The demand for energy has increased tremendously around the whole world due to rapid urbanization... more The demand for energy has increased tremendously around the whole world due to rapid urbanization and booming industrialization. Energy is the major key to achieving an improved social life, but energy production and utilization processes are the main contributors to environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigation of the energy crisis and reduction in pollution (water and air) difficulties are the leading research topics nowadays. Carbonaceous materials offer some of the best solutions to minimize these problems in an easy and effective way. It is also advantageous that the sources of carbon-based materials are economical, the synthesis processes are comfortable, and the applications are environmentally friendly. Among carbonaceous materials, activated carbons, graphene, and carbon nanotubes have shown outstanding performance in mitigating the energy crisis and environmental pollution. These three carbonaceous materials exhibit unique adsorption properties for energ...
Biochar is a promising engineering material to sequestrate organic pollutants from wastewater. In... more Biochar is a promising engineering material to sequestrate organic pollutants from wastewater. In the current study, several surface‐modified Moringa (M.) oleifera leaf biochars were prepared and utilized for the sorption of methyl orange (MO) dye from an aqueous solution. Raw biochar was produced by the carbonization of M. oleifera leaves at 350°C in a muffle furnace for 2 h. The surface‐modified M. oleifera biochars were prepared at 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at different combinations to improve the biochar pore structure, surface functional groups, and biochar stability. The highest surface area (267.15 ± 42.40 m2/g) of the modified biochar was achieved at 500°C with H3PO4 to raw biochar ratio of 1.5. Surface morphological results revealed the formation of pores, troughs, and channels with the increasing activation temperature. The carbon (C) content (wt%) was maximum (79.61%) for activated biochar at 500°C. The presence of enhanced functional groups, e...
Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 2021
Abstract Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an effective and promising treatment technology for the ... more Abstract Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an effective and promising treatment technology for the removal of organic dye compounds in textile wastewater. Hybrid nanostructured semiconductor materials have been extensively applied and received greater attention in the last few decades. In this study, nano structured zinc oxide (ZnO) was doped by silver (Ag) and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles to synthesize Ag/GO/ZnO using the sol–gel technique followed by the heat treatment method. The hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO as observed by SEM was changed to lump/flake shape after doping with Ag and GO onto the ZnO crystal surface. FTIR confirms the stretching vibration of broad O–H groups with adsorbed H2O molecules. The broad absorption edge of Ag/GO/ZnO nanocomposite shifted to the visible-light region with the reduced band gap energy of 3.22 eV as compared to 3.34 for ZnO. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye (15 mgL−1) under 100 W UV irradiation was84.67%, 88.13%, and 97.53%, for ZnO, Ag/ZnO, and Ag/GO/ZnO nanocomposites, respectively, at the same dose of photocatalyst (0.300 g) and pH 11.0for3 h UV irradiation. The best fitted kinetic of photocatalytic studies were showed a pseudo-first-order reaction model and the respective rate constants were found to be 0.0129 min−1, 0.0149 min−1, and 0.5198 min−1, for ZnO, Ag/ZnO, and Ag/GO/ZnO nanocomposites, respectively. The enriched photodegradation activity of Ag/GO/ZnO nanocomposite indicates the potential of the nanocomposite for the treatment of organic pollutants from the textile wastewater.
In the modern world, as the population rises and fossil fuel supplies decline, energy demands con... more In the modern world, as the population rises and fossil fuel supplies decline, energy demands continue to rise. Moreover, the use of fossil fuels harms the ecology, contributing to pollution and global warming. In order to overcome these difficulties, several approaches are revealed, such as the utilization of biomass as a renewable source of energy. Studies revealed that biomass can be converted into bioenergy via several thermal conversion processes, like pyrolysis, gasification, and torrefaction. Pyrolysis is the most convenient process to obtain three different types of biofuels (biochar as a solid, bio-oil as a liquid, and syngas as a gas). The biofuels produced in this process are normally lower in quality and cannot be used directly as fuel because they contain many undesirable components. Catalytic pyrolysis is one of the best processes to upgrade the quality of biofuels. Several varieties of catalysts are used in the catalytic pyrolysis process (ex situ and in situ). Due to...
Energy demands keep increasing in this modern world as the world population increases, which lead... more Energy demands keep increasing in this modern world as the world population increases, which leads to a reduction in fossil fuels. To resolve these challenges, Pennisetum purpureum, an invasive grass in Brunei Darussalam, was examined as the feedstock for renewable energy through a catalytic pyrolysis process. The activated carbon was applied as the catalyst for a simple and economical solution. The catalytic pyrolysis was executed at 500 °C (the temperature for the highest biofuel yield) for both reactors to produce the highest amount of upgraded biofuels. The biochar produced from the non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis processes showed a consistent yield due to stable operating conditions, from which the activated carbon was generated and used as the catalyst in this work. A significant amount of improvement was found in the production of biofuels, especially bio-oil. It was found that for catalysts, the number of phenolic, alcohol, furans, and ketones was increased by reducing...
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a system that can generate electricity by harnessing microorganism... more A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a system that can generate electricity by harnessing microorganisms’ metabolic activity. MFCs can be used in wastewater treatment plants since they can convert the organic matter in wastewater into electricity while also removing pollutants. The microorganisms in the anode electrode oxidize the organic matter, breaking down pollutants and generating electrons that flow through an electrical circuit to the cathode compartment. This process also generates clean water as a byproduct, which can be reused or released back into the environment. MFCs offer a more energy-efficient alternative to traditional wastewater treatment plants, as they can generate electricity from the organic matter in wastewater, offsetting the energy needs of the treatment plants. The energy requirements of conventional wastewater treatment plants can add to the overall cost of the treatment process and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. MFCs in wastewater treatment plants can ...
The advancement in water treatment technology has revolutionized the progress of membrane bioreac... more The advancement in water treatment technology has revolutionized the progress of membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology in the modern era. The large space requirement, low efficiency, and high cost of the traditional activated sludge process have given the necessary space for the MBR system to come into action. The conventional activated sludge (CAS) process and tertiary filtration can be replaced by immersed and side-stream MBR. This article outlines the historical advancement of the MBR process in the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters. The structural features and design parameters of MBR, e.g., membrane surface properties, permeate flux, retention time, pH, alkalinity, temperature, cleaning frequency, etc., highly influence the efficiency of the MBR process. The submerged MBR can handle lower permeate flux (requires less power), whereas the side-stream MBR can handle higher permeate flux (requires more power). However, MBR has some operational issues with conventiona...
The demand for energy has increased tremendously around the whole world due to rapid urbanization... more The demand for energy has increased tremendously around the whole world due to rapid urbanization and booming industrialization. Energy is the major key to achieving an improved social life, but energy production and utilization processes are the main contributors to environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigation of the energy crisis and reduction in pollution (water and air) difficulties are the leading research topics nowadays. Carbonaceous materials offer some of the best solutions to minimize these problems in an easy and effective way. It is also advantageous that the sources of carbon-based materials are economical, the synthesis processes are comfortable, and the applications are environmentally friendly. Among carbonaceous materials, activated carbons, graphene, and carbon nanotubes have shown outstanding performance in mitigating the energy crisis and environmental pollution. These three carbonaceous materials exhibit unique adsorption properties for energ...
Biochar is a promising engineering material to sequestrate organic pollutants from wastewater. In... more Biochar is a promising engineering material to sequestrate organic pollutants from wastewater. In the current study, several surface‐modified Moringa (M.) oleifera leaf biochars were prepared and utilized for the sorption of methyl orange (MO) dye from an aqueous solution. Raw biochar was produced by the carbonization of M. oleifera leaves at 350°C in a muffle furnace for 2 h. The surface‐modified M. oleifera biochars were prepared at 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at different combinations to improve the biochar pore structure, surface functional groups, and biochar stability. The highest surface area (267.15 ± 42.40 m2/g) of the modified biochar was achieved at 500°C with H3PO4 to raw biochar ratio of 1.5. Surface morphological results revealed the formation of pores, troughs, and channels with the increasing activation temperature. The carbon (C) content (wt%) was maximum (79.61%) for activated biochar at 500°C. The presence of enhanced functional groups, e...
Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 2021
Abstract Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an effective and promising treatment technology for the ... more Abstract Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an effective and promising treatment technology for the removal of organic dye compounds in textile wastewater. Hybrid nanostructured semiconductor materials have been extensively applied and received greater attention in the last few decades. In this study, nano structured zinc oxide (ZnO) was doped by silver (Ag) and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles to synthesize Ag/GO/ZnO using the sol–gel technique followed by the heat treatment method. The hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO as observed by SEM was changed to lump/flake shape after doping with Ag and GO onto the ZnO crystal surface. FTIR confirms the stretching vibration of broad O–H groups with adsorbed H2O molecules. The broad absorption edge of Ag/GO/ZnO nanocomposite shifted to the visible-light region with the reduced band gap energy of 3.22 eV as compared to 3.34 for ZnO. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye (15 mgL−1) under 100 W UV irradiation was84.67%, 88.13%, and 97.53%, for ZnO, Ag/ZnO, and Ag/GO/ZnO nanocomposites, respectively, at the same dose of photocatalyst (0.300 g) and pH 11.0for3 h UV irradiation. The best fitted kinetic of photocatalytic studies were showed a pseudo-first-order reaction model and the respective rate constants were found to be 0.0129 min−1, 0.0149 min−1, and 0.5198 min−1, for ZnO, Ag/ZnO, and Ag/GO/ZnO nanocomposites, respectively. The enriched photodegradation activity of Ag/GO/ZnO nanocomposite indicates the potential of the nanocomposite for the treatment of organic pollutants from the textile wastewater.
In the modern world, as the population rises and fossil fuel supplies decline, energy demands con... more In the modern world, as the population rises and fossil fuel supplies decline, energy demands continue to rise. Moreover, the use of fossil fuels harms the ecology, contributing to pollution and global warming. In order to overcome these difficulties, several approaches are revealed, such as the utilization of biomass as a renewable source of energy. Studies revealed that biomass can be converted into bioenergy via several thermal conversion processes, like pyrolysis, gasification, and torrefaction. Pyrolysis is the most convenient process to obtain three different types of biofuels (biochar as a solid, bio-oil as a liquid, and syngas as a gas). The biofuels produced in this process are normally lower in quality and cannot be used directly as fuel because they contain many undesirable components. Catalytic pyrolysis is one of the best processes to upgrade the quality of biofuels. Several varieties of catalysts are used in the catalytic pyrolysis process (ex situ and in situ). Due to...
Energy demands keep increasing in this modern world as the world population increases, which lead... more Energy demands keep increasing in this modern world as the world population increases, which leads to a reduction in fossil fuels. To resolve these challenges, Pennisetum purpureum, an invasive grass in Brunei Darussalam, was examined as the feedstock for renewable energy through a catalytic pyrolysis process. The activated carbon was applied as the catalyst for a simple and economical solution. The catalytic pyrolysis was executed at 500 °C (the temperature for the highest biofuel yield) for both reactors to produce the highest amount of upgraded biofuels. The biochar produced from the non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis processes showed a consistent yield due to stable operating conditions, from which the activated carbon was generated and used as the catalyst in this work. A significant amount of improvement was found in the production of biofuels, especially bio-oil. It was found that for catalysts, the number of phenolic, alcohol, furans, and ketones was increased by reducing...
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a system that can generate electricity by harnessing microorganism... more A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a system that can generate electricity by harnessing microorganisms’ metabolic activity. MFCs can be used in wastewater treatment plants since they can convert the organic matter in wastewater into electricity while also removing pollutants. The microorganisms in the anode electrode oxidize the organic matter, breaking down pollutants and generating electrons that flow through an electrical circuit to the cathode compartment. This process also generates clean water as a byproduct, which can be reused or released back into the environment. MFCs offer a more energy-efficient alternative to traditional wastewater treatment plants, as they can generate electricity from the organic matter in wastewater, offsetting the energy needs of the treatment plants. The energy requirements of conventional wastewater treatment plants can add to the overall cost of the treatment process and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. MFCs in wastewater treatment plants can ...
The advancement in water treatment technology has revolutionized the progress of membrane bioreac... more The advancement in water treatment technology has revolutionized the progress of membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology in the modern era. The large space requirement, low efficiency, and high cost of the traditional activated sludge process have given the necessary space for the MBR system to come into action. The conventional activated sludge (CAS) process and tertiary filtration can be replaced by immersed and side-stream MBR. This article outlines the historical advancement of the MBR process in the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters. The structural features and design parameters of MBR, e.g., membrane surface properties, permeate flux, retention time, pH, alkalinity, temperature, cleaning frequency, etc., highly influence the efficiency of the MBR process. The submerged MBR can handle lower permeate flux (requires less power), whereas the side-stream MBR can handle higher permeate flux (requires more power). However, MBR has some operational issues with conventiona...
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