About me ppt by Andrew Hund
Papers by Andrew Hund
The international Journal of Climate Change: Impacts, and Responses
The groups most affected by environmental degradation induced by climate change have a vulnerable... more The groups most affected by environmental degradation induced by climate change have a vulnerable status and lack resources to migrate. Beyond lacking the resources to migrate out of degraded and/or adverse environments, there are significant socioeconomic political barriers in regards to obtaining emigration credentials. This article discusses the different aspects of climate change refugees, such as troublesome issues associated with population estimates, definitions, and the social and legal obstacles of achieving internationally recognized refugee, migrant, stateless, or exile status. Presently, it is essential to develop international and sustainable policies to ensure effective protection and assistance for vulnerable persons who are currently displaced or will need to migrate due to adverse environmental changes.
The International Journal of Health, Wellness and Society
Journal of Technologies in Society, Mar 2015
This paper will focus on telecommunication healthcare in Alaska as an institutional category of G... more This paper will focus on telecommunication healthcare in Alaska as an institutional category of Gidden’s theory of reconceptualizing institutions. Over the past fifty years, considerable advancements of Alaska Native health have occurred in which the Alaska Federal Health Care Access Network (AFHCAN) managed by the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC) has played a critical role. We began the discussion by defining telemedicine/telehealth as an institution of medicine and healthcare. Next, Gidden’s theory of reconceptualizing institutions is examined, because it is a crucial frame of reference for examining the institution of telemedicine/telehealth in Alaska. Following the discussion of Gidden’s theory, the AFHCAN telehealth system is discussed and explored to understand the basis for social interactions within the AFHCAN telehealth system and how healthcare is distributed. This telemedicine healthcare institution has resulted in rapid alteration in the overall mode of interactions between the patient, healthcare professionals, and the healthcare organization. As a result, it has had a direct influence on the medical establishment in rural and remote areas.
Asian Journal of Business Management Science, 2013
International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society, 2013
This paper describes a new educational software application, eLmaps (efficient Learning maps). Th... more This paper describes a new educational software application, eLmaps (efficient Learning maps). The application is part of a cognitive development educational system currently being developed by researchers at the University of Colorado Denver to increase the reading and thinking skills of high school and undergraduate level STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) students. The educational software consists of: 1) a set of educational materials that emphasize the process of learning through logical and coherent structures that mirror basic thinking processes; 2) a learning method with multi-media materials centered on visual learning maps and critical-thinking principles; and 3) the integration of a strong reading and writing component to reinforce the development of thinking skills. The eLmaps application involves teaching high school and undergraduate college students how to use a set of visual learning maps to construct knowledge as they read and learn from complex STEM texts. The paper further suggests that student use of the eLmaps application may prove to be an extremely powerful computer-aided educational intervention because of key cognitive linguistic and cognitive science principles inherent in design.
Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2006
"Little is known about how non-problematic drinkers respond to advice to reduce alcohol consumpti... more "Little is known about how non-problematic drinkers respond to advice to reduce alcohol consumption as part of dis-
ease management. In this article, we examine patient reports of drinking behaviour after being diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C, a condition for which alcohol consumption is contraindicated.
Methods:
In this qualitative study, we analyzed transcripts of semi-
structured interviews with hepatitis C virus+ (HCV+) patients whose level of alcohol consumption would not be considered problematic in the absence of their diagnosis.
Results:
Most respondents reported some instances of adherence, but only half adhered to the advice to limit drinking consistently over time. Respondents who did not stop drinking often modified their behaviour by changing the type of alcohol consumed or limiting drinking to particular occasions.
Conclusion:
Most informants understood the risks of drinking after
HCV infection, particularly in the presence of symptoms, with the onset of complications, or when undergoing treatment. But some
believed they could monitor their bodies for evidence of disease progression or that drinking was acceptable during early, asymptomatic stages of infection. Our results also identified situations in which patients need support in adhering to intentions not to drink, including social pressures, stressful situations, or environmental triggers"
Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2008
"Abstaining from alcohol consumption is generally recommended for patients with Hepatitis C(HCV).... more "Abstaining from alcohol consumption is generally recommended for patients with Hepatitis C(HCV). However, mixed research findings coupled with a lack of consistent guidelines on alcohol consumption and HCV may influence what healthcare providers tell their HCV patients about drinking. This may be more problematic when advising nonharmful drinkers with HCV, a population for whom consumption would not bea problem in the absence of their HCV diagnosis.
OBJECTIVE:
This study explores what healthcare providers advise their HCV patients who are drinking alcohol at nonharmful levels about alcohol use and what these patients actually hear.
DESIGN:
We conducted separate focus groups and interviews about alcohol use and HCV with nonharmful drinkers with HCV (N=50) and healthcare providers (N=14) at a metropolitan teaching hospital. All focus groups and interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo, a qualitative data management and analysis program.
RESULTS:
We found similar themes about HCV and alcohol consumption (stop completely, occasional drink is ok, cut down, and provision of mixed/ambiguous messages), reported by both providers and patients.Patient respondents who reported hearing “stop completely”were more likely to have had their last medical visit at the gastroenterology (GI) clinic as opposed to the internal medicine (IM) clinic. Furthermore, IM providers were more likely to give their recommendations in“medical language” than were GI providers.
CONCLUSIONS:
To make the best health-related decisions about their disease, HCV patients need consistent information about alcohol consumption. Departments of Internal Medicine can increase provider knowledge about HCV and alcohol use by providing more education and training on HCV.""
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 2008
Most studies of decisions to curtail alcohol consumption reflect experiences of abusing drinkers.... more Most studies of decisions to curtail alcohol consumption reflect experiences of abusing drinkers. An exploratory sequential research design is used to explore the applicability of this research to the experience of nonabusing drinkers advised to curtail alcohol consumption after a hepatitis C diagnosis. A qualitative component identified 17 new decision factors not reflected in an inventory of factors based on synthesis of existing scales. Qualitative data were triangulated by supplementing semistructured interviews with Internet postings. A quantitative component estimated prevalence and association with current drinking of these new decision factors. Patients who quit drinking tended to attribute postdiagnosis drinking to occasional triggers, whereas patients who were still drinking were more likely to endorse rationales not tied to specific triggers.
Ph.D. Dissertation, 2010
This research study examines how ethnic group membership and economic resources influence health ... more This research study examines how ethnic group membership and economic resources influence health related Quality of Life (HRQOL).While there is little debate that differences exist between Native and White Alaskans in their perceived quality of life, from what is presently known it is difficult to assess whether these differences derive from ethnicity or from SES. This study utilizes the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Study (BRFSS) study to examine SES and ethnic group membership interconnection. One useful strategy to enable a better understanding of the intrinsic role of SES with respect to HRQOL is to compare a socially and economically disadvantaged group to a relatively non-disadvantaged group. Evidence from this research presents surprising results in relation to the connection and interconnection of SES, ethnicity, and HRQOL.
American Sociological Association: Teaching Resources and Innovations Library for Sociology (TRAILS), 2010
With each successive wave of cohorts entering college, the importance of utilizing web-based info... more With each successive wave of cohorts entering college, the importance of utilizing web-based information is increasing. For example, according to the Pew Internet and American Life Project report by Jones and Madden (2002), twenty-percent of traditional college students have been using the computer since the ages 5 to 8 and by the ages 16 to 18 all traditional college students are using computers. The traditional and non-traditional students use the web and the internet for commerce activities (shopping and buying products), entertainment (downloading music files, instant messaging, movie reviews, looking up various information items of interest, etc.), interpersonal communication (using email to communicate with family, friends, fellow students, and professors), checking their grades (Blackboard, Webct, etc.), finding references for a paper or reading about a topic in class, as well as accessing reserve readings in the library or finding literature.
Demographie et Cultures, 2008
"Comme le démontre la figure 1, la population américaine d'origine hispanique est
caractérisée p... more "Comme le démontre la figure 1, la population américaine d'origine hispanique est
caractérisée par une croissance très rapide entre 1960 et 2008. De quelques 3,3 millions en
1960, elle a atteint 14,6 millions vingt ans plus tard et 35,3 millions à l'aube du nouveau
centenaire. Selon les plus récentes estimations du Bureau du recensement américain, sa
croissance n'est pas terminée et cette population hispano-américaine approchera les 50 millions
au recensement de 20101. Vingt-cinq ans plus tard, elle s'élèvera à près de 100 millions pour
atteindre en 2050 tout près de 133 millions. Il s'agit donc d'une croissance fulgurante car,
pendant cette période, sa part de la population totale passera de 14% à environ 29%2."
Cinematic Sociology: Social Life in Film. (2nd Ed). , 2012
Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 2011
"In reading the article, (Re)Imagining Teacher Preparation for Conjoint Democratic Inquiry in Com... more "In reading the article, (Re)Imagining Teacher Preparation for Conjoint Democratic Inquiry in Complex Classroom Ecologies, the theory of symbolic interactionism from the field of Sociology came to mind. According to the theory of symbolic interactionism there are no objective realities, only multiple realities based
on actors’ interactive experiences and definitions of the situation. An actor’s reality is created over time and founded upon
numerous interactions in society. These interactions become internalized and shape or mold an actor’s reality that is used to form an actor’s identity. This reality is not necessarily permanent because an actor’s identity can change as more interactions with
different people, groups, organizations, and institutions occur, yet past interactions and an actor’s preexisting definition of reality can impede changes to the actor’s evolving definition of reality. One of the objectives of a teacher-student interaction is to alter
students’ subjective definition of reality. This can be achieved through quality rapport
that utilizes reflexive practice. "
All Academic, 2004
This hermeneutic exploration will examine the changes in the Inuit family structure, values, and ... more This hermeneutic exploration will examine the changes in the Inuit family structure, values, and expectations over the past 50 years. Specifically, this research examines the incompatible goals of the traditional communal economic system (subsistence) and modern individualized economic system (capitalism). Utilizing a conflict perspective, this research assembles the assorted knowledge of the Inuit family structure, values, and expectations in order to gain insight into these changes. The contemporary changes in the family structure, values, and expectations have produced a new culture where the goals and the basis for competition is the devaluation of traditional socialization. The Inuit family unit has become smaller, more isolated from the community, and poverty and violence have increased as a result. It is anticipated that the continued economic expansion into the rural villages and the subsequent alterations to the family and communities will result in a heightened interest in understanding these changes. This research will allow for a reappraisal of the Inuit family structure in light of modern economic transitions.
All Academic, 2004
Since 1971, Alaska has used the telecommunication systems to increase access to healthcare in rem... more Since 1971, Alaska has used the telecommunication systems to increase access to healthcare in remote areas, where the majority of the population is Alaskan Natives (i.e., Yupik, Inupiaq, Aleut, and Athabaskan). This new healthcare institution has resulted in the rapid alteration in the mode of interactions between the patient, healthcare professionals, and the healthcare organization. This shift in healthcare has influenced the medical establishment by fostering a new organization that differs from the previous healthcare organizations. This hermeneutic exploration will examine the modern telecommunication system in rural Alaska as a healthcare institution. Utilizing Giddens theory of reconceptualizing institutions as a frame of reference the advantages and disadvantages of the new institution in the medically underserved rural areas in Alaska are critically examined. The limitations of Gidden�s theory of reconceptualizing institutions are explored and the need for more adequate theories of understanding rural Alaskans mode of interactions between the patient, healthcare professionals, and the healthcare organization within the context of the telemedicine institution are considered. These limitations also illuminate the need to understand rural Alaskans perceptions and utilization of the telemedicine institution. It is anticipated that continued technological advances in telemedicine and telehealth in these regions will contribute to a heightened interest in understanding the healthcare professional-patient relationships in rural Alaska.
Postmodern Criminology, 1999
Delinquency is a social construct, which stigmatizes individuals with a label and frequently lead... more Delinquency is a social construct, which stigmatizes individuals with a label and frequently leads to more non-normative behavior. The current thinking in society is that the individual should be punished rather than the negative behavior(s) (crime). Consequently, the individual is stigmatized as deviant and the behavior(s) are amplified through role association. In simpler terms, crime and delinquency are primarily behavioral problems not individual character flaws. Therefore, in order for youths' behaviors to be changed a positive transformation has to occur in the community and in the approach it uses to punish youth violators of social norms.
The purpose of this paper is to practice or apply sociology. Specifically, this paper attempts to establish a basis for the creation of an innovative program, which utilizes a new structure for the community and introduces reintegrative shaming as a social control method for youth. More specifically, it establishes a practical social control system that fosters community participation via a conference. This paper is divided into three parts. The first section is a brief history of the field of criminology and its theoretical backgrounds. The next section discusses reintegrative shaming in depth and the last section provides a practical approach to implementing reintegrative shaming conference.
University of Alaska Anchorage, 2006
WWW Virtual Library, 1997
Organic Consumers Association, 1999
Uploads
About me ppt by Andrew Hund
Papers by Andrew Hund
ease management. In this article, we examine patient reports of drinking behaviour after being diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C, a condition for which alcohol consumption is contraindicated.
Methods:
In this qualitative study, we analyzed transcripts of semi-
structured interviews with hepatitis C virus+ (HCV+) patients whose level of alcohol consumption would not be considered problematic in the absence of their diagnosis.
Results:
Most respondents reported some instances of adherence, but only half adhered to the advice to limit drinking consistently over time. Respondents who did not stop drinking often modified their behaviour by changing the type of alcohol consumed or limiting drinking to particular occasions.
Conclusion:
Most informants understood the risks of drinking after
HCV infection, particularly in the presence of symptoms, with the onset of complications, or when undergoing treatment. But some
believed they could monitor their bodies for evidence of disease progression or that drinking was acceptable during early, asymptomatic stages of infection. Our results also identified situations in which patients need support in adhering to intentions not to drink, including social pressures, stressful situations, or environmental triggers"
OBJECTIVE:
This study explores what healthcare providers advise their HCV patients who are drinking alcohol at nonharmful levels about alcohol use and what these patients actually hear.
DESIGN:
We conducted separate focus groups and interviews about alcohol use and HCV with nonharmful drinkers with HCV (N=50) and healthcare providers (N=14) at a metropolitan teaching hospital. All focus groups and interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo, a qualitative data management and analysis program.
RESULTS:
We found similar themes about HCV and alcohol consumption (stop completely, occasional drink is ok, cut down, and provision of mixed/ambiguous messages), reported by both providers and patients.Patient respondents who reported hearing “stop completely”were more likely to have had their last medical visit at the gastroenterology (GI) clinic as opposed to the internal medicine (IM) clinic. Furthermore, IM providers were more likely to give their recommendations in“medical language” than were GI providers.
CONCLUSIONS:
To make the best health-related decisions about their disease, HCV patients need consistent information about alcohol consumption. Departments of Internal Medicine can increase provider knowledge about HCV and alcohol use by providing more education and training on HCV.""
caractérisée par une croissance très rapide entre 1960 et 2008. De quelques 3,3 millions en
1960, elle a atteint 14,6 millions vingt ans plus tard et 35,3 millions à l'aube du nouveau
centenaire. Selon les plus récentes estimations du Bureau du recensement américain, sa
croissance n'est pas terminée et cette population hispano-américaine approchera les 50 millions
au recensement de 20101. Vingt-cinq ans plus tard, elle s'élèvera à près de 100 millions pour
atteindre en 2050 tout près de 133 millions. Il s'agit donc d'une croissance fulgurante car,
pendant cette période, sa part de la population totale passera de 14% à environ 29%2."
on actors’ interactive experiences and definitions of the situation. An actor’s reality is created over time and founded upon
numerous interactions in society. These interactions become internalized and shape or mold an actor’s reality that is used to form an actor’s identity. This reality is not necessarily permanent because an actor’s identity can change as more interactions with
different people, groups, organizations, and institutions occur, yet past interactions and an actor’s preexisting definition of reality can impede changes to the actor’s evolving definition of reality. One of the objectives of a teacher-student interaction is to alter
students’ subjective definition of reality. This can be achieved through quality rapport
that utilizes reflexive practice. "
The purpose of this paper is to practice or apply sociology. Specifically, this paper attempts to establish a basis for the creation of an innovative program, which utilizes a new structure for the community and introduces reintegrative shaming as a social control method for youth. More specifically, it establishes a practical social control system that fosters community participation via a conference. This paper is divided into three parts. The first section is a brief history of the field of criminology and its theoretical backgrounds. The next section discusses reintegrative shaming in depth and the last section provides a practical approach to implementing reintegrative shaming conference.
ease management. In this article, we examine patient reports of drinking behaviour after being diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C, a condition for which alcohol consumption is contraindicated.
Methods:
In this qualitative study, we analyzed transcripts of semi-
structured interviews with hepatitis C virus+ (HCV+) patients whose level of alcohol consumption would not be considered problematic in the absence of their diagnosis.
Results:
Most respondents reported some instances of adherence, but only half adhered to the advice to limit drinking consistently over time. Respondents who did not stop drinking often modified their behaviour by changing the type of alcohol consumed or limiting drinking to particular occasions.
Conclusion:
Most informants understood the risks of drinking after
HCV infection, particularly in the presence of symptoms, with the onset of complications, or when undergoing treatment. But some
believed they could monitor their bodies for evidence of disease progression or that drinking was acceptable during early, asymptomatic stages of infection. Our results also identified situations in which patients need support in adhering to intentions not to drink, including social pressures, stressful situations, or environmental triggers"
OBJECTIVE:
This study explores what healthcare providers advise their HCV patients who are drinking alcohol at nonharmful levels about alcohol use and what these patients actually hear.
DESIGN:
We conducted separate focus groups and interviews about alcohol use and HCV with nonharmful drinkers with HCV (N=50) and healthcare providers (N=14) at a metropolitan teaching hospital. All focus groups and interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo, a qualitative data management and analysis program.
RESULTS:
We found similar themes about HCV and alcohol consumption (stop completely, occasional drink is ok, cut down, and provision of mixed/ambiguous messages), reported by both providers and patients.Patient respondents who reported hearing “stop completely”were more likely to have had their last medical visit at the gastroenterology (GI) clinic as opposed to the internal medicine (IM) clinic. Furthermore, IM providers were more likely to give their recommendations in“medical language” than were GI providers.
CONCLUSIONS:
To make the best health-related decisions about their disease, HCV patients need consistent information about alcohol consumption. Departments of Internal Medicine can increase provider knowledge about HCV and alcohol use by providing more education and training on HCV.""
caractérisée par une croissance très rapide entre 1960 et 2008. De quelques 3,3 millions en
1960, elle a atteint 14,6 millions vingt ans plus tard et 35,3 millions à l'aube du nouveau
centenaire. Selon les plus récentes estimations du Bureau du recensement américain, sa
croissance n'est pas terminée et cette population hispano-américaine approchera les 50 millions
au recensement de 20101. Vingt-cinq ans plus tard, elle s'élèvera à près de 100 millions pour
atteindre en 2050 tout près de 133 millions. Il s'agit donc d'une croissance fulgurante car,
pendant cette période, sa part de la population totale passera de 14% à environ 29%2."
on actors’ interactive experiences and definitions of the situation. An actor’s reality is created over time and founded upon
numerous interactions in society. These interactions become internalized and shape or mold an actor’s reality that is used to form an actor’s identity. This reality is not necessarily permanent because an actor’s identity can change as more interactions with
different people, groups, organizations, and institutions occur, yet past interactions and an actor’s preexisting definition of reality can impede changes to the actor’s evolving definition of reality. One of the objectives of a teacher-student interaction is to alter
students’ subjective definition of reality. This can be achieved through quality rapport
that utilizes reflexive practice. "
The purpose of this paper is to practice or apply sociology. Specifically, this paper attempts to establish a basis for the creation of an innovative program, which utilizes a new structure for the community and introduces reintegrative shaming as a social control method for youth. More specifically, it establishes a practical social control system that fosters community participation via a conference. This paper is divided into three parts. The first section is a brief history of the field of criminology and its theoretical backgrounds. The next section discusses reintegrative shaming in depth and the last section provides a practical approach to implementing reintegrative shaming conference.
At its most basic, reforestation is defined as the reestablishment of a forest in a land area that was formerly forested. In technical terms, reforestation is the natural and/or artificial restocking and regeneration of trees in recently depleted forests and woodlands as a result of natural or man-made activities, such as fires, storms, flooding, landslides, insect infestations, volcanic eruptions, slash-and-burn clearing, logging, or clear-cutting.
more spirits, which were referred to as brother, helper, father, and/or uncle. Shamans used drums or painted wooden figures of humans, mammals, and other critters that were made powerful when in the shamans’ possession. These objects were used to heal, foretell the future, prevent evil spirits, grant fertility, and/or
travel into the spirit realm. This study, then, will focus on Old Man Dude in the context of shamanism and Eyak culture of the Copper River area.
Methods: Two sources of cross-sectional textual data were collected from the internet and analyzed for this study: (1) 307 electronic illness narratives posted on the topic of HCV from eight English language websites; and (2) 264 threaded discussions that included 534 discussants from four internet sites on the topic of HCV. The data were analyzed by first importing the text files into NVIVO (qualitative data management software) and coding any reference to CAM. Next, using the procedure of open-coding, the researchers independently reviewed the CAM text and generated a list of descriptive codes (topics). The researchers then met to compare lists and agree on a final version of the codes and their sub-categories.
Results: Nine descriptive codes, related to information sharing and decision making about the use of CAM for HCV, emerged from analysis of the qualitative data: 1) Reasons for Using CAM (liver health, dissatisfaction with traditional treatment, treatment of symptoms and side effects); 2) Research and Education on CAM (internet, books, seeking advice from others); 3) Types of CAM Used (herbs, supplements, behavioral, CAM provider based therapies); 4) Types of CAM Providers Seen (homeopaths, naturopaths, herbalists, acupuncturists, etc); 5) Therapeutic Regimens of CAM (combinations, dosages, frequency); 6) Perceived Results of CAM (positive, negative); 7) Cost Issues of CAM (price, insurance); 8) Re-evaluation of CAM Use (continue, discontinue); and 9) Sharing Experiences/Giving Advice about CAM Use.
Conclusions: The internet is a venue where a large amount of information about CAM is shared and a powerful tool for aiding patients in the medical decision making process. In order to assist patients with HCV in choosing therapies that are efficacious and safe, healthcare providers need to be aware of the wide range of topics that impact on the decision to use CAM therapies, and be able to discuss them with their patients.
Methods: We conducted focus groups and interviews about alcohol use and HCV with both non-dependent drinkers (as determined by the AUDIT) with HCV (N=62) and healthcare providers (N=14) who care for HCV patients at a metropolitan teaching hospital. All focus groups and interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed using NVIVO, a qualitative data management and analysis program.
Results: The majority of the HCV diagnosed respondents indicated a healthcare provider told them to stop drinking “completely.” A smaller number said they were told an occasional drink was “fine” or “cut back.” When asked if providers explained why it was important to change this behavior, most respondents replied because of the “effect on the liver” and on disease progression. Other respondents mentioned the need to stop drinking for: treatment efficacy; overall “well-being;” or a “chance to live-longer.” Only a few respondents indicated they were not told to curtail their drinking nor received an explanation about the effects of alcohol on their HCV. Healthcare provider advice about alcohol and HCV was generally concordant with what patients heard, with some strongly telling the patient “no alcohol,” and others saying an “occasional drink” is acceptable. However, reports varied by provider type on how often they discussed alcohol with HCV patients. Nurses and gastroenterologists raised the issue with most patients while internists focused on alcohol use only with problematic drinkers. Despite these variations, providers were fairly consistent in telling patients that alcohol makes HCV progress faster and causes more damage to the liver than it would for someone without HCV. Gastroenterologists consistently described this graphically as “throwing fuel on a fire.”
Conclusion: The messages relayed to HCV patients about alcohol use by healthcare providers are generally concordant with what patients report hearing. However, the mixed messages different types of providers are sending about appropriate drinking levels is troubling. In order to make the best health-related decisions about their disease, HCV patients need to receive consistent information about alcohol consumption from all healthcare providers they may encounter.
This ethnography is designed to carry out a cultural comparison between the Inuit’s in Alaska, Greenland, Russia, and Northern Canada. This project is an exploration of the Inuit culture and endeavors to examine how returning Inuit’s view their village, how they think family and village members view them upon returning after having left for a period of at least six months. The analysis of interview data will produce new information concerning the experiences Inuit’s have after leaving the close communal rural communities in the Arctic and returning.
The research is designed to uncover four dimensions of the Inuit experience, which are: 1). What were the Inuit’s social circumstances before leaving the village? 2). What are the Inuit persons views on their culture after having left and returned to the village; 3). Has the village members altered their interaction patterns with the returning member?; and 4). Is the person still a member of the village? "
From pages 162-163 in the Sixth Fawcett Crest printing, December 1967 paperback copy of Silent Spring:
"To find a diet free from DDT and related chemicals, it seems one must go to a remote, and primitive land, still lacking the amenities of civilization. Such a land appears to exist, at least marginally, on the far Arctic shores of Alaska -- although even there one may see the approaching shadow. When scientists investigated the native diet of the Eskimos in this region it was found to be free from insecticides. The fresh and dried fish; the fat, oil, or meat from beaver, beluga, caribou, moose, oogruk, polar bear, and walrus; cranberries, salmonberries, and wild rhubarb all had so far escaped contamination. There was only one exception -- two white owls from Point Hope carried small amounts of DDT, perhaps acquired in the course of some migratory journey."
"When some of the Eskimos themselves were checked by analysis of fat samples, small residues of DDT were found (0 to 1.9 parts per million). The reason for this was clear. The fat samples were taken from people who had left their native villages to enter the United States Public Health Service Hospital in Anchorage for surgery. There the ways of civilization prevailed, and the meals in the hospital were found to contain as much DDT as those in the most populous city. For their brief stay in civilization the Eskimos were rewarded with a taint of poison" (p. 162-163).
This quote referenced:
Durham, William F., John F. Armstrong, William M. Upholt, and Christine Heller. 1961. "Insecticides Content of Diet and Body Fat of Alaskan Natives." Science. V 134 (3493): 1880-1881.
In this article, unfortunately, the exact research procedures were not noted. This study was actually conducted in three parts: Food, Body Fat, and Hospital Meals.
FOOD STUDY
N=42
31 different food types [what items and procedures are unknown]
Villages in study
Shungnak
Kotzebue
Gambell
Hooper Bay
Point Hope
Note: these are villages that Christine Heller was at during the late 1950's -- as was the US military. Heller's archive is located at the University of Alaska Anchorage, which I have searched through some time ago. Even though Heller did work on this research -- her main focus was nutrition analysis of Inuit (i.e., Eskimo) foods. Thus, this report along with a single report for the Atomic Energy Commission seems to be anomalous and it is doubtful the archives will produce anything.
BODY FAT STUDY
Sample from the US Public Health Service Hospital in Anchorage.
Missing: Which villages did the body fat sample come from?
Note: the US Public Health Service Hospital in Anchorage became the Indian Health Service and is presently the Alaska Native Medical Center. I am presently unable to find anyone who knows of these records.
HOSPITAL MEALS STUDY
N=?
Unknown how many meals were sampled only a mention of meatballs and spaghetti.
Each of these three studies used the "Schechter-Haller spectrophotometric procedure" to test for DDT and DDE in the FOOD, BODY FAT, and HOSPITAL FOOD samples. However, what exactly was sampled, such as the part of the animal, meal, etc is what we are unable to determine. Hence, these research procedures or better yet the data sources are what we are attempting to locate -- but Rachel's archives (at Yale University) may have more notes on the study then what was written in the short article by Durham, et al. In short, I am attempting to locate the research procedures or raw data for the Alaska DDT/DDE study so as to replicate the findings – and ascertain the increase in DDT in Alaska foods.
If, by chance, you know anything about this research please contact me. I would also be happy to collaborate on this project.
Best regards,
Andrew