I am a trained lawyer, President of an Educational Foundation, Representative of Brazilian institutions in Europe either involved in military subjects (ADESG) either commercial and industrial - (the Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry of South America). I am actually involved in a number of professional activities of several areas like international partnerships having in common development and cooperation. I write books, essays and articles concerning my actual activity and my passed professional experience.Professionally I give universities lectures, conferences, and expertise assessments. * Skills and Expertise: Strategic studies and advise, Organizations leadership and organization management, International Business ventures and contacts, research on crimes connected with National Defense and president of several nonprofit institutions.* My past experience was focused on Fundraising, National Defense institutions, social and economic development in new democracies and E - Learning methods for African countries.
International Educartion and International Culture, 2024
Education is more than just instruction; it is a journey towards holistic growth and cultural awa... more Education is more than just instruction; it is a journey towards holistic growth and cultural awareness. With a global perspective, international education offers a multitude of professional opportunities, making it a valuable passport to global employability. It is not just about learning, but also about understanding, individual growth, and the development of essential skills for navigating through life. This book presents a wide range of educational options that are all focused on academic development, but also have a humanistic and social aspect. By taking a broader perspective, it highlights the importance of education in shaping individuals and their place in the world. It emphasizes the value of learning, rather than simply being taught. This approach encourages critical thinking, creativity, and the development of positive values that are essential for successful integration into society. Multilingualism and multiculturalism are also key themes in this book. It recognizes the importance of language and cultural diversity in today's interconnected world. In addition, it emphasizes the skills that must be developed in children from a young age to prepare them for their journey through life. By instilling these values and skills, this book aims to create well-rounded individuals who are equipped to thrive in an ever-changing global society. Cultural competency training is an essential skill in today's diverse world. It allows individuals to effectively engage and understand people from different cultural backgrounds. This type of education focuses on developing knowledge, skills, and attitudes that promote cultural sensitivity and competence. By improving awareness, cultural competency training helps to bridge the gaps between people and promotes inclusivity. This can also foster a sense of autonomy and self-discovery, which is a vital part of personal growth. Incorporating cultural competency training into education, along with providing personalized choice options, creates a more well-rounded and inclusive learning environment. Students are able to develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for diversity, while also being able to explore their own interests and talents. This combination promotes a sense of acceptance and understanding, which are essential components in creating a more harmonious and diverse society. Special emphasis on the training of future citizens capable of undertaking activities in this globalized world, showing that teamwork is something that presupposes personal training in which respect and ethical decision-making is fundamental to success. It's essential for parents, educators, scholars, and all other concerned parties to recognize that teaching knows no boundaries. Instead, it thrives on being dynamic, personalized, and career-oriented. When deciding on their children's schooling, parents must extract a plethora of concepts and choices from this resource, enabling them to select the ideal path for their children's future aspirations.
Educação e Cultura Internacional Estudo de Caso o CLIP Oporto International School , 2014
Esta obra reete opções educacionais, todas elas a destinadas ao
desenvolvimento académico eacom... more Esta obra reete opções educacionais, todas elas a destinadas ao desenvolvimento académico eacompanhadas de uma vertente humanistica e social. Esta perspetiva mais ampla alinha-se com a ideia de que a educação vai para além da instrução e engloba o crescimento holístico dos indivíduos. Aprender em oposição a ensinar. A ênfase está em incentivar a compreensão, o crescimento individual e a consciência cultural. Uma educação internacional abre portas a um mundo de oportunidades prossionais diversicadas, tornando-a um passaporte para a empregabilidade global. Aborda-se o multilinguismo, o multiculturalismo e as competências que devem ser desenvolvidas na criança para o seu percurso na vida. Desenvolve- se a temática sobre a criatividade, espírito crítico e valores que permitem a sua inserção com sucesso na sociedade global. A formação em competência cultural é uma forma de educação que visa desenvolver os conhecimentos, as aptidões e as atitudes necessárias para interagir e compreender ecazmente indivíduos de diversas origens culturais. O objetivo é melhorar a consciência, a sensibilidade e a competência culturais. A importância dos alunos terem opções de escolha personalizada nos seus caminhos de aprendizagem dá-lhes opções de projetos, tópicos ou caminhos de pesquisa nas áreas que realmente lhes interessa. Especial enfase para a formação de futuros cidadãos aptos a empreender atividades neste mundo globalizado, fazendo ver que o trabalho em equipe, é algo que pressupõe uma formação pessoal em que o respeito e a tomada de decisões éticas é fundamental para io sucesso. A utilidade é para pais, professores, académicos, pedagogos e todos os demais interessados terem consciência que não existem fronteiras no ensino, pelo contrário este processa-se de forma dinâmica, personalizada e vocacional. Os pais ao fazerem uma opção sobre a educação escolar de seus lhos, devem colher nesta obra as múltiplas ideias e opções existentes e que lhes permitirá a opção certa do que pretendem para o futuro destes
ELEMENTS AND FUNDAMENTALS OF NATION IN A COUNTRY, 2023
According to the arguments presented by Adrian Hastings in his 1997 book titled “The Construction... more According to the arguments presented by Adrian Hastings in his 1997 book titled “The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism,” it is possible to trace the development of European countries and national identities back to the early middle ages. Some nations establish their states to designate their political nationhood more precisely. The conflict strengthened the population’s sense of national identity and nationalism (Kertzer, 2022). As a result of the development of writing and the proliferation of printing, people gradually became more conscious of their identity about a broader range of morphological categories than their vocabulary. The importance of religious practice cannot be overstated in any way. The Old Testament originates from the notion that a nation can be “selected.” Throughout history, emperors and national priesthoods have used religion as a weapon to establish national identities. In his 1907 publication “Cosmopolitanism and the Nation-State,” Friedrich Meinecke distinguished between “cultural nations” and “political nations (Hale 2020)” This distinction was made while discussing cosmopolitanism and the nation-state. Deep historical, geographical, and ethnic ties that existed before the establishment
of modern nations facilitate the formation of cultural countries. It is conceivable that these connections will inspire appeals for political independence, but it is also possible that they will not. Cultural countries result from the interaction between history, language, and nationality (Veale 2021). Certain aspects of a nation’s culture are assimilated into that nation’s sense of self-identity to a greater or lesser extent. Such nations include the United Kingdom and the United States, among others. These principles may conflict with other allegiances fostered by a ‘cultural’ sense of national identity, but this conflict is not inevitable. Citizens frequently feel that their cultural and national identity, as opposed to their national governmental identity, is more appealing. In his 1983 book “Nations and Nationalism,” Ernest Gellner argued that a cultural sense of affiliation with a country is insufficient to constitute genuine nationalism. If the concept of nationhood is to have any value, it must be inextricably linked to the desire for self- governance and the establishment of states to give form to that desire. The concept of nationhood will only then have any significance.
“Ethics – The State – The Person” is a work in which Dr. Artur Victoria surprises the public with... more “Ethics – The State – The Person” is a work in which Dr. Artur Victoria surprises the public with his unique capacity for pragmatic analysis of the major issues facing humanity in a globalised world where there is a constant and rapid change in the complex challenges posed by persistent political, economic, social, environmental and security uncertainties. In this context, it becomes imperative to reflect on the paths to follow in the search for peace and sustainable progress on a global scale. This work is written with exceptional quality and remarkable scientific rigour. These factors, together with the high esteem, friendship and consideration I have for Dr. Artur Victoria, were more than enough reasons to prompt me to accept to preface his new book. Artur Victoria is, without a doubt, a relevant figure in our society, with an academic background of excellence and a vast professional experience. The functions performed within the scope of the legal profession, as well as the positions of organizational leadership and institutional coordination he has held, in national and international non-governmental institutions, associated with the constant research and scientific production developed throughout his life, credit him as an eminent thinker and a reference in ethical, geopolitical, governmental and security issues. In fact, his thinking and critical capacity are clearly evident in this book, which opens doors for reflection by all those interested in the most pressing questions facing the future of humanity, from the philosophical, legal, economic, political, social and environmental fields. To give the reader the context of the problem it sets out to address, Arthur Victoria refers his narrative to the Treaty of Westphalia, as the moment that was at the origin of International Law and the balance of power between sovereign nations, as we know them today. If, on the one hand, this event opened the doors to the Enlightenment, to rapid scientific advance and to liberal democracies, on the other hand, it was the harbinger of the end of empires, which culminated with the First World War, and of the emergence of totalitarian regimes that, in a generalised way, characterised Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, leading to the most striking conflict in the history of humanity, the Second World War. More than 70 years after the end of this conflict, which gave rise to the United Nations Organization and whose inspiring principles, in the words of one of the most prominent Portuguese thinkers of our time – Professor Adriano Moreira – are “One Single World” and “Earth,the common home of Mankind”, the challenges to world governance and peace remain and are rapidly changing. Despite the efforts made by the international community and the scientific and technological advances that recent years have brought us, we have not witnessed a proportional evolution in the quality of life of the world’s populations across the board. These factors necessarily lead us to consider that the concepts defending equal rights and human dignity, which should be at the heart of all national and international policies, are not valid if they are nothing more than theories proclaimed only by activists, without concerted intervention and mobilization by States. In this context, and also taking into consideration the two most recent events that have transformed societies and their way of life, referring of course to the COVID-19 pandemic and the armed conflict that has been raging in Ukraine since 24 February 2022, I am pleased to highlight the relevance of the topic addressed and the importance and depth of the author’s impartial and objective, through, throughout the text, which he divides into three fundamental parts – the State, the individual, and the environment – presenting, as a connecting thread, the elements of ethics and morality, which he considers to be the basis for resolving the major issues of public interest, in an increasingly dynamic, complex and unstable world. As Yuval Noah Harari states in his book 21 Lessons for the 21st Century: “A global world puts unprecedented pressure on our personal conduct and morality”. It is in this line of thought that the author begins by addressing the central role of the State in making decisions about what to do in the light of the great challenges of the 21st century, quickly changing the widespread habit of not defining future goals and not planning the necessary policies to achieve them. Within this framework, Artur Victoria discusses the main functions and responsibilities of the State and the importance of ethics for the public interest, corporations, the legal system and democracies. He also addresses the need for State reform with a view to a new model of community coexistence, the paradigm of national defence and security, and information systems. In the chapter dedicated to the Person, Artur Victoria invites the reader to reflect on the ethics and morals that should govern every member of a changing society. For this, he considers it necessary a deep meditation process, in an intellectual exercise of balance between the definition of the ambitions and goals of each one, in order to find an answer to the question “(...) how should I live my life? (...)”. The answers found must necessarily be compatible with those which overlap them, this is, those of society and the organisations to which each one belongs. However, the author takes this exercise of reflection further, addressing the need for the establishment of ethical and moral codes by governmental and non-governmental organisations, as an integral part of society. The analysis of such a deep and complex theme would not be complete without an adequate approach to the biggest problem facing the sustainable survival of humanity in the medium and long term. It is in this context that Artur Victoria reflects on the environment and on the problem of climate change resulting from mankind’s exploitation of natural resources, associated with the exponential growth of the world’s population since the beginning of the 19th century. The reader is also invited to meditate on the paradigm of behavioural change and environmental awareness, as well as on alternative strategies to be outlined for an economically and financially sustainable development, based on the maintenance of social and cultural values of the different populations, with scientific research and technological development playing an absolutely key role in the necessary advances towards an intelligent sustainability on a planetary scale. I conclude with the conviction that, in a world that is increasingly uncertain and full of irrelevant information, and in which ethics is often forgotten by governments and organisations, causing States and individuals to behave in deviant ways, reason gives us the power to better define the direction to follow in the search for a more prosperous, egalitarian, safe and sustainable future for humanity. This book by Artur Victoria certainly contributes to that goal, providing the reader with a clear vision of the issues that must be analysed and reflected upon, in the certainty that the approach to ethics applied to the State and to the person is the key we need to foster the hope necessary for the perpetuation of our civilisation as we know it. As Professor Adriano Moreira said, it is imperative not to allow the “creed of interests” to override the “creed of values”. * Admiral António Silva Ribeiro held the position of Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Portugal from March 1, 2018. Previously, as a General officer, he served as Chief of Staff of the Navy and National Maritime Authority, General Director of the Maritime Authority and General Commander of the Maritime Police, Superintendent of Material, General Director of the Hydrographical Institute, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Navy, Secretary of the Admiralty Council and Member of the Consultative Committee for Search and Rescue. In addition to his military career, he is an academic with specialization in Strategy and Political Science and History. The Admiral teaches and supervises research at Universities and Research Centres. He published hundreds of articles/essays in national and foreign newspapers and magazines and he is a regular speaker at conferences about Military and Political Affairs, International Relations and Strategy. As an Academic he is a visiting Professor of Strategy at the Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas and a military teacher at the Naval School. He holds the title of Professor at the Higher Institute of Information and Administration Sciences. He is also a specialist in maritime and military strategy, international politics, military sociology, military and maritime history and hydrography history. Admiral António Silva Ribeiro is the author of several books, three of which published abroad.
The book "Ethics-O Estado-A Pessoa" by Artur Victoria sheds light, with its reflection, on ethics... more The book "Ethics-O Estado-A Pessoa" by Artur Victoria sheds light, with its reflection, on ethics at different stages of people in society and suggests how governments and states should act, simultaneously inviting readers to question the conduct of power holders and lay people in the world. Considering that Morals and Ethics are the main instruments to solve current problems, the author attributes a central role to the State in decision-making that challenge the dynamic and unstable world of the 21st century. In this perspective, the responsibilities and fundamental functions of States are discussed, as well as the meaning of Ethics and morality for the public.
Comments to the first law legislated after decades of old legislation about renting houses in Por... more Comments to the first law legislated after decades of old legislation about renting houses in Portugal.
Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publicatio... more Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publication of books, which coordinated with evocative texts, combining photography, painting, poetry, and texts recognized Portuguese in the present society, over multidisciplinary themes. It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries. “To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity. The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publicatio... more Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publication of books, which coordinated with evocative texts, combining photography, painting, poetry, and texts recognized Portuguese in the present society, over multidisciplinary themes. It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries. “To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity. The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publicatio... more Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publication of books, which coordinated with evocative texts, combining photography, painting, poetry, and texts recognized Portuguese in the present society, over multidisciplinary themes. It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries. “To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity. The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
Ethics has been part, but not all, of the problem. Likewise, ethics can be a part, but not all, o... more Ethics has been part, but not all, of the problem. Likewise, ethics can be a part, but not all, of the answer. The problems and answers are to be found in the combination of law, ethics and institutional design. This powerful trio of factors which collectively shape the way our institutions perform form what my sometime co-author David Wood called my "trilogy".
Before considering the content of public sector ethics and the ways in which we may seek to provi... more Before considering the content of public sector ethics and the ways in which we may seek to provide that content there is a more basic question as to the form public sector ethics should take. There are essentially four models involving two types of code and two types of morality. Written codes can be divided into disciplinary codes that set the lowest common denominator of conduct and aspirational codes which set out the highest standards to which all should strive. With a disciplinary code, those who fall below the set minimum standard are punished. The same cannot be true of aspirational codes as anyone who fell short of the best would have to be punished. Those in favour of disciplinary codes point to the ability to sanction offenders while not intruding onto the individual's moral space. The concern is expressed that we should not "legislate for morality" or that we should not "police what people think but merely what they do". We should have clear rules and sanctions for unacceptable behaviour but beyond that people should be free to do as they please lest we fall subject to a tyranny of the moral majority. This is essentially a liberal argument in favour of law against the enforcement of morality and rests uneasily with the idea of having public sector ethics at all. This issue certainly exercised the minds of several members of the Parliamentary Electoral and Administrative Review Committee. They understood that this would mean abandoning talk of public sector ethics and were happy to come to the conclusion that public sector ethics was inappropriate -what we should be concerned with was an enforceable public sector code of conduct.
All State agencies are a valuable exercise. However, it is not an exercise to be carried out in ... more All State agencies are a valuable exercise. However, it is not an exercise to be carried out in isolation to other efforts. It should be trailed in a number of agencies with the assistance of, and monitored by, a central Public Ethics Office. Comparisons could be made, lessons learned, and expertise gained, developed, and shared. Other agencies could follow suit. This is only one of a number of functions that such a central ethics office might play. The exact mix of functions may vary. In some jurisdictions, another body may carry out one or more of these functions very effectively. However, most of the following functions would very usefully be fulfilled by a central ethics agency. • System-wide ethics co-ordination: The identification of values and the setting of ethical standards is the key to integrating the 'trinity' of ethical standard-setting, legal regulation, and institutional reform. However, this will not happen by itself. The first role of an ethics office is to help co-ordinate the process.
Those who engage in governance reform will generally have some particular institutional or regul... more Those who engage in governance reform will generally have some particular institutional or regulatory reforms in mind and/or the achievement of behavioural changes (reduced corruption or a more ethical public service). While these are appropriate ends, governance reform is not a one-off set of reforms to produce those ends. It should be seen as a continuous process of reform in which we debate the values that the public service should be seeking to realise and the best institutional means of doing so. This reflects the nature of ethics - asking us hard questions about our values, giving honest and public answers, and living up to those answers. Institutions will always face new governance challenges from changes in context or the creation of new temptations and dilemmas. The very process of reform will throw up new issues and unintended consequences.
Corruption in its different forms is devastating for the citizen's confidence in the State appara... more Corruption in its different forms is devastating for the citizen's confidence in the State apparatus and seriously damages the economic tissue of our society. Corruption is not only a particularly harmful form of white collar criminality or of "surface" criminality which affects the foundations of the democratic constitution of the State and which deregulates the mechanisms of our market-economy; in addition, it is an important tool in the hands of criminal organizations to infiltrate the legal upper-world and to get access to real power.
International Educartion and International Culture, 2024
Education is more than just instruction; it is a journey towards holistic growth and cultural awa... more Education is more than just instruction; it is a journey towards holistic growth and cultural awareness. With a global perspective, international education offers a multitude of professional opportunities, making it a valuable passport to global employability. It is not just about learning, but also about understanding, individual growth, and the development of essential skills for navigating through life. This book presents a wide range of educational options that are all focused on academic development, but also have a humanistic and social aspect. By taking a broader perspective, it highlights the importance of education in shaping individuals and their place in the world. It emphasizes the value of learning, rather than simply being taught. This approach encourages critical thinking, creativity, and the development of positive values that are essential for successful integration into society. Multilingualism and multiculturalism are also key themes in this book. It recognizes the importance of language and cultural diversity in today's interconnected world. In addition, it emphasizes the skills that must be developed in children from a young age to prepare them for their journey through life. By instilling these values and skills, this book aims to create well-rounded individuals who are equipped to thrive in an ever-changing global society. Cultural competency training is an essential skill in today's diverse world. It allows individuals to effectively engage and understand people from different cultural backgrounds. This type of education focuses on developing knowledge, skills, and attitudes that promote cultural sensitivity and competence. By improving awareness, cultural competency training helps to bridge the gaps between people and promotes inclusivity. This can also foster a sense of autonomy and self-discovery, which is a vital part of personal growth. Incorporating cultural competency training into education, along with providing personalized choice options, creates a more well-rounded and inclusive learning environment. Students are able to develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for diversity, while also being able to explore their own interests and talents. This combination promotes a sense of acceptance and understanding, which are essential components in creating a more harmonious and diverse society. Special emphasis on the training of future citizens capable of undertaking activities in this globalized world, showing that teamwork is something that presupposes personal training in which respect and ethical decision-making is fundamental to success. It's essential for parents, educators, scholars, and all other concerned parties to recognize that teaching knows no boundaries. Instead, it thrives on being dynamic, personalized, and career-oriented. When deciding on their children's schooling, parents must extract a plethora of concepts and choices from this resource, enabling them to select the ideal path for their children's future aspirations.
Educação e Cultura Internacional Estudo de Caso o CLIP Oporto International School , 2014
Esta obra reete opções educacionais, todas elas a destinadas ao
desenvolvimento académico eacom... more Esta obra reete opções educacionais, todas elas a destinadas ao desenvolvimento académico eacompanhadas de uma vertente humanistica e social. Esta perspetiva mais ampla alinha-se com a ideia de que a educação vai para além da instrução e engloba o crescimento holístico dos indivíduos. Aprender em oposição a ensinar. A ênfase está em incentivar a compreensão, o crescimento individual e a consciência cultural. Uma educação internacional abre portas a um mundo de oportunidades prossionais diversicadas, tornando-a um passaporte para a empregabilidade global. Aborda-se o multilinguismo, o multiculturalismo e as competências que devem ser desenvolvidas na criança para o seu percurso na vida. Desenvolve- se a temática sobre a criatividade, espírito crítico e valores que permitem a sua inserção com sucesso na sociedade global. A formação em competência cultural é uma forma de educação que visa desenvolver os conhecimentos, as aptidões e as atitudes necessárias para interagir e compreender ecazmente indivíduos de diversas origens culturais. O objetivo é melhorar a consciência, a sensibilidade e a competência culturais. A importância dos alunos terem opções de escolha personalizada nos seus caminhos de aprendizagem dá-lhes opções de projetos, tópicos ou caminhos de pesquisa nas áreas que realmente lhes interessa. Especial enfase para a formação de futuros cidadãos aptos a empreender atividades neste mundo globalizado, fazendo ver que o trabalho em equipe, é algo que pressupõe uma formação pessoal em que o respeito e a tomada de decisões éticas é fundamental para io sucesso. A utilidade é para pais, professores, académicos, pedagogos e todos os demais interessados terem consciência que não existem fronteiras no ensino, pelo contrário este processa-se de forma dinâmica, personalizada e vocacional. Os pais ao fazerem uma opção sobre a educação escolar de seus lhos, devem colher nesta obra as múltiplas ideias e opções existentes e que lhes permitirá a opção certa do que pretendem para o futuro destes
ELEMENTS AND FUNDAMENTALS OF NATION IN A COUNTRY, 2023
According to the arguments presented by Adrian Hastings in his 1997 book titled “The Construction... more According to the arguments presented by Adrian Hastings in his 1997 book titled “The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism,” it is possible to trace the development of European countries and national identities back to the early middle ages. Some nations establish their states to designate their political nationhood more precisely. The conflict strengthened the population’s sense of national identity and nationalism (Kertzer, 2022). As a result of the development of writing and the proliferation of printing, people gradually became more conscious of their identity about a broader range of morphological categories than their vocabulary. The importance of religious practice cannot be overstated in any way. The Old Testament originates from the notion that a nation can be “selected.” Throughout history, emperors and national priesthoods have used religion as a weapon to establish national identities. In his 1907 publication “Cosmopolitanism and the Nation-State,” Friedrich Meinecke distinguished between “cultural nations” and “political nations (Hale 2020)” This distinction was made while discussing cosmopolitanism and the nation-state. Deep historical, geographical, and ethnic ties that existed before the establishment
of modern nations facilitate the formation of cultural countries. It is conceivable that these connections will inspire appeals for political independence, but it is also possible that they will not. Cultural countries result from the interaction between history, language, and nationality (Veale 2021). Certain aspects of a nation’s culture are assimilated into that nation’s sense of self-identity to a greater or lesser extent. Such nations include the United Kingdom and the United States, among others. These principles may conflict with other allegiances fostered by a ‘cultural’ sense of national identity, but this conflict is not inevitable. Citizens frequently feel that their cultural and national identity, as opposed to their national governmental identity, is more appealing. In his 1983 book “Nations and Nationalism,” Ernest Gellner argued that a cultural sense of affiliation with a country is insufficient to constitute genuine nationalism. If the concept of nationhood is to have any value, it must be inextricably linked to the desire for self- governance and the establishment of states to give form to that desire. The concept of nationhood will only then have any significance.
“Ethics – The State – The Person” is a work in which Dr. Artur Victoria surprises the public with... more “Ethics – The State – The Person” is a work in which Dr. Artur Victoria surprises the public with his unique capacity for pragmatic analysis of the major issues facing humanity in a globalised world where there is a constant and rapid change in the complex challenges posed by persistent political, economic, social, environmental and security uncertainties. In this context, it becomes imperative to reflect on the paths to follow in the search for peace and sustainable progress on a global scale. This work is written with exceptional quality and remarkable scientific rigour. These factors, together with the high esteem, friendship and consideration I have for Dr. Artur Victoria, were more than enough reasons to prompt me to accept to preface his new book. Artur Victoria is, without a doubt, a relevant figure in our society, with an academic background of excellence and a vast professional experience. The functions performed within the scope of the legal profession, as well as the positions of organizational leadership and institutional coordination he has held, in national and international non-governmental institutions, associated with the constant research and scientific production developed throughout his life, credit him as an eminent thinker and a reference in ethical, geopolitical, governmental and security issues. In fact, his thinking and critical capacity are clearly evident in this book, which opens doors for reflection by all those interested in the most pressing questions facing the future of humanity, from the philosophical, legal, economic, political, social and environmental fields. To give the reader the context of the problem it sets out to address, Arthur Victoria refers his narrative to the Treaty of Westphalia, as the moment that was at the origin of International Law and the balance of power between sovereign nations, as we know them today. If, on the one hand, this event opened the doors to the Enlightenment, to rapid scientific advance and to liberal democracies, on the other hand, it was the harbinger of the end of empires, which culminated with the First World War, and of the emergence of totalitarian regimes that, in a generalised way, characterised Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, leading to the most striking conflict in the history of humanity, the Second World War. More than 70 years after the end of this conflict, which gave rise to the United Nations Organization and whose inspiring principles, in the words of one of the most prominent Portuguese thinkers of our time – Professor Adriano Moreira – are “One Single World” and “Earth,the common home of Mankind”, the challenges to world governance and peace remain and are rapidly changing. Despite the efforts made by the international community and the scientific and technological advances that recent years have brought us, we have not witnessed a proportional evolution in the quality of life of the world’s populations across the board. These factors necessarily lead us to consider that the concepts defending equal rights and human dignity, which should be at the heart of all national and international policies, are not valid if they are nothing more than theories proclaimed only by activists, without concerted intervention and mobilization by States. In this context, and also taking into consideration the two most recent events that have transformed societies and their way of life, referring of course to the COVID-19 pandemic and the armed conflict that has been raging in Ukraine since 24 February 2022, I am pleased to highlight the relevance of the topic addressed and the importance and depth of the author’s impartial and objective, through, throughout the text, which he divides into three fundamental parts – the State, the individual, and the environment – presenting, as a connecting thread, the elements of ethics and morality, which he considers to be the basis for resolving the major issues of public interest, in an increasingly dynamic, complex and unstable world. As Yuval Noah Harari states in his book 21 Lessons for the 21st Century: “A global world puts unprecedented pressure on our personal conduct and morality”. It is in this line of thought that the author begins by addressing the central role of the State in making decisions about what to do in the light of the great challenges of the 21st century, quickly changing the widespread habit of not defining future goals and not planning the necessary policies to achieve them. Within this framework, Artur Victoria discusses the main functions and responsibilities of the State and the importance of ethics for the public interest, corporations, the legal system and democracies. He also addresses the need for State reform with a view to a new model of community coexistence, the paradigm of national defence and security, and information systems. In the chapter dedicated to the Person, Artur Victoria invites the reader to reflect on the ethics and morals that should govern every member of a changing society. For this, he considers it necessary a deep meditation process, in an intellectual exercise of balance between the definition of the ambitions and goals of each one, in order to find an answer to the question “(...) how should I live my life? (...)”. The answers found must necessarily be compatible with those which overlap them, this is, those of society and the organisations to which each one belongs. However, the author takes this exercise of reflection further, addressing the need for the establishment of ethical and moral codes by governmental and non-governmental organisations, as an integral part of society. The analysis of such a deep and complex theme would not be complete without an adequate approach to the biggest problem facing the sustainable survival of humanity in the medium and long term. It is in this context that Artur Victoria reflects on the environment and on the problem of climate change resulting from mankind’s exploitation of natural resources, associated with the exponential growth of the world’s population since the beginning of the 19th century. The reader is also invited to meditate on the paradigm of behavioural change and environmental awareness, as well as on alternative strategies to be outlined for an economically and financially sustainable development, based on the maintenance of social and cultural values of the different populations, with scientific research and technological development playing an absolutely key role in the necessary advances towards an intelligent sustainability on a planetary scale. I conclude with the conviction that, in a world that is increasingly uncertain and full of irrelevant information, and in which ethics is often forgotten by governments and organisations, causing States and individuals to behave in deviant ways, reason gives us the power to better define the direction to follow in the search for a more prosperous, egalitarian, safe and sustainable future for humanity. This book by Artur Victoria certainly contributes to that goal, providing the reader with a clear vision of the issues that must be analysed and reflected upon, in the certainty that the approach to ethics applied to the State and to the person is the key we need to foster the hope necessary for the perpetuation of our civilisation as we know it. As Professor Adriano Moreira said, it is imperative not to allow the “creed of interests” to override the “creed of values”. * Admiral António Silva Ribeiro held the position of Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Portugal from March 1, 2018. Previously, as a General officer, he served as Chief of Staff of the Navy and National Maritime Authority, General Director of the Maritime Authority and General Commander of the Maritime Police, Superintendent of Material, General Director of the Hydrographical Institute, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Navy, Secretary of the Admiralty Council and Member of the Consultative Committee for Search and Rescue. In addition to his military career, he is an academic with specialization in Strategy and Political Science and History. The Admiral teaches and supervises research at Universities and Research Centres. He published hundreds of articles/essays in national and foreign newspapers and magazines and he is a regular speaker at conferences about Military and Political Affairs, International Relations and Strategy. As an Academic he is a visiting Professor of Strategy at the Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas and a military teacher at the Naval School. He holds the title of Professor at the Higher Institute of Information and Administration Sciences. He is also a specialist in maritime and military strategy, international politics, military sociology, military and maritime history and hydrography history. Admiral António Silva Ribeiro is the author of several books, three of which published abroad.
The book "Ethics-O Estado-A Pessoa" by Artur Victoria sheds light, with its reflection, on ethics... more The book "Ethics-O Estado-A Pessoa" by Artur Victoria sheds light, with its reflection, on ethics at different stages of people in society and suggests how governments and states should act, simultaneously inviting readers to question the conduct of power holders and lay people in the world. Considering that Morals and Ethics are the main instruments to solve current problems, the author attributes a central role to the State in decision-making that challenge the dynamic and unstable world of the 21st century. In this perspective, the responsibilities and fundamental functions of States are discussed, as well as the meaning of Ethics and morality for the public.
Comments to the first law legislated after decades of old legislation about renting houses in Por... more Comments to the first law legislated after decades of old legislation about renting houses in Portugal.
Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publicatio... more Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publication of books, which coordinated with evocative texts, combining photography, painting, poetry, and texts recognized Portuguese in the present society, over multidisciplinary themes. It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries. “To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity. The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publicatio... more Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publication of books, which coordinated with evocative texts, combining photography, painting, poetry, and texts recognized Portuguese in the present society, over multidisciplinary themes. It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries. “To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity. The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publicatio... more Artur Victoria, as president of the Federation of the Portuguese Culture, promoted the publication of books, which coordinated with evocative texts, combining photography, painting, poetry, and texts recognized Portuguese in the present society, over multidisciplinary themes. It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries. “To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity. The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
Ethics has been part, but not all, of the problem. Likewise, ethics can be a part, but not all, o... more Ethics has been part, but not all, of the problem. Likewise, ethics can be a part, but not all, of the answer. The problems and answers are to be found in the combination of law, ethics and institutional design. This powerful trio of factors which collectively shape the way our institutions perform form what my sometime co-author David Wood called my "trilogy".
Before considering the content of public sector ethics and the ways in which we may seek to provi... more Before considering the content of public sector ethics and the ways in which we may seek to provide that content there is a more basic question as to the form public sector ethics should take. There are essentially four models involving two types of code and two types of morality. Written codes can be divided into disciplinary codes that set the lowest common denominator of conduct and aspirational codes which set out the highest standards to which all should strive. With a disciplinary code, those who fall below the set minimum standard are punished. The same cannot be true of aspirational codes as anyone who fell short of the best would have to be punished. Those in favour of disciplinary codes point to the ability to sanction offenders while not intruding onto the individual's moral space. The concern is expressed that we should not "legislate for morality" or that we should not "police what people think but merely what they do". We should have clear rules and sanctions for unacceptable behaviour but beyond that people should be free to do as they please lest we fall subject to a tyranny of the moral majority. This is essentially a liberal argument in favour of law against the enforcement of morality and rests uneasily with the idea of having public sector ethics at all. This issue certainly exercised the minds of several members of the Parliamentary Electoral and Administrative Review Committee. They understood that this would mean abandoning talk of public sector ethics and were happy to come to the conclusion that public sector ethics was inappropriate -what we should be concerned with was an enforceable public sector code of conduct.
All State agencies are a valuable exercise. However, it is not an exercise to be carried out in ... more All State agencies are a valuable exercise. However, it is not an exercise to be carried out in isolation to other efforts. It should be trailed in a number of agencies with the assistance of, and monitored by, a central Public Ethics Office. Comparisons could be made, lessons learned, and expertise gained, developed, and shared. Other agencies could follow suit. This is only one of a number of functions that such a central ethics office might play. The exact mix of functions may vary. In some jurisdictions, another body may carry out one or more of these functions very effectively. However, most of the following functions would very usefully be fulfilled by a central ethics agency. • System-wide ethics co-ordination: The identification of values and the setting of ethical standards is the key to integrating the 'trinity' of ethical standard-setting, legal regulation, and institutional reform. However, this will not happen by itself. The first role of an ethics office is to help co-ordinate the process.
Those who engage in governance reform will generally have some particular institutional or regul... more Those who engage in governance reform will generally have some particular institutional or regulatory reforms in mind and/or the achievement of behavioural changes (reduced corruption or a more ethical public service). While these are appropriate ends, governance reform is not a one-off set of reforms to produce those ends. It should be seen as a continuous process of reform in which we debate the values that the public service should be seeking to realise and the best institutional means of doing so. This reflects the nature of ethics - asking us hard questions about our values, giving honest and public answers, and living up to those answers. Institutions will always face new governance challenges from changes in context or the creation of new temptations and dilemmas. The very process of reform will throw up new issues and unintended consequences.
Corruption in its different forms is devastating for the citizen's confidence in the State appara... more Corruption in its different forms is devastating for the citizen's confidence in the State apparatus and seriously damages the economic tissue of our society. Corruption is not only a particularly harmful form of white collar criminality or of "surface" criminality which affects the foundations of the democratic constitution of the State and which deregulates the mechanisms of our market-economy; in addition, it is an important tool in the hands of criminal organizations to infiltrate the legal upper-world and to get access to real power.
Parties seek more money from the taxpayer but there will always be tight constraints on this sour... more Parties seek more money from the taxpayer but there will always be tight constraints on this source of funding. The obvious source of big money is rich donors and corporations. But such donors are not usually motivated by generosity. They want to see a return. Political parties in a number of countries now accept large donations on the condition that the donor can be identified. Some have also banned donations from abroad. For officials who are tempted to evade rules on party funding the current punishments hardly act as disincentive.
The relationship between the Society and the Armed Forces is two-way path. The military never str... more The relationship between the Society and the Armed Forces is two-way path. The military never strictly delimited at any time around the world, which would fit them from the perspective of classical professionalism, but in contrast, military action has always been influenced by culture and national character , for the inspiration received from the people, State, institutions and various corporate organizations. In short: the Armed Forces have indeed contributed to define the directions of history, culture and nature beyond the limits of their classical purpose. This contribution, with its qualities and its shortcomings, results not only from military training and psychology but also of the influence exerted on the military by the Society, conditioned by their aspirations, customs, values, satisfactions, anxieties, frustrations, beliefs and living conditions. This two-way path has centuries and it is a worldwide phenomenon, influenced and adjusted by geopolitical, physiographic, economic, technological, social, cultural and other particularities. As examples: Britain's economy, national psychology, and island situation led it to build its excellent navy and a good expeditionary army which, in turn, supported and stimulated British liberal and imperial mercantilist policy in the world. The French army of the Revolution and Napoleon, reflected the revolutionary outburst of the petty-bourgeois proletarian spirit of France at the time, along with their external deeds, were a strong supporter of internal revolutionary and authoritarian policies.
Historically, the term National Defence was directly associated with the Armed Forces. It was the... more Historically, the term National Defence was directly associated with the Armed Forces. It was their responsibility to defend the integrity of the Nation. As the security of the Nation was perceived essentially in military terms, by logical derivation it was considered that preserving National Security was the duty of military institutions. The contribution of the other members of society was limited to providing their soldiers with the means necessary to carry out their mission, including by giving them their own legal status. This issue has three fundamental requirements: (a) To uphold the principle of shared responsibility of the whole Society for national security and development; (b) To restore the principle of the integral preservation of Sovereignty, and (c) To enable the Nation to adopt, with the appropriate adaptations, the reforming criteria characteristic of Military Postmodernism. Based on the foregoing, I come to the definition that national defence is the set of policies and strategies, based primarily on the Military and Diplomatic Expressions of National Power, aimed at neutralizing any internal or external threats or attacks on National Security as well contribute to National Development.
The inherent common denominators THE STRUCTURE, SAFETY and FINANCING of the criminal organization... more The inherent common denominators THE STRUCTURE, SAFETY and FINANCING of the criminal organizations already allowed characterizing the organized criminality. Still in relationship to a large part of the organized crime (except partly, the terrorist organizations), we can find another common element: the type of Operational Development. The Operational Development of the activities of organized criminality settles down, usually, according to the following vectors: a) Extent of national, international and transnational action; b) Permanent Operational and stabilized, with concerns of tactics and of strategic order; c) Conjugation of legal businesses and illicit businesses; d) Chronological Interface and multiple accomplishments of crimes. The operational development of the organized criminality has these factors. a) - the reason of being of this criminality type is inside the enlarged extent of territorial activity and permanent organization and stabilized in the prosecution of the criminal activities; b) - the reason of effectiveness of the organizations, for besides the execution of their objectives I (namely, the economical profits), is into in their flexibility face the deterrent circumstances, in dynamics of tactical and strategic articulation in the capacity of dissimulation of the illicit financing sources (illicit businesses), through the creation and maintenance of licit businesses (real or simulated) that, allow to justify and to "clean" the obtained global profits.
The US has clear hegemony in the production of information, which may also mean the primacy of ac... more The US has clear hegemony in the production of information, which may also mean the primacy of access to information. In any case, the peripheral countries are absurdly distant from the great powers in this respect. Whether in the commercial or military sphere, the main powers have a greater structure to obtain and take advantage of the information in a timely manner.
Administration is the key ingredient in one of man's most impressive social inventions, the work ... more Administration is the key ingredient in one of man's most impressive social inventions, the work organization. Over the ages, many of our most ambitious undertakings, from pyramids to space exploration, have been achieved only through the combined output of complex assemblages of human, physical, and financial resources. The process of accumulating, organizing, applying, and maintaining these resources for current and emergent organizational goals are, in a word, administration. And, just as organizations are among man's most notable inventions, administration is one of man's most challenging tasks. The challenge of administration is not simply the complexity of the process but rather the fact that the administrative "problem" is never completely solved. The variables involved-both external and internal to the organization-are frequently changing, and each change places new or different demands on the administrative process.
The court's authority - neither dominated by money nor sword - rests fundamentally on public conf... more The court's authority - neither dominated by money nor sword - rests fundamentally on public confidence in its moral sanctions. - Felix Frankfurter It is an essential backstop in persuading officials and citizens to avoid corrupt behaviour. It reinforces ethical standards for the good and provides some potentially strong reasons for those who are not (although the strength of those reasons is limited by the perceived likelihood of detection). However, the main game it is elsewhere. Law actually has a role to play in that 'main game' by creating institutional structures, setting out the powers of public officials, and monitoring the exercise of those powers under judicial review. In best practice regimes, law already does these things. However, there are a number of ways of moving beyond best practice. Most of them ensure that the law is 'in synch' with ethical standards and institutional reform so that the three really do operate as a 'trinity' rather than as disparate, uncoordinated, and potentially conflicting integrity measures.
Agency theory, the principal-agent model, and the economic theory of incentives are three names f... more Agency theory, the principal-agent model, and the economic theory of incentives are three names for the same thing: a collection of models created by economists to answer this question. We discuss the basic model in this subsection and elaborations following that. The basic model begins with the supposition that the connection between time and effort exerted by the worker and the fruits of his labour services is not entirely under his control. The employee can influence the amount of work accomplished, by exerting himself, but he can't control output entirely. Supposing he is on the job for a set length of time, we let e denote the effort he chooses to exert over that period of time, and we suppose that the amount of work done x has a probability distribution that is affected by; think for now of the case where e is one-dimensional, and larger values of x are more likely the larger is. In these circumstances, the employer probably wishes to pay on the basis of x-so much per post hole dug-whereas the employee prefers to be paid according to hours worked. The employer is unhappy paying by the hour, because then the employee has no incentive to exert himself; the employee is unhappy being paid per unit of x that is produced, because then he bears the risk of rocky soil, an ax breaking, and so on. (The conflict is more symmetrical if the amount of output is influenced both by the effort exerted by the employee and by some simultaneous and independent decision by the employer, such as the quality of shovels and pickaxes provided). There are three implicit assumptions in what was just asserted, which are the foundations of the basic model of agency: 1-The employee is averse to effort. That is, he will choose as Iowa level of e as he can and still get paid, if he is paid on a per-unit-of-time basis. 2-The employee is averse to risk. If the employee were risk neutral-if he valued risky compensation according to its expected value-then he wouldn't object to being paid based on x, as long as his expected compensation was in line with market wages. The issue of incentive compensation is trivial in this case; compensation is set so the worker bears all the risk and thus completely and efficiently internalize the consequences of his choice of effort. Incentive compensation becomes more interesting when, based on first principles, the employee and employer should share the risk, rather than the employee bearing all the risk. Indeed, in the standard model it is assumed that the employer is risk neutral, so that on grounds of risk-sharing efficiency alone, the employer should bear all the risk as long as the employee is risk averse. And then the trade-off is: The more risk we load
A set of thorny process issues concerns the impact of downsizing on the local community. Downsiz... more A set of thorny process issues concerns the impact of downsizing on the local community. Downsizing, especially focused layoffs by large corporations (that lead, say, to the closure of an entire facility), can have devastating impacts on a local community. As extreme examples, there are cases of rural community's simply disappearing after a local lumber mill or mine is closed. These considerations obviously have to be weighed in management's decisions about where and how to cut. And this is more than a matter of ethical behaviour. A firm that devastates one community may "get away with it" in terms of that community's ability to strike back. But the firm can substantially harm its reputation, particularly insofar as the firm has explicitly emphasized positive community relations as a matter of corporate policy. If downsizing is necessary, what can be done?
To the extent that senior workers are, by virtue of their seniority, more highly paid, the firm g... more To the extent that senior workers are, by virtue of their seniority, more highly paid, the firm gets more economic bang by terminating more senior employees. In settings where the knowledge base and technology change rapidly, recent hires may be more in tune with important new developments, giving another reason to discharge more senior workers. But potential claims of age discrimination (in locations where there are laws against age discrimination) must be attended to. Consequently, when a firm decides it would prefer to prune selectively from its more senior workers, early retirement programs, carefully crafted to avoid any adverse selection and appearance of age discrimination, may be more desirable. Layoffs targeted at older workers are also unlikely to appear distributive just. Organizations with a culture that emphasizes loyalty will obviously have an especially difficult time with targeting senior workers, as will organizations that depend on slowly developed firm-specific human capital.
A process issue that deserves careful thought in contemplating a downsizing concerns the choice b... more A process issue that deserves careful thought in contemplating a downsizing concerns the choice between dramatic, swift cuts versus a more gradual, less wrenching approach. The advantages of a gradual approach are apparent: The firm may be unsure how deeply to cut and a onetime massacre runs the risk of cutting too much. Of course, the psychological costs may be attenuated by a gradual approach. Local labour markets may be better able to absorb the discharged workers if they are discharged gradually, which in turn may ameliorate the adverse impact on the local economy and community. On balance, however, those who have suffered through downsizing tend to believe that a "get it over with in one fell swoop" approach is superior (at least, for the firm) to a process that drags on. A number of the beneficial effects such as increases in quality and productivity-do not manifest themselves for some time following the layoffs. This suggests that a protracted process, in which it is presumably more difficult for employees to identify a discernible end to the layoffs and associated structural changes, may simply delay or prolong the adjustment period of up to a year or more that frequently seems to follow workforce reductions. By moving boldly and rapidly, companies may minimize the long-term psychological damage and also perhaps achieve a more pronounced and rapid increase in shareholder equity. When structuring a downsizing program, firms often must decide whether to implement cuts across the board, with every unit shedding a fixed percentage of its employees, or concentrate the cuts in specific units. The costs of targeted layoffs are clear: They lead to internal political activity aimed at redirecting the decision at some other target. When our own university engaged in a large-scale "repositioning" some years back, which entailed the first significant layoffs in its long history, many of the staff support areas that had been targeted for the largest cuts spent enormous quantities of time in jurisdictional disputes and trying to document their workloads by creating forms, databases, and other devices intended to demonstrate to the university administration how much service they were providing. Such political campaigning is apt to be particularly ferocious and disruptive when a firm's culture and technology emphasize cooperation and collegiality. In an attempt to head off such efforts, and also simply to avoid hard and painful decisions, management may-we
There are some cases-especially in star roles, such as sales, professional athletics, and surgery... more There are some cases-especially in star roles, such as sales, professional athletics, and surgery-in which it is viewed as legitimate to pay a nominal subordinate more than his or her nominal supervisor. No one quibbles with paying a top athlete more than his coach or a star surgeon more than the director of her hospital. This legitimacy is often market-based or, at least, market-excused; the extraordinary compensation is legitimate because this is what it takes to retain the individual. But with these exceptions noted, superiors are generally paid more than their subordinates. This promotes status consistency and generally confers legitimacy both to status distinctions and to the compensation system. But it raises some substantial problems when we discuss promotion. Firms will often pay higher wages to more experienced workers based on their seniority, either in terms of chronological age or, more often, tenure in the job or organization. This tendency for earnings to rise with age and seniority is well-established empirically, though the magnitude of the age-experience premium varies considerably across settings. Numerous explanations have been offered for these rising age-and seniority earnings profiles. In settings governed by collective bargaining, unions will generally favour contract provisions that reward the most politically powerful members within the union, who are often the older, more senior employees. Older workers and/or workers with greater seniority may be more valuable to their employers. Their skill level is usually greater and they are more stable workers (lower absenteeism and quit rates). Or, looking at the other side of this coin, firms may be providing inexperienced workers with on-the-job training, which will benefit the employee by raising his pay in the future, in this job or in others. The classic case of this is the apprenticeship system, in which a trainee works for very low wages-perhaps below the value provided by the worker-to learn a trade. However, the slope of observed age-earnings profiles seems too high and persists for too long for these to be entirely adequate explanations. Other explanations stress the role that such wage patterns can play in motivating and screening workers. Rising wage profiles can serve as a dynamic incentive device by which firms seek to reduce turnover.
Economists usually sneer at attempts to tie appropriate wages to positions based on an artificial... more Economists usually sneer at attempts to tie appropriate wages to positions based on an artificial scale of value. Wages, according to economics, should reflect conditions of demand and supply. The sort of scale constructed in schemes such as: 1) Might capture something of what is important in the demand for labour services, but it misses the supply side. 2) Potentially come closer to impounding both demand and supply factors, but they still miss the impact of factors omitted from the job analyses. Suppose, for instance, that this sort of analysis led to the conclusion that driving trucks and typing manuscripts are equally "valuable" and so should command the same pay. What if, for some inexplicable reason, driving trucks is more fun, holding pay equal, so no one wants (at these equal wages) to type reports?! What should someone with a report that needs to be typed do? Economists presume that the answer is pay more to get the report typed, an answer so compelling to the person needing typing services that more pay will inevitably be offered. Or suppose, in a full-service law partnership, legal assistants are paid uniformly. A partner who defends common criminals and whose assistant spends much of his time going to and from the county jail will have a harder time finding a competent assistant than will the partner who represents movie stars in contract negotiations, and whose assistant spends time hobnobbing with the clients. Economists presume that the first partner will find some way to increase the compensation of her assistant, to compensate for the relatively less desirable job characteristics. In other words, the economist's religious belief in market forces leads him to the view that if points are used to value and thus price jobs, the prices so derived will survive only to the extent that they are close to market prices. Otherwise, market forces will take over and push them to where they ought to be. Is the stereotypical economist's belief in market forces justified? The answer is something of a tautology. If competition in the labour market is strong-if workers are highly mobile and informed, and if neither side of the market acts collectively or collides-any attempt to use a point system or something similar will be eaten away by market forces, to the extent (that the point system doesn't result in wages that match market conditions. But the condition if competition in the labour market is strong is not there just for show. Jobs are rarely identical. When an employee's tenure with the employer increases, more and more relation-specific assets tend to build up, weakening further the force of
If compensation is not tied directly to performance, what might and should it be tied to? To answ... more If compensation is not tied directly to performance, what might and should it be tied to? To answer these questions, consider how wages and salaries are set in many organizations. Perhaps the most common approach involves something like the following. The firm looks at compensation rates in the local labour market for similar jobs or for jobs with similar skill requirements. Some adjustment will take place according to the firm's experience. If positions are hard to fill, the firm might raise compensation; if there is a long queue of applicants, firms might lower pay rates (or, at least, not move them up with inflation). Sometimes a firm will adjust the rates upward in an attempt to broaden the applicant pool or reduce turnover that is, the firm will pay efficiency wages. Of course, all this is subject to negotiation with a union if the job in question is covered by collective bargaining. Equally of course, it is clear that such a procedure leads to a rough-and-ready approximation to wages set by the economic slogan supply equals demand. A variety of seemingly more "scientific" approaches to wage setting involve formal job analysis and evaluation. These methods begin with a systematic analysis of the underlying attributes and demands of jobs. Each of the jobs being studied is characterized in terms of various common dimensions and distinctions, such as the types and complexity of knowledge required, number of employees supervised and amount of capital overseen, type and unpleasantness of working conditions, and so on. These measures are then used to put all the jobs on a one-dimensional scale of "value." This can be done in a number of ways. To take two examples: 1) The measures may be scaled and then subjectively determined weights are used to compute a weighted average, where the weights reflect what is important to the firm. For instance, a firm whose culture emphasizes human resources management might choose to weigh heavily the number of employees supervised. 2) In other cases, a statistical technique such as linear regression is used to fit wages paid to a sample of jobs, either within the firm or in the relevant external labor market, using the job characteristic measures as explanatory variables. When a technique like 1) is used, the result is an abstract measure of each job's value to the firm. The firm then can determine an average wage it wishes to pay (based on local market conditions, the desirability of paying efficiency wages, and so on) and the amount of dispersion in wages it wishes to have assigning wages to specific jobs based on this value-to-the-firm measure, so that it gets the distribution it desires. Or it might consult local market
In practice, the piece rate for a particular completed task in an industrial setting is usually s... more In practice, the piece rate for a particular completed task in an industrial setting is usually set by industrial engineers, who attempt through time-and-motion studies to determine how many pieces N a standard employee, working at a standard pace, can produce in one hour. A standard hourly wage rate W for the employee will have been set, taking into account the wages paid in the local labour market as well as firm-specific factors, such as a policy of paying efficiency wages, a policy of wage compression, and so on. Then the piece rate for the task will be set at WIN, so that a standard employee, working at a standard pace, will make a standard wage. Advocates of piece-rate compensation will often employ an analogy. Imagine a firm that sources, say, steel rods from two different suppliers, one of which is more efficient than the other. We would hardly expect the firm to pay the second, less efficient, supplier more per steel rod than it pays the first. The cost of producing steel rods is the business of the supplier, not the client firm, which simply wishes to source its steel rods as cheaply as possible. By simple analogy, piece rate compensation is the obvious compensation system to employ because it ensures that the purchaser, the employer pays for what she gets-namely, labour services sufficient to complete a specified task. But labour is not quite the commodity that steel rods are, which is where our five-factor analysis will begin. Most of the problems encountered with piece-rate pay are technological in origin, so this will occupy much of our discussion. Piece-rate pay is ideal when the technology is Simple: There is no ambiguity; there are few or no discernible quality differences in how the job is done; workers are foot-soldiers; employees can't adversely affect the capital equipment they work with; neither training nor cooperation among workers is a serious concern; and there is little extraneous uncertainty connecting worker inputs with the level of output. In piece rate settings more generally, task ambiguity is killing. Quality problems can be killing, unless quality can be monitored reasonably easily and a problem can be traced back to the responsible culprit, who then usually corrects the problem, paying a penalty (or at least going uncompensated for the botched work). Maintenance of capital equipment can be a problem when piece rates are employed, insofar as workers abuse machinery in pursuit of higher output rates. Consequently, in some cases workers are required to purchase their own tools, and in other cases the individual worker is required to pay consumables such as drill bits. Where a substantial amount of cooperation is needed, piece rates generally do poorly. And even
Misalignment of incentives usually comes down to a problem of workers choosing to do the "wrong" ... more Misalignment of incentives usually comes down to a problem of workers choosing to do the "wrong" thing. The variations on the basic model of agency illustrate many of these problems: 1-When workers have several tasks to perform, incentive systems have a hard time getting the balance right. Attention and effort will be given to those activities on which the employee perceives that he or she can have the biggest impact in terms of compensation. The perception of a large impact, in turn, depends on two considerations: Does the reward system take significant account of this or that measure of performance? And how much control does the individual have over the performance measures-how noisy is the relationship between efforts and performance measures? Incentive systems typically are keyed to tasks that are measured easily and relatively noiselessly; things that are harder to measure are given short shrift because they are hard to measure well. But no matter what the reason, if a task is not formally recognized in a worker's incentive pay, he or she has less incentive to pay attention to that task. This problem can be particularly vicious in service industries where it is hard to monitor the quality of service given; service can suffer, unless the server is motivated by tip income or (more effectively) by the desire to build a personal client who will reward the server with repeat business.
Critics of downsizing argue that not only are the effects on the bottom line seldom as rosy as ma... more Critics of downsizing argue that not only are the effects on the bottom line seldom as rosy as management expects, but that job loss has profound negative consequences for the displaced employees and their families, consequences that add to the social costs of downsizing. They cite research showing that unemployment and job loss are related empirically not only to long-term wage loss and employment insecurity, but also to a wide range of other outcomes, including criminality, drug and alcohol abuse, domestic violence (of spouses and children), separation and divorce, declines in objective and subjective health, depression, suicide, and children's well-being (e.g., self-esteem, mental health, and school performance). There obviously are also quite massive potential economic effects on communities and the public at large. Those who defend downsizing argue that the social impacts are primarily positive, at least in the long run. For instance, layoffs promote superior matching of workers to jobs and increased dynamism and risk taking in the economy, thereby fuelling economic growth. Moreover, defenders of downsizing argue that new job creation has more than compensated for the jobs lost through layoffs and outsourcing. And they argue that in the competitive global environment, if domestic firms (be they in the United States, Western Europe, Southeast Asia or wherever) don't "wake up and smell the coffee," those firms will not remain competitive. The government will then have to choose between protection-an economic and social disaster in the long run-or letting the firms sink, causing even more massive layoffs and dislocations. How costly (if at all) to society is downsizing? The data given about bottom-line impacts of downsizing ought to give you pause if you are considering such a program for your enterprise. Though the data do not speak with one voice, they indicate that downsizing is likely to work better when it is part of a well conceived general strategy of restructuring the firm and its workforce. This can include spinning off pieces of the organization that have diverted managerial attention from core competencies, or a well-constructed program of outsourcing non-core tasks. Or it could consist of efforts to re-engineer the firm or change its culture, such as redefining jobs and work processes, redefining measurement and reward processes, employing techniques of high-commitment human resources management, and emphasizing new strategic priorities-such as quality or customer focus-to energize employees and to provide an overarching goal.
Good and objective measures of performance are hard to come by. Giving human resources specialist... more Good and objective measures of performance are hard to come by. Giving human resources specialists a role in evaluating general managers may turn recommendations from the same specialists into something closer to "commands," an outcome we would very much like to avoid. On balance, however, this is a role that can often play and a role that ought to be undertaken by someone; so this is a task we urge you to consider assigning to specialists. And there is ample precedent for such a role.
General managers should be involved up to their eyeballs in setting human resources strategy and ... more General managers should be involved up to their eyeballs in setting human resources strategy and policies, adapting the strategy and policies on a divisional or regional basis (and then on a plant or facility basis), and implementing the policies by adapting them suitably to particular employees and groups. In fact, general managers should take the lead on these tasks. Why? Given the interdependencies with other aspects of the organization, it takes general management perspective or, if you prefer, general management gut feel to integrate a strategy with other aspects of strategy.
If there are two incident variables, space and time, democracy can be defined as the political re... more If there are two incident variables, space and time, democracy can be defined as the political regime that guarantees equity and stability in the republic, in order to consolidate the idea of rule of laws by the people as an idea which is also contained in the Democratic Justice, thus avoiding the chaos that could surely be produced by the innumerable problems that arose when all, at the same time and in the same space, wanted to exercise the power. Or when, in autocracies, the monocratic or oligarchical system of government settled and resisted leaving the state. Despite intense questions about the formulation of a theory capable of overcoming the concept of formal equality, which underlies the main democratic currents, we still see in democracy the best alternative for the peaceful overcoming of the occurrence of the various successions of power in space and time. Otherwise, some violent method of gaining power would end up being the only alternative to governing the state. Obviously, we do not mean that democracy solves all types of aggression among individuals, but it solves a matter of paramount importance, regarding the maintenance of ethics in the process involving the relationship of representatives and representatives, all citizens, who in a morally accepts, seek the agreement of wills as a pacifying criterion of power relations, in the conduct of the democratic State of law. However, it is known that not all forms of contract suggest a democracy, as, for example, in the case of HOBBES, who defended a social contract that leads to monarchical absolutism. Nevertheless, to the logic of the power contained in Democratic Justice, as a source, a contractual democracy is concerned, but much closer to ROUSSEAU and in the mould of the first two Modern Republics, that of the United States of America in 1776, and of France, in 1792, with some reformulations, considering the immeasurable technological advance of the twentieth century (which will be done in the sequence of works, in the foundations of the State). Democracy (of contractual origin) guarantees, by its essence, that the people do not allow the personal prestige acquired by the exercise of power to hinder the renewal of governments, that is, that the personal prestige of the ruler dictator, or anyone else) will prevent the people from deciding on their political destiny, replacing it with their own individual will (monocracy) or collective (oligarchy) will. Not that personal prestige is necessarily negative, but what seems to be truly negative and wide use throughout history is its use for perpetuation in power. Although the Constitution of a country guarantees a democratic State in law, in the framework of the legislation closest to countries with a stable economy, in practice, established democracy continues to lag behind because, without economic conditions and, what is more problematic, profound imbalance in the distribution of wealth, suffers with a decrease in the political interest of the citizen.
A Political Understanding, Integration and Will to be established
A global approach is proposed ... more A Political Understanding, Integration and Will to be established A global approach is proposed Be Credible and Relevant Don’t compeat with similar projects instead of cooperating Cooperation in promoting Interdependence, Mutual Prosperity and Universal Values
A elaboração de qualquer projeto obedece a normas e estratégias para o conduzir ao sucesso.
Aqui ... more A elaboração de qualquer projeto obedece a normas e estratégias para o conduzir ao sucesso. Aqui desenvolvo a sua anatomia
China’s potential to construct high-speed railways less expensive than its competitors has provi... more China’s potential to construct high-speed railways less expensive than its competitors has provided technology a core place in One Belt, One Road, Beijing's challenging scheme to succeed in economic diplomacy gaining allies and open markets in more than 65 countries between Asia and Europe construction of infrastructure.
1 - A IMPORTÂNCIA DA EXPRESSÃO C & T NA DEFESA NACIONAL
2 - O PAPEL DA C & T NA PRESERVA... more 1 - A IMPORTÂNCIA DA EXPRESSÃO C & T NA DEFESA NACIONAL 2 - O PAPEL DA C & T NA PRESERVAÇÃO DO MEIO AMBIENTE
- o primeiro princípio da estratégia nacional é a estruturação de um espaço de prevalência da m... more - o primeiro princípio da estratégia nacional é a estruturação de um espaço de prevalência da mundialização no hemisfério sul, que observe as características de continentalidade e de maritimidade do Brasil. - O segundo princípio é a extensão deste espaço estruturado a todo hemisfério norte.
Its origin in China during the Qin Dynasty (221 BC), and in Korea during the Choseon Dynasty
In... more Its origin in China during the Qin Dynasty (221 BC), and in Korea during the Choseon Dynasty
In its original function the Ombudsman is the one, impartial that receives complains and defends the interests of the citizen from improper government actions or omissions.
He is the “guardian of the individual’s interests” on an organized system where the administrative organization works in a routine without caring with particular or more specific case.
Presentation for the Ministry of Geology and Mines and Industry in Angola about International Bu... more Presentation for the Ministry of Geology and Mines and Industry in Angola about International Business overview
The legal problems of the opponent action of biotechnology to human life emerge from the boundary... more The legal problems of the opponent action of biotechnology to human life emerge from the boundary zone between the advanced point of science and the tradition between the legal and ethical. There are several possible relationships between Ethics and Law: 1 - The absolute of Positive Law: the law made by the State authorities and a set of norms and axiomatic principles. That universe is autonomous and self-sufficient; it always has an answer for everything that is put to it. If Positive Law counts, everything else is countless. Consequence: the greatest atrocities of this century were committed. One of the legal constructions that correspond to this is the pure theory of Kelsen law. It is pure because it excludes principles that are not are legal imperatives. However, it does not recognize the Positive Law completeness because, when applying the law, there is a duty given to execute the norm, but there is always something new that it introduces, and that novelty and always the responsibility of those who apply the law (normative positivism).
Knowledge Management for Perspectives and Prospects, 2022
The assessment of a knowledge managing (or learning) organisation is complicated. Some common ele... more The assessment of a knowledge managing (or learning) organisation is complicated. Some common elements though can be drawn from Morey, Maybury and Thuraisingham (1995). Their work makes explicit the forms of leverage along the value chain discussed. The key point about much of this work is that knowledge is not an exogenous variable: – it can be influenced by the project manager and more generally by lead nodes in a network who choose where and how to distribute knowledge. The work represented by Morey, Maybury and Thuraisingham provides an excellent evaluation framework for several reasons. - First, the model(s) are popular and comprehensive. Harvard uses the text in many of its faculties, and each chapter represents a classic work from knowledge management which - when taken together - form a relatively complete picture of the state of knowledge management. - Second, other models which focus on “core competencies” (another popular field in management) do not perform as well. This literature has encouraged organisations to create “value networks” through “business concept innovation” for “continuous innovation” by exercising “strategic foresight.” Removing the jargon, this approach encourages organisations to learn how to do things collectively better than competitors. Yet, the literature does not explain how these “core competencies” are developed and, in any case, the development of these collective competencies forms the heart of knowledge management. T - Third, information technology (IT) management has also become a major area of focus among organisations. The main focus of this approach though is on increasing information dissemination and improving business processes (the reduction of cycle times and better input allocations). However, this literature does not address the creation of knowledge which is considered the most important, value added input in modern production.
During the last few years further education has been confronted by a developing crisis in resour... more During the last few years further education has been confronted by a developing crisis in resources caused by the government cutbacks in public expenditure. Although the universities have experienced a certain number of cuts, they are facing a crisis fundamentally different in character from that of the public sector. Universities are faced by a developing crisis of purpose, because their functions have been defined traditionally in terms that are self-justifying, superior to public criticism and divorced from social need. Increasing numbers of people are questioning the philosophy of university education, which is based on concepts such as 'impartiality', 'knowledge for its own sake', 'excellence', and 'scholarship'. Such questioning is both desirable and necessary, since these concepts provide a theoretical justification for universities to exclude the vast majority of the population, and restrict entry to a small minority; it also helps us to see whether universities are serving the needs of those who do succeed in gaining entry to them. The elitists claim that specialization in degree-level work sharpens the mind and gives the individual new skills in methods of assimilating and applying knowledge. While the intellectual skills associated with degree courses may assist students in problem-solving, they provide no moral or political framework within which students can evaluate their own expectations and relate these to perceived social needs.
"In all forms of government," the people "are the true legislators." Edmund Burke
The term civil... more "In all forms of government," the people "are the true legislators." Edmund Burke The term civil society is controversial within the Social Sciences. However, for this study, the approach of Ilse Scherer-Warren (2006) will be used, which uses a generic and contemporary notion of the concept that fits the scope of the article: Civil society, although it configures a field composed of heterogeneous social forces, representing the multiplicity and diversity of social segments that make up society, is preferentially related to the sphere of the defense of citizenship and their respective forms of organization around public interests and values, including gratuitousness / altruism, thus distinguishing themselves from two first sectors above [State and Market] that are oriented, also preferentially, by the rationalities of power, regulation and economy. It is important to emphasize, therefore, that civil society will never be exempt from relations and conflicts of power, disputes over hegemony, and diverse and antagonistic social and political representations
Power presents itself as an interdependent conjugation of wills and means, directed towards the a... more Power presents itself as an interdependent conjugation of wills and means, directed towards the attainment of a purpose. The will, being an essential element in the manifestation of Power, makes it an essentially human phenomenon, characteristic of an individual or a grouping of individuals. The will to satisfy a need, interest or aspiration is not enough. It is necessary that the will be added to the ability to achieve such satisfaction, that is, and there must be the necessary and sufficient means that would integrate the Power. In order to satisfy those needs, interests and aspirations, which are translated as objectives, the Man, moved by his will and at the same time directing it, must use adequate and available means, among which he himself is included. The power dimension of a social group is based on the set of means at the disposal of the collective will, that is, the common will of the subgroups and individuals. The National Power always reflects the possibilities and limitations of the Men who constitute it and the means at its disposal, in its global characteristics and in the effects of its employment. The visualization of National Power as a complex and coherent system makes the recognition of integrality one of its defining characteristics. The inter-agent sense of the relations between the Men who constitute it and the means available to that Power, as well as the affirmation of being one and indivisible, aspects more evident when seen under the focus of power in action, reaffirm this integrality and reinforce its systemic character. However, being the manifestation of a social system and, in itself, a system, the Power admits its subdivision for the analysis of its characteristics and value. The Nation, by organizing itself politically, chooses a way of bringing together, expressing and applying its Power more effectively, by creating a special macro-institution - the State - whom it delegates the power to institute and implement the political-juridical process, the coordination of the collective will and the judicious application of a substantial part of its power. Thus, State can be conceptualized as: A politically organized nation that exercises jurisdiction in its territory.
Throughout its existence, Man is confronted with an extensive range of material needs and cultura... more Throughout its existence, Man is confronted with an extensive range of material needs and cultural and spiritual interests and aspirations. Needs, interests and aspirations form the basis of human action, stimulating or restricting individual activities. As a result of the presence of rationality in these activities, it is necessary for Man to establish his own objectives and the planning of aches in order to reach them. Living side by side with his fellow man, he discovers that he has in common a series of needs, interests and aspirations. As you identify these common bonds, there is naturally a feeling that, through joint action, you can make your individual and collective action more effective. Group goals then emerge as a reference for the action of the social group. The origin of the different groups that integrate a Nation is linked to the diversity of needs, interests and aspirations that, in each place and time, congregate its members. The idea of the Nation presupposes the continuous sedimentation, throughout the generations, of a common perspective of integration and temporal harmony, where both the individuals and the social groups, although different, when observed in the spatial dimension, identify each other by commune of a stable cultural reality, because it contains the feeling, individual and collective, of a common origin and destination.
1 - The radical Islamic intelligence needs to have sources in high rank public servants, either m... more 1 - The radical Islamic intelligence needs to have sources in high rank public servants, either military or administrative; 2 – To have Islamic origins by skin face or name is a situation that blocks the access to “Key” intelligence” 3 – Is it possible to recruit informers or moles to work in high security jobs that can whistle the most precious elements to know all about the structure of an important organisation, about the people that work there, the departments work and so on?
The Project is based on four key issues: (1) Environmental Protection: Ballast Water and Ocean ... more The Project is based on four key issues: (1) Environmental Protection: Ballast Water and Ocean Acidification/ Climate Change; (2) Fisheries; (3) Law of the Sea/Space Law: Interaction Aiming to Protect the Oceans (Appendix B) and (4) Good Order at Sea: Maritime Safety and Security Challenges in the Atlantic Triangle. See Appendixes B and C. Maritime cooperation among countries in the Atlantic is the general philosophy, which underlies this Project. Nevertheless, the Project may be applied/extended to the “countries of network” referred below. The revision of the gaps in international environmental law of the sea and environmental –related instruments towards a more sustainable World by using education, training, dissemination of information and research is the leitmotiv of the Project.
Technological innovations, the operational basis of economic globalization, were quickly appropri... more Technological innovations, the operational basis of economic globalization, were quickly appropriated by criminal organizations. The mafias have carried out their own 'globalization', in which the preferential workforce comes from the sometimes clandestine migrations, possibly in conditions of work analogous to slavery. Two phenomena contributed decisively to the "new world order of organized crime": the unification of the European Community (EC), which took shape in the 1990s (now called the European Union - EU) and the end of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR). The end of the border, in the case of the countries that joined the EU, as well as the absolute lack of political and military control over the extensive territory of the former USSR, opened a corridor, from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific, for the disposal of the products of organizations such as the Sicilian Mafia (Cosa Nostra), the Russian Mafia, the Chinese Triads, the Yakuza (Japanese) and the Colombian Cartels.
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By taking a broader perspective, it highlights the importance of education in shaping individuals and their place in the world. It emphasizes the value of learning, rather than simply being taught. This approach encourages critical thinking, creativity, and the development of positive values that are essential for successful integration into society. Multilingualism and multiculturalism are also key themes in this book. It recognizes the importance of language and cultural diversity in today's interconnected world. In addition, it emphasizes the skills that must be developed in children from a young age to prepare them for their journey through life. By instilling these values and skills, this book aims to create well-rounded individuals who are equipped to thrive in an ever-changing global society.
Cultural competency training is an essential skill in today's diverse world. It allows individuals to effectively engage and understand people from different cultural backgrounds. This type of education focuses on developing knowledge, skills, and attitudes that promote cultural sensitivity and competence. By improving awareness, cultural competency training helps to bridge the gaps between people and promotes inclusivity. This can also foster a sense of autonomy and self-discovery, which is a vital part of personal growth. Incorporating cultural competency training into education, along with providing personalized choice options, creates a more well-rounded and inclusive learning environment. Students are able to develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for diversity, while also being able to explore their own interests and talents. This combination promotes a sense of acceptance and understanding, which are essential components in creating a more harmonious and diverse society. Special emphasis on the training of future citizens capable of undertaking activities in this globalized world, showing that teamwork is something that presupposes personal training in which respect and ethical decision-making is fundamental to success.
It's essential for parents, educators, scholars, and all other concerned parties to recognize that teaching knows no boundaries. Instead, it thrives on being dynamic, personalized, and career-oriented. When deciding on their children's schooling, parents must extract a plethora of concepts and choices from this resource, enabling them to select the ideal path for their children's future aspirations.
desenvolvimento académico eacompanhadas de uma vertente humanistica e social. Esta perspetiva mais ampla alinha-se com a ideia de que a educação vai para além da instrução e engloba o crescimento holístico dos indivíduos.
Aprender em oposição a ensinar. A ênfase está em incentivar a compreensão,
o crescimento individual e a consciência cultural.
Uma educação internacional abre portas a um mundo de oportunidades
prossionais diversicadas, tornando-a um passaporte para a empregabilidade
global.
Aborda-se o multilinguismo, o multiculturalismo e as competências que
devem ser desenvolvidas na criança para o seu percurso na vida.
Desenvolve- se a temática sobre a criatividade, espírito crítico e valores que
permitem a sua inserção com sucesso na sociedade global.
A formação em competência cultural é uma forma de educação que visa
desenvolver os conhecimentos, as aptidões e as atitudes necessárias para
interagir e compreender ecazmente indivíduos de diversas origens culturais.
O objetivo é melhorar a consciência, a sensibilidade e a competência culturais.
A importância dos alunos terem opções de escolha personalizada nos
seus caminhos de aprendizagem dá-lhes opções de projetos, tópicos ou
caminhos de pesquisa nas áreas que realmente lhes interessa.
Especial enfase para a formação de futuros cidadãos aptos a empreender
atividades neste mundo globalizado, fazendo ver que o trabalho em
equipe, é algo que pressupõe uma formação pessoal em que o respeito e a
tomada de decisões éticas é fundamental para io sucesso.
A utilidade é para pais, professores, académicos, pedagogos e todos os demais interessados terem consciência que não existem fronteiras no ensino, pelo contrário este processa-se de forma dinâmica, personalizada e vocacional.
Os pais ao fazerem uma opção sobre a educação escolar de seus lhos,
devem colher nesta obra as múltiplas ideias e opções existentes e que lhes permitirá a opção certa do que pretendem para o futuro destes
In his 1907 publication “Cosmopolitanism and the Nation-State,” Friedrich Meinecke distinguished between “cultural nations” and “political nations (Hale 2020)” This distinction was made while discussing cosmopolitanism and the nation-state. Deep historical, geographical, and ethnic ties that existed before the establishment
of modern nations facilitate the formation of cultural countries. It is conceivable that these connections will inspire appeals for political independence, but it is also possible that they will not. Cultural countries result from the interaction between history, language, and nationality (Veale 2021). Certain aspects of a nation’s culture are assimilated into that nation’s sense of self-identity to a greater or lesser extent.
Such nations include the United Kingdom and the United States, among others. These principles may conflict with other allegiances fostered by a ‘cultural’ sense of national identity, but this conflict is not inevitable. Citizens frequently feel that their cultural and national identity, as opposed to their national governmental identity, is more appealing. In his 1983 book “Nations and Nationalism,” Ernest Gellner argued that a cultural sense of affiliation with a country is insufficient to constitute genuine nationalism. If the concept of nationhood is to have any value, it must be inextricably linked to the desire for self- governance and the establishment of states to give form to that desire. The concept of nationhood will only then have any significance.
In this context, it becomes imperative to reflect on the paths to follow in the search for peace and sustainable progress on a global scale.
This work is written with exceptional quality and remarkable scientific rigour. These factors, together with the high esteem, friendship and consideration I have for Dr. Artur Victoria, were more than enough reasons to prompt me to accept to preface his new book.
Artur Victoria is, without a doubt, a relevant figure in our society, with an academic background of excellence and a vast professional experience.
The functions performed within the scope of the legal profession, as well as the positions of organizational leadership and institutional coordination he has held, in national and international non-governmental institutions, associated with the constant research and scientific production developed throughout his life, credit him as an eminent thinker and a reference in ethical, geopolitical, governmental and security issues.
In fact, his thinking and critical capacity are clearly evident in this book, which opens doors for reflection by all those interested in the most pressing questions facing the future of humanity, from the philosophical, legal, economic, political, social and environmental fields.
To give the reader the context of the problem it sets out to address, Arthur Victoria refers his narrative to the Treaty of Westphalia, as the moment that was at the origin of International Law and the balance of power between sovereign nations, as we know them today.
If, on the one hand, this event opened the doors to the Enlightenment, to rapid scientific advance and to liberal democracies, on the other hand, it was the harbinger of the end of empires, which culminated with the First World War, and of the emergence of totalitarian regimes that, in a generalised way, characterised Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, leading to the most striking conflict in the history of humanity, the Second World War.
More than 70 years after the end of this conflict, which gave rise to the United Nations Organization and whose inspiring principles, in the words of one of the most prominent Portuguese thinkers of our time – Professor Adriano Moreira – are “One Single World” and “Earth,the common home of Mankind”, the challenges to world governance and peace remain and are rapidly changing. Despite the efforts made by the international community and the scientific and technological advances that recent years have brought us, we have not witnessed a proportional evolution in the quality of life of the world’s populations across the board.
These factors necessarily lead us to consider that the concepts defending equal rights and human dignity, which should be at the heart of all national and international policies, are not valid if they are nothing more than theories proclaimed only by activists, without concerted intervention and mobilization by States.
In this context, and also taking into consideration the two most recent events that have transformed societies and their way of life, referring of course to the COVID-19 pandemic and the armed conflict that has been raging in Ukraine since 24 February 2022, I am pleased to highlight the relevance of the topic addressed and the importance and depth of the author’s impartial and objective, through, throughout the text, which he divides into three fundamental parts – the State, the individual, and the environment – presenting, as a connecting thread, the elements of ethics and morality, which he considers to be the basis for resolving the major issues of public interest, in an increasingly dynamic, complex and unstable world.
As Yuval Noah Harari states in his book 21 Lessons for the 21st Century: “A global world puts unprecedented pressure on our personal conduct and morality”.
It is in this line of thought that the author begins by addressing the central role of the State in making decisions about what to do in the light of the great challenges of the 21st century, quickly changing the widespread habit of not defining future goals and not planning the necessary policies to achieve them. Within this framework, Artur Victoria discusses the main functions and responsibilities of the State and the importance of ethics for the public interest, corporations, the legal system and democracies. He also addresses the need for State reform with a view to a new model of community coexistence, the paradigm of national defence and security, and information systems.
In the chapter dedicated to the Person, Artur Victoria invites the reader to reflect on the ethics and morals that should govern every member of a changing society. For this, he considers it necessary a deep meditation process, in an intellectual exercise of balance between the definition of the ambitions and goals of each one, in order to find an answer to the question “(...) how should I live my life? (...)”. The answers found must necessarily be compatible with those which overlap them, this is, those of society and the organisations to which each one belongs. However, the author takes this exercise of reflection further, addressing the need for the establishment of ethical and moral codes by governmental and non-governmental organisations, as an integral part of society.
The analysis of such a deep and complex theme would not be complete without an adequate approach to the biggest problem facing the sustainable survival of humanity in the medium and long term. It is in this context that Artur Victoria reflects on the environment and on the problem of climate change resulting from mankind’s exploitation of natural resources, associated with the exponential growth of the world’s population since the beginning of the 19th century.
The reader is also invited to meditate on the paradigm of behavioural change and environmental awareness, as well as on alternative strategies to be outlined for an economically and financially sustainable development, based on the maintenance of social and cultural values of the different populations, with scientific research and technological development playing an absolutely key role in the necessary advances towards an intelligent sustainability on a planetary scale.
I conclude with the conviction that, in a world that is increasingly uncertain and full of irrelevant information, and in which ethics is often forgotten by governments and organisations, causing States and individuals to behave in deviant ways, reason gives us the power to better define the direction to follow in the search for a more prosperous, egalitarian, safe and sustainable future for humanity.
This book by Artur Victoria certainly contributes to that goal, providing the reader with a clear vision of the issues that must be analysed and reflected upon, in the certainty that the approach to ethics applied to the State and to the person is the key we need to foster the hope necessary for the perpetuation of our civilisation as we know it. As Professor Adriano Moreira said, it is imperative not to allow the “creed of interests” to override the “creed of values”.
* Admiral António Silva Ribeiro held the position of Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Portugal from March 1, 2018. Previously, as a General officer, he served as Chief of Staff of the Navy and National Maritime Authority, General Director of the Maritime Authority and General Commander of the Maritime Police, Superintendent of Material, General Director of the Hydrographical Institute, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Navy, Secretary of the Admiralty Council and Member of the Consultative Committee for Search and Rescue. In addition to his military career, he is an academic with specialization in Strategy and Political Science and History. The Admiral teaches and supervises research at Universities and Research Centres. He published hundreds of articles/essays in national and foreign newspapers and magazines and he is a regular speaker at conferences about Military and Political Affairs, International Relations and Strategy. As an Academic he is a visiting Professor of Strategy at the Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas and a military teacher at the Naval School. He holds the title of Professor at the Higher Institute of Information and Administration Sciences.
He is also a specialist in maritime and military strategy, international politics, military sociology, military and maritime history and hydrography history. Admiral António Silva Ribeiro is the author of several books, three of which published abroad.
It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries.
“To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity.
The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries.
“To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity.
The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries.
“To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity.
The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
Written codes can be divided into disciplinary codes that set the lowest common denominator of conduct and aspirational codes which set out the highest standards to which all should strive. With a disciplinary code, those who fall below the set minimum standard are
punished. The same cannot be true of aspirational codes as anyone who fell short of the best would have to be punished.
Those in favour of disciplinary codes point to the ability to sanction offenders while not intruding onto the individual's moral space. The concern is expressed that we should not "legislate for morality" or that we should not "police what people think but merely what they do". We should have clear rules and sanctions for unacceptable behaviour but beyond that people should be free to do as they please lest we fall subject to a tyranny of the moral majority. This is essentially a liberal argument in favour of law against the enforcement of morality and rests uneasily with the idea of having public sector ethics at all. This issue certainly exercised the minds of several members of the Parliamentary Electoral and Administrative Review Committee. They understood that this would mean abandoning talk of public sector ethics and were happy to come to the conclusion that public sector ethics was inappropriate -what we should be concerned with was an enforceable public sector code of conduct.
This is only one of a number of functions that such a central ethics office might play. The exact mix of functions may vary. In some jurisdictions, another body may carry out one or more of these functions very effectively. However, most of the following functions would very usefully be fulfilled by a central ethics agency.
• System-wide ethics co-ordination: The identification of values and the setting of ethical standards is the key to integrating the 'trinity' of ethical standard-setting, legal regulation, and institutional reform. However, this will not happen by itself. The first role of an ethics office is to help co-ordinate the process.
This reflects the nature of ethics - asking us hard questions about our values, giving honest and public answers, and living up to those answers. Institutions will always face new governance challenges from changes in context or the creation of new temptations and dilemmas. The very process of reform will throw up new issues and unintended consequences.
By taking a broader perspective, it highlights the importance of education in shaping individuals and their place in the world. It emphasizes the value of learning, rather than simply being taught. This approach encourages critical thinking, creativity, and the development of positive values that are essential for successful integration into society. Multilingualism and multiculturalism are also key themes in this book. It recognizes the importance of language and cultural diversity in today's interconnected world. In addition, it emphasizes the skills that must be developed in children from a young age to prepare them for their journey through life. By instilling these values and skills, this book aims to create well-rounded individuals who are equipped to thrive in an ever-changing global society.
Cultural competency training is an essential skill in today's diverse world. It allows individuals to effectively engage and understand people from different cultural backgrounds. This type of education focuses on developing knowledge, skills, and attitudes that promote cultural sensitivity and competence. By improving awareness, cultural competency training helps to bridge the gaps between people and promotes inclusivity. This can also foster a sense of autonomy and self-discovery, which is a vital part of personal growth. Incorporating cultural competency training into education, along with providing personalized choice options, creates a more well-rounded and inclusive learning environment. Students are able to develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for diversity, while also being able to explore their own interests and talents. This combination promotes a sense of acceptance and understanding, which are essential components in creating a more harmonious and diverse society. Special emphasis on the training of future citizens capable of undertaking activities in this globalized world, showing that teamwork is something that presupposes personal training in which respect and ethical decision-making is fundamental to success.
It's essential for parents, educators, scholars, and all other concerned parties to recognize that teaching knows no boundaries. Instead, it thrives on being dynamic, personalized, and career-oriented. When deciding on their children's schooling, parents must extract a plethora of concepts and choices from this resource, enabling them to select the ideal path for their children's future aspirations.
desenvolvimento académico eacompanhadas de uma vertente humanistica e social. Esta perspetiva mais ampla alinha-se com a ideia de que a educação vai para além da instrução e engloba o crescimento holístico dos indivíduos.
Aprender em oposição a ensinar. A ênfase está em incentivar a compreensão,
o crescimento individual e a consciência cultural.
Uma educação internacional abre portas a um mundo de oportunidades
prossionais diversicadas, tornando-a um passaporte para a empregabilidade
global.
Aborda-se o multilinguismo, o multiculturalismo e as competências que
devem ser desenvolvidas na criança para o seu percurso na vida.
Desenvolve- se a temática sobre a criatividade, espírito crítico e valores que
permitem a sua inserção com sucesso na sociedade global.
A formação em competência cultural é uma forma de educação que visa
desenvolver os conhecimentos, as aptidões e as atitudes necessárias para
interagir e compreender ecazmente indivíduos de diversas origens culturais.
O objetivo é melhorar a consciência, a sensibilidade e a competência culturais.
A importância dos alunos terem opções de escolha personalizada nos
seus caminhos de aprendizagem dá-lhes opções de projetos, tópicos ou
caminhos de pesquisa nas áreas que realmente lhes interessa.
Especial enfase para a formação de futuros cidadãos aptos a empreender
atividades neste mundo globalizado, fazendo ver que o trabalho em
equipe, é algo que pressupõe uma formação pessoal em que o respeito e a
tomada de decisões éticas é fundamental para io sucesso.
A utilidade é para pais, professores, académicos, pedagogos e todos os demais interessados terem consciência que não existem fronteiras no ensino, pelo contrário este processa-se de forma dinâmica, personalizada e vocacional.
Os pais ao fazerem uma opção sobre a educação escolar de seus lhos,
devem colher nesta obra as múltiplas ideias e opções existentes e que lhes permitirá a opção certa do que pretendem para o futuro destes
In his 1907 publication “Cosmopolitanism and the Nation-State,” Friedrich Meinecke distinguished between “cultural nations” and “political nations (Hale 2020)” This distinction was made while discussing cosmopolitanism and the nation-state. Deep historical, geographical, and ethnic ties that existed before the establishment
of modern nations facilitate the formation of cultural countries. It is conceivable that these connections will inspire appeals for political independence, but it is also possible that they will not. Cultural countries result from the interaction between history, language, and nationality (Veale 2021). Certain aspects of a nation’s culture are assimilated into that nation’s sense of self-identity to a greater or lesser extent.
Such nations include the United Kingdom and the United States, among others. These principles may conflict with other allegiances fostered by a ‘cultural’ sense of national identity, but this conflict is not inevitable. Citizens frequently feel that their cultural and national identity, as opposed to their national governmental identity, is more appealing. In his 1983 book “Nations and Nationalism,” Ernest Gellner argued that a cultural sense of affiliation with a country is insufficient to constitute genuine nationalism. If the concept of nationhood is to have any value, it must be inextricably linked to the desire for self- governance and the establishment of states to give form to that desire. The concept of nationhood will only then have any significance.
In this context, it becomes imperative to reflect on the paths to follow in the search for peace and sustainable progress on a global scale.
This work is written with exceptional quality and remarkable scientific rigour. These factors, together with the high esteem, friendship and consideration I have for Dr. Artur Victoria, were more than enough reasons to prompt me to accept to preface his new book.
Artur Victoria is, without a doubt, a relevant figure in our society, with an academic background of excellence and a vast professional experience.
The functions performed within the scope of the legal profession, as well as the positions of organizational leadership and institutional coordination he has held, in national and international non-governmental institutions, associated with the constant research and scientific production developed throughout his life, credit him as an eminent thinker and a reference in ethical, geopolitical, governmental and security issues.
In fact, his thinking and critical capacity are clearly evident in this book, which opens doors for reflection by all those interested in the most pressing questions facing the future of humanity, from the philosophical, legal, economic, political, social and environmental fields.
To give the reader the context of the problem it sets out to address, Arthur Victoria refers his narrative to the Treaty of Westphalia, as the moment that was at the origin of International Law and the balance of power between sovereign nations, as we know them today.
If, on the one hand, this event opened the doors to the Enlightenment, to rapid scientific advance and to liberal democracies, on the other hand, it was the harbinger of the end of empires, which culminated with the First World War, and of the emergence of totalitarian regimes that, in a generalised way, characterised Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, leading to the most striking conflict in the history of humanity, the Second World War.
More than 70 years after the end of this conflict, which gave rise to the United Nations Organization and whose inspiring principles, in the words of one of the most prominent Portuguese thinkers of our time – Professor Adriano Moreira – are “One Single World” and “Earth,the common home of Mankind”, the challenges to world governance and peace remain and are rapidly changing. Despite the efforts made by the international community and the scientific and technological advances that recent years have brought us, we have not witnessed a proportional evolution in the quality of life of the world’s populations across the board.
These factors necessarily lead us to consider that the concepts defending equal rights and human dignity, which should be at the heart of all national and international policies, are not valid if they are nothing more than theories proclaimed only by activists, without concerted intervention and mobilization by States.
In this context, and also taking into consideration the two most recent events that have transformed societies and their way of life, referring of course to the COVID-19 pandemic and the armed conflict that has been raging in Ukraine since 24 February 2022, I am pleased to highlight the relevance of the topic addressed and the importance and depth of the author’s impartial and objective, through, throughout the text, which he divides into three fundamental parts – the State, the individual, and the environment – presenting, as a connecting thread, the elements of ethics and morality, which he considers to be the basis for resolving the major issues of public interest, in an increasingly dynamic, complex and unstable world.
As Yuval Noah Harari states in his book 21 Lessons for the 21st Century: “A global world puts unprecedented pressure on our personal conduct and morality”.
It is in this line of thought that the author begins by addressing the central role of the State in making decisions about what to do in the light of the great challenges of the 21st century, quickly changing the widespread habit of not defining future goals and not planning the necessary policies to achieve them. Within this framework, Artur Victoria discusses the main functions and responsibilities of the State and the importance of ethics for the public interest, corporations, the legal system and democracies. He also addresses the need for State reform with a view to a new model of community coexistence, the paradigm of national defence and security, and information systems.
In the chapter dedicated to the Person, Artur Victoria invites the reader to reflect on the ethics and morals that should govern every member of a changing society. For this, he considers it necessary a deep meditation process, in an intellectual exercise of balance between the definition of the ambitions and goals of each one, in order to find an answer to the question “(...) how should I live my life? (...)”. The answers found must necessarily be compatible with those which overlap them, this is, those of society and the organisations to which each one belongs. However, the author takes this exercise of reflection further, addressing the need for the establishment of ethical and moral codes by governmental and non-governmental organisations, as an integral part of society.
The analysis of such a deep and complex theme would not be complete without an adequate approach to the biggest problem facing the sustainable survival of humanity in the medium and long term. It is in this context that Artur Victoria reflects on the environment and on the problem of climate change resulting from mankind’s exploitation of natural resources, associated with the exponential growth of the world’s population since the beginning of the 19th century.
The reader is also invited to meditate on the paradigm of behavioural change and environmental awareness, as well as on alternative strategies to be outlined for an economically and financially sustainable development, based on the maintenance of social and cultural values of the different populations, with scientific research and technological development playing an absolutely key role in the necessary advances towards an intelligent sustainability on a planetary scale.
I conclude with the conviction that, in a world that is increasingly uncertain and full of irrelevant information, and in which ethics is often forgotten by governments and organisations, causing States and individuals to behave in deviant ways, reason gives us the power to better define the direction to follow in the search for a more prosperous, egalitarian, safe and sustainable future for humanity.
This book by Artur Victoria certainly contributes to that goal, providing the reader with a clear vision of the issues that must be analysed and reflected upon, in the certainty that the approach to ethics applied to the State and to the person is the key we need to foster the hope necessary for the perpetuation of our civilisation as we know it. As Professor Adriano Moreira said, it is imperative not to allow the “creed of interests” to override the “creed of values”.
* Admiral António Silva Ribeiro held the position of Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Portugal from March 1, 2018. Previously, as a General officer, he served as Chief of Staff of the Navy and National Maritime Authority, General Director of the Maritime Authority and General Commander of the Maritime Police, Superintendent of Material, General Director of the Hydrographical Institute, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Navy, Secretary of the Admiralty Council and Member of the Consultative Committee for Search and Rescue. In addition to his military career, he is an academic with specialization in Strategy and Political Science and History. The Admiral teaches and supervises research at Universities and Research Centres. He published hundreds of articles/essays in national and foreign newspapers and magazines and he is a regular speaker at conferences about Military and Political Affairs, International Relations and Strategy. As an Academic he is a visiting Professor of Strategy at the Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas and a military teacher at the Naval School. He holds the title of Professor at the Higher Institute of Information and Administration Sciences.
He is also a specialist in maritime and military strategy, international politics, military sociology, military and maritime history and hydrography history. Admiral António Silva Ribeiro is the author of several books, three of which published abroad.
It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries.
“To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity.
The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries.
“To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity.
The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
It’s work along this trilogy was not only choosing the themes, selecting the texts and pictures, inviting co-author’s but mainly supervising and coordinating the publications that are used as a gift for high rank state persons – not available in libraries.
“To Be Portuguese - The Sea “, “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking”, and “To Be Portuguese - The History” is a trilogy which Artur Victoria considers to be the transmit the aim of the Portuguese national identity.
The first book – “To Be Portuguese - The Sea”, has the introduction of Jorge Sampaio, at the time the President of the Portuguese Republic. The second one “To Be Portuguese - The Thinking” has a great and long introduction by the Finances Minister at the time , Professor Doutor Sousa Franco. The last one, “To Be Portuguese - The History” using themes from the famous painter Carlos Alberto Santos, has the introduction by Professor Doutor José Hermano Saraiva, and forwards from Artur Varatojo and Judge António Pais de Sousa.
Written codes can be divided into disciplinary codes that set the lowest common denominator of conduct and aspirational codes which set out the highest standards to which all should strive. With a disciplinary code, those who fall below the set minimum standard are
punished. The same cannot be true of aspirational codes as anyone who fell short of the best would have to be punished.
Those in favour of disciplinary codes point to the ability to sanction offenders while not intruding onto the individual's moral space. The concern is expressed that we should not "legislate for morality" or that we should not "police what people think but merely what they do". We should have clear rules and sanctions for unacceptable behaviour but beyond that people should be free to do as they please lest we fall subject to a tyranny of the moral majority. This is essentially a liberal argument in favour of law against the enforcement of morality and rests uneasily with the idea of having public sector ethics at all. This issue certainly exercised the minds of several members of the Parliamentary Electoral and Administrative Review Committee. They understood that this would mean abandoning talk of public sector ethics and were happy to come to the conclusion that public sector ethics was inappropriate -what we should be concerned with was an enforceable public sector code of conduct.
This is only one of a number of functions that such a central ethics office might play. The exact mix of functions may vary. In some jurisdictions, another body may carry out one or more of these functions very effectively. However, most of the following functions would very usefully be fulfilled by a central ethics agency.
• System-wide ethics co-ordination: The identification of values and the setting of ethical standards is the key to integrating the 'trinity' of ethical standard-setting, legal regulation, and institutional reform. However, this will not happen by itself. The first role of an ethics office is to help co-ordinate the process.
This reflects the nature of ethics - asking us hard questions about our values, giving honest and public answers, and living up to those answers. Institutions will always face new governance challenges from changes in context or the creation of new temptations and dilemmas. The very process of reform will throw up new issues and unintended consequences.
This issue has three fundamental requirements:
(a) To uphold the principle of shared responsibility of the whole Society for national security and development;
(b) To restore the principle of the integral preservation of Sovereignty, and
(c) To enable the Nation to adopt, with the appropriate adaptations, the reforming criteria characteristic of Military Postmodernism.
Based on the foregoing, I come to the definition that national defence is the set of policies and strategies, based primarily on the Military and Diplomatic Expressions of National Power, aimed at neutralizing any internal or external threats or attacks on National Security as well contribute to National Development.
Still in relationship to a large part of the organized crime (except partly, the terrorist organizations), we can find another common element: the type of Operational Development.
The Operational Development of the activities of organized criminality settles down, usually, according to the following vectors:
a) Extent of national, international and transnational action;
b) Permanent Operational and stabilized, with concerns of tactics and of strategic order;
c) Conjugation of legal businesses and illicit businesses;
d) Chronological Interface and multiple accomplishments of crimes.
The operational development of the organized criminality has these factors.
a) - the reason of being of this criminality type is inside the enlarged extent of territorial activity and permanent organization and stabilized in the prosecution of the criminal activities;
b) - the reason of effectiveness of the organizations, for besides the execution of their objectives I (namely, the economical profits), is into in their flexibility face the deterrent circumstances, in dynamics of tactical and strategic articulation in the capacity of dissimulation of the illicit financing sources (illicit businesses), through the creation and maintenance of licit businesses (real or simulated) that, allow to justify and to "clean" the obtained global profits.
Over the ages, many of our most ambitious undertakings, from pyramids to space exploration, have been achieved only through the combined output of complex assemblages of human, physical, and financial resources.
The process of accumulating, organizing, applying, and maintaining these resources for current and emergent organizational goals are, in a word, administration. And, just as organizations are among man's most notable inventions, administration is one of man's most challenging tasks.
The challenge of administration is not simply the complexity of the process but rather the fact that the administrative "problem" is never completely solved. The variables involved-both external and internal to the organization-are frequently changing, and each change places new or different demands on the administrative process.
It is an essential backstop in persuading officials and citizens to avoid corrupt behaviour. It reinforces ethical standards for the good and provides some potentially strong reasons for those who are not (although the strength of those reasons is limited by the perceived likelihood of detection).
However, the main game it is elsewhere. Law actually has a role to play in that 'main game' by creating institutional structures, setting out the powers of public officials, and monitoring the exercise of those powers under judicial review.
In best practice regimes, law already does these things. However, there are a number of ways of moving beyond best practice. Most of them ensure that the law is 'in synch' with ethical standards and institutional reform so that the three really do operate as a 'trinity' rather than as disparate, uncoordinated, and potentially conflicting integrity measures.
These considerations obviously have to be weighed in management's decisions about where and how to cut.
And this is more than a matter of ethical behaviour. A firm that devastates one community may "get away with it" in terms of that community's ability to strike back. But the firm can substantially harm its reputation, particularly insofar as the firm has explicitly emphasized positive community relations as a matter of corporate policy. If downsizing is necessary, what can be done?
But potential claims of age discrimination (in locations where there are laws against age discrimination) must be attended to. Consequently, when a firm decides it would prefer to prune selectively from its more senior workers, early retirement programs, carefully crafted to avoid any adverse selection and appearance of age discrimination, may be more desirable.
Layoffs targeted at older workers are also unlikely to appear distributive just. Organizations with a culture that emphasizes loyalty will obviously have an especially difficult time with targeting senior workers, as will organizations that depend on slowly developed firm-specific human capital.
A global approach is proposed
Be Credible and Relevant
Don’t compeat with similar projects instead of cooperating
Cooperation in promoting Interdependence, Mutual Prosperity and Universal Values
Aqui desenvolvo a sua anatomia
2 - O PAPEL DA C & T NA PRESERVAÇÃO DO MEIO AMBIENTE
In its original function the Ombudsman is the one, impartial that receives complains and defends the interests of the citizen from improper government actions or omissions.
He is the “guardian of the individual’s interests” on an organized system where the administrative organization works in a routine without caring with particular or more specific case.
There are several possible relationships between Ethics and Law:
1 - The absolute of Positive Law: the law made by the State authorities and a set of norms and axiomatic principles.
That universe is autonomous and self-sufficient; it always has an answer for everything that is put to it. If Positive Law counts, everything else is countless.
Consequence: the greatest atrocities of this century were committed.
One of the legal constructions that correspond to this is the pure theory of Kelsen law. It is pure because it excludes principles that are not are legal imperatives. However, it does not recognize the Positive Law completeness because, when applying the law, there is a duty given to execute the norm, but there is always something new that it introduces, and that novelty and always the responsibility of those who apply the law (normative positivism).
– it can be influenced by the project manager and more generally by lead nodes in a network who choose where and how to distribute knowledge.
The work represented by Morey, Maybury and Thuraisingham provides an excellent evaluation framework for several reasons.
- First, the model(s) are popular and comprehensive. Harvard uses the text in many of its faculties, and each chapter represents a classic work from knowledge management which - when taken together - form a relatively complete picture of the state of knowledge management.
- Second, other models which focus on “core competencies” (another popular field in management) do not perform as well. This literature has encouraged organisations to create “value networks” through “business concept innovation” for “continuous innovation” by exercising “strategic foresight.” Removing the jargon, this approach encourages organisations to learn how to do things collectively better than competitors. Yet, the literature does not explain how these “core competencies” are developed and, in any case, the development of these collective competencies forms the heart of knowledge management. T
- Third, information technology (IT) management has also become a major area of focus among organisations. The main focus of this approach though is on increasing information dissemination and improving business processes (the reduction of cycle times and better input allocations). However, this literature does not address the creation of knowledge which is considered the most important, value added input in modern production.
Although the universities have experienced a certain number of cuts, they are facing a crisis fundamentally different in character from that of the public sector. Universities are faced by a developing crisis of purpose, because their functions have been defined traditionally in terms that are self-justifying, superior to public criticism and divorced from social need.
Increasing numbers of people are questioning the philosophy of university education, which is based on concepts such as 'impartiality', 'knowledge for its own sake', 'excellence', and 'scholarship'. Such questioning is both desirable and necessary, since these concepts provide a theoretical justification for universities to exclude the vast majority of the population, and restrict entry to a small minority; it also helps us to see whether universities are serving the needs of those who do succeed in gaining entry to them.
The elitists claim that specialization in degree-level work sharpens the mind and gives the individual new skills in methods of assimilating and applying knowledge. While the intellectual skills associated with degree courses may assist students in problem-solving, they provide no moral or political framework within which students can evaluate their own expectations and relate these to perceived social needs.
The term civil society is controversial within the Social Sciences. However, for this study, the approach of Ilse Scherer-Warren (2006) will be used, which uses a generic and contemporary notion of the concept that fits the scope of the article: Civil society, although it configures a field composed of heterogeneous social forces, representing the multiplicity and diversity of social segments that make up society, is preferentially related to the sphere of the defense of citizenship and their respective forms of organization around public interests and values, including gratuitousness / altruism, thus distinguishing themselves from two first sectors above [State and Market] that are oriented, also preferentially, by the rationalities of power, regulation and economy. It is important to emphasize, therefore, that civil society will never be exempt from relations and conflicts of power, disputes over hegemony, and diverse and antagonistic social and political representations
The will to satisfy a need, interest or aspiration is not enough. It is necessary that the will be added to the ability to achieve such satisfaction, that is, and there must be the necessary and sufficient means that would integrate the Power. In order to satisfy those needs, interests and aspirations, which are translated as objectives, the Man, moved by his will and at the same time directing it, must use adequate and available means, among which he himself is included.
The power dimension of a social group is based on the set of means at the disposal of the collective will, that is, the common will of the subgroups and individuals. The National Power always reflects the possibilities and limitations of the Men who constitute it and the means at its disposal, in its global characteristics and in the effects of its employment.
The visualization of National Power as a complex and coherent system makes the recognition of integrality one of its defining characteristics. The inter-agent sense of the relations between the Men who constitute it and the means available to that Power, as well as the affirmation of being one and indivisible, aspects more evident when seen under the focus of power in action, reaffirm this integrality and reinforce its systemic character. However, being the manifestation of a social system and, in itself, a system, the Power admits its subdivision for the analysis of its characteristics and value.
The Nation, by organizing itself politically, chooses a way of bringing together, expressing and applying its Power more effectively, by creating a special macro-institution - the State - whom it delegates the power to institute and implement the political-juridical process, the coordination of the collective will and the judicious application of a substantial part of its power.
Thus, State can be conceptualized as:
A politically organized nation that exercises jurisdiction in its territory.
2 – To have Islamic origins by skin face or name is a situation that blocks the access to “Key” intelligence”
3 – Is it possible to recruit informers or moles to work in high security jobs that can whistle the most precious elements to know all about the structure of an important organisation, about the people that work there, the departments work and so on?
Maritime cooperation among countries in the Atlantic is the general philosophy, which underlies this Project. Nevertheless, the Project may be applied/extended to the “countries of network” referred below. The revision of the gaps in international environmental law of the sea and environmental –related instruments towards a more sustainable World by using education, training, dissemination of information and research is the leitmotiv of the Project.
Two phenomena contributed decisively to the "new world order of organized crime": the unification of the European Community (EC), which took shape in the 1990s (now called the European Union - EU) and the end of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR).
The end of the border, in the case of the countries that joined the EU, as well as the absolute lack of political and military control over the extensive territory of the former USSR, opened a corridor, from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific, for the disposal of the products of organizations such as the Sicilian Mafia (Cosa Nostra), the Russian Mafia, the Chinese Triads, the Yakuza (Japanese) and the Colombian Cartels.