When sequences of discrete events, or other units, are independently coded by two coders using a ... more When sequences of discrete events, or other units, are independently coded by two coders using a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive codes, but onset times are not preserved, it is often unclear how pairs of protocols should be aligned, yet such alignment is required before Cohen’s kappa, a common agreement statistic, can be computed. We describe a method—based on the Needleman and Wunsch (1970) algorithm originally devised for aligning nucleotide sequences—for optimally aligning such sequences, and offer evidence from a simulation study regarding the behavior of alignment kappa under a variety of circumstances, including observer accuracy, number of codes, sequence length, code variability, and parameters governing the alignment algorithm. We conclude that: (a) under most reasonable circumstances, observer accuracies of 90 % or better result in alignment kappas of.60 or better; (b) generally, alignment kappas are not strongly affected by sequence length, the number of codes, o...
Random assignment of intervention points in two phase single-case designs: Data-division-specific... more Random assignment of intervention points in two phase single-case designs: Data-division-specific distributions
Visual inspection remains the most frequently applied method for detecting treatment effects in s... more Visual inspection remains the most frequently applied method for detecting treatment effects in single-case designs. The advantages and limitations of visual inference are here discussed in relation to other procedures for assessing intervention effectiveness. The first part of the paper reviews previous research on visual analysis, paying special attention to the validation of visual analysts' decisions, inter-judge agreement, and false alarm and omission rates. The most relevant factors affecting visual inspection (i.e., effect size, autocorrelation, data variability, and analysts' expertise) are highlighted and incorporated into an empirical simulation study with the aim of providing further evidence about the reliability of visual analysis. Our results concur with previous studies that have reported the relationship between serial dependence and increased Type I rates. Participants with greater experience appeared to be more conservative and used more consistent criteria...
Abstract Taking a detour to reach a goal is intelligent behavior based on making inferences. The ... more Abstract Taking a detour to reach a goal is intelligent behavior based on making inferences. The main purpose of the present research is to show how such apparently complex behavior can emerge from basic mechanisms such as contextual categorisation and goal attribution ...
Monte Carlo simulation was used to determine how violation of the independence assumption affects... more Monte Carlo simulation was used to determine how violation of the independence assumption affects the empirical probability distribution and Type I error rates of Revusky's Rn statistical test. Simulation results show that the probability distribution of Rn was distorted when the ...
Among observational researchers, a single data logging approach is becoming increasingly standard... more Among observational researchers, a single data logging approach is becoming increasingly standard [1]. Working with digital multimedia recordings displayed on computer monitors, observers depress keys to note onsets of events. Offsets may be explicitly logged as well, or inferred from the onset of a later coded event in the same mutually exclusive and exhaustive (ME&E) set. With such instrumentation, continuously alert observers (continuous sampling) log data in a way that allows frequency, duration, co-occurrence, and contingency information to be derived later.
Social organization in primate societies is a complex and self-organized phenomenon that integrat... more Social organization in primate societies is a complex and self-organized phenomenon that integrates kinship, competition and cooperation behaviors, and which can be explained using simple rules according to the adaptive behavior approach. Although it is not currently a common approach in Primatology, some incipient agent-based simulations have been used in order to study the emergence patterns of social organization in primates. Hemelrijk [1] presented an agent-based model, called DomWorld, where dominance interactions (i.e., dyadic agonist encounters between two agents) determines both the dominance hierarchy and the spatial distribution of group members observed in macaque societies. More recently, and based on the co-variation hypothesis [2], Puga-Gonzalez et al. [3] developed GrooFiWorld, an agent-based model that is an extension of DomWorld and includes agonistic and affiliative behaviors in order to reproduce the emergence of patterns of social organization observed in macaque...
Información del artículo ROSEN: Un algoritmo en pirámide para la detención figura-fondo mediante ... more Información del artículo ROSEN: Un algoritmo en pirámide para la detención figura-fondo mediante el cálculo de biodalidades.
Modifications and extensions that facilitate using GSEQ with standard statistical packages such a... more Modifications and extensions that facilitate using GSEQ with standard statistical packages such as SPSS are described, and some examples of analyses with exported data are shown. GSEQ is a general purpose software for analyzing sequences of interactive behavior. GSEQ for Windows (GSW) is a major update of SDIS-GSEQ, a previously published version that ran under DOS. Original SDIS-GSEQ for DOS permitted factors and levels of factors to be identified with numbers. Version 4.0 for Windows permits names, which have greater mnemonic value, to be used as well. The EXPORT command as extended in GSEQ Version 4.0 permits users to specify which statistics from two-dimensional lag tables should be added to an export file and the SEND command permits users to specify which simple statistics for various codes should be added to an export file. GSEQ export files contain unit numbers, information about factor levels if any, and values for selected statistics. Such files can be imported into SPSS a...
One of the classic research topics in adaptive behavior is the collective displacement of groups ... more One of the classic research topics in adaptive behavior is the collective displacement of groups of organisms such as flocks of birds, schools of fish, herds of mammals and crowds of people. However, most agent-based simulations of group behavior do not provide a quantitative index for determining the point at which the flock emerges. We have developed an index of the aggregation of moving individuals in a flock and have provided an example of how it can be used to quantify the degree to which a group of moving individuals actually forms a flock. Index of flocking behavior 3 Measuring flocking behavior: An index for quantifying the coordinated movement of individuals Moving in a coordinated way is common behavior throughout nature. Flocks of birds, schools of fish, herds of mammals and even crowds of people are systems composed of a certain number of individual entities that coordinate their movements in order to achieve coherent displacement. All these systems share common properti...
Información del artículo Detección de estructuras figura-fondo mediante algoritmos en pirámide y ... more Información del artículo Detección de estructuras figura-fondo mediante algoritmos en pirámide y cálculo de bimodalidades.
When sequences of discrete events, or other units, are independently coded by two coders using a ... more When sequences of discrete events, or other units, are independently coded by two coders using a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive codes, but onset times are not preserved, it is often unclear how pairs of protocols should be aligned, yet such alignment is required before Cohen’s kappa, a common agreement statistic, can be computed. We describe a method—based on the Needleman and Wunsch (1970) algorithm originally devised for aligning nucleotide sequences—for optimally aligning such sequences, and offer evidence from a simulation study regarding the behavior of alignment kappa under a variety of circumstances, including observer accuracy, number of codes, sequence length, code variability, and parameters governing the alignment algorithm. We conclude that: (a) under most reasonable circumstances, observer accuracies of 90 % or better result in alignment kappas of.60 or better; (b) generally, alignment kappas are not strongly affected by sequence length, the number of codes, o...
Random assignment of intervention points in two phase single-case designs: Data-division-specific... more Random assignment of intervention points in two phase single-case designs: Data-division-specific distributions
Visual inspection remains the most frequently applied method for detecting treatment effects in s... more Visual inspection remains the most frequently applied method for detecting treatment effects in single-case designs. The advantages and limitations of visual inference are here discussed in relation to other procedures for assessing intervention effectiveness. The first part of the paper reviews previous research on visual analysis, paying special attention to the validation of visual analysts' decisions, inter-judge agreement, and false alarm and omission rates. The most relevant factors affecting visual inspection (i.e., effect size, autocorrelation, data variability, and analysts' expertise) are highlighted and incorporated into an empirical simulation study with the aim of providing further evidence about the reliability of visual analysis. Our results concur with previous studies that have reported the relationship between serial dependence and increased Type I rates. Participants with greater experience appeared to be more conservative and used more consistent criteria...
Abstract Taking a detour to reach a goal is intelligent behavior based on making inferences. The ... more Abstract Taking a detour to reach a goal is intelligent behavior based on making inferences. The main purpose of the present research is to show how such apparently complex behavior can emerge from basic mechanisms such as contextual categorisation and goal attribution ...
Monte Carlo simulation was used to determine how violation of the independence assumption affects... more Monte Carlo simulation was used to determine how violation of the independence assumption affects the empirical probability distribution and Type I error rates of Revusky's Rn statistical test. Simulation results show that the probability distribution of Rn was distorted when the ...
Among observational researchers, a single data logging approach is becoming increasingly standard... more Among observational researchers, a single data logging approach is becoming increasingly standard [1]. Working with digital multimedia recordings displayed on computer monitors, observers depress keys to note onsets of events. Offsets may be explicitly logged as well, or inferred from the onset of a later coded event in the same mutually exclusive and exhaustive (ME&E) set. With such instrumentation, continuously alert observers (continuous sampling) log data in a way that allows frequency, duration, co-occurrence, and contingency information to be derived later.
Social organization in primate societies is a complex and self-organized phenomenon that integrat... more Social organization in primate societies is a complex and self-organized phenomenon that integrates kinship, competition and cooperation behaviors, and which can be explained using simple rules according to the adaptive behavior approach. Although it is not currently a common approach in Primatology, some incipient agent-based simulations have been used in order to study the emergence patterns of social organization in primates. Hemelrijk [1] presented an agent-based model, called DomWorld, where dominance interactions (i.e., dyadic agonist encounters between two agents) determines both the dominance hierarchy and the spatial distribution of group members observed in macaque societies. More recently, and based on the co-variation hypothesis [2], Puga-Gonzalez et al. [3] developed GrooFiWorld, an agent-based model that is an extension of DomWorld and includes agonistic and affiliative behaviors in order to reproduce the emergence of patterns of social organization observed in macaque...
Información del artículo ROSEN: Un algoritmo en pirámide para la detención figura-fondo mediante ... more Información del artículo ROSEN: Un algoritmo en pirámide para la detención figura-fondo mediante el cálculo de biodalidades.
Modifications and extensions that facilitate using GSEQ with standard statistical packages such a... more Modifications and extensions that facilitate using GSEQ with standard statistical packages such as SPSS are described, and some examples of analyses with exported data are shown. GSEQ is a general purpose software for analyzing sequences of interactive behavior. GSEQ for Windows (GSW) is a major update of SDIS-GSEQ, a previously published version that ran under DOS. Original SDIS-GSEQ for DOS permitted factors and levels of factors to be identified with numbers. Version 4.0 for Windows permits names, which have greater mnemonic value, to be used as well. The EXPORT command as extended in GSEQ Version 4.0 permits users to specify which statistics from two-dimensional lag tables should be added to an export file and the SEND command permits users to specify which simple statistics for various codes should be added to an export file. GSEQ export files contain unit numbers, information about factor levels if any, and values for selected statistics. Such files can be imported into SPSS a...
One of the classic research topics in adaptive behavior is the collective displacement of groups ... more One of the classic research topics in adaptive behavior is the collective displacement of groups of organisms such as flocks of birds, schools of fish, herds of mammals and crowds of people. However, most agent-based simulations of group behavior do not provide a quantitative index for determining the point at which the flock emerges. We have developed an index of the aggregation of moving individuals in a flock and have provided an example of how it can be used to quantify the degree to which a group of moving individuals actually forms a flock. Index of flocking behavior 3 Measuring flocking behavior: An index for quantifying the coordinated movement of individuals Moving in a coordinated way is common behavior throughout nature. Flocks of birds, schools of fish, herds of mammals and even crowds of people are systems composed of a certain number of individual entities that coordinate their movements in order to achieve coherent displacement. All these systems share common properti...
Información del artículo Detección de estructuras figura-fondo mediante algoritmos en pirámide y ... more Información del artículo Detección de estructuras figura-fondo mediante algoritmos en pirámide y cálculo de bimodalidades.
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