volga region as the islamization of nomad clans, epidemic, famine, the appearance of Halley’s Comet, the uprising of the Bashkirs, etc. This book includes the first critical text edition of the source, the first full translation into English along with a glossary, historical comments, a huge apparatus and the three most complete facsimiles of the manuscript.
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countries of East-Central Europe, with special attention paid to the political and economic
influence of the Khanate in the European vassal states of the Ottoman Empire.
Research materials: The study uses European and Ottoman chronicles, reports from
Constantinople, and still unpublished documents from the Austrian, Romanian, and Hungarian archives.
Results and novelty of the research: Ottoman studies has paid little attention to the diplomatic relations of the Crimean Khanate with East-Central Europe. Historical studies primarily emphasized the auxiliary role of Tatars in the Ottoman campaigns and did not pay
attention to the fact that in their shadow the khans established and maintained diplomatic
relations with the sovereign and vassal states of the region. After thorough research in the
archives of the region, it was possible to compile a corpus of documents which revealed the
process of the development of the khanate’s diplomatic relations, sometimes even leading
to cooperation between the Muslim and Christian rulers. The analysis of the collected and
systematized material made it possible to establish the role the khanate played in the policy
of the Christian vassals of the Porte, and also the development of the taxation of vassal
countries by the Tatars. In the case of Moldova and Wallachia, the sources made it possible
to trace the formation of different types of obligations and the amount of tribute.
countries of East-Central Europe, with special attention paid to the political and economic
influence of the Khanate in the European vassal states of the Ottoman Empire.
Research materials: The study uses European and Ottoman chronicles, reports from
Constantinople, and still unpublished documents from the Austrian, Romanian, and Hungarian archives.
Results and novelty of the research: Ottoman studies has paid little attention to the diplomatic relations of the Crimean Khanate with East-Central Europe. Historical studies primarily emphasized the auxiliary role of Tatars in the Ottoman campaigns and did not pay
attention to the fact that in their shadow the khans established and maintained diplomatic
relations with the sovereign and vassal states of the region. After thorough research in the
archives of the region, it was possible to compile a corpus of documents which revealed the
process of the development of the khanate’s diplomatic relations, sometimes even leading
to cooperation between the Muslim and Christian rulers. The analysis of the collected and
systematized material made it possible to establish the role the khanate played in the policy
of the Christian vassals of the Porte, and also the development of the taxation of vassal
countries by the Tatars. In the case of Moldova and Wallachia, the sources made it possible
to trace the formation of different types of obligations and the amount of tribute.
along with a glossary, historical comments, a huge apparatus and the three most complete facsimiles of the manuscript.