Women on boards of directors: An analysis of the effect of the Spanish Royal Decree Law of 2019, 2023
The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of the Spanish Royal Decree Law of 2019 that... more The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of the Spanish Royal Decree Law of 2019 that made it mandatory for Spanish listed companies with more than 100 employees to prepare an equality plan and to implement it in a transitional period of up to two years, facing sanctions otherwise. Now that the two years are due, the effect of this legislation has been analyzed using data on the boards of directors of Spanish listed companies from the National Securities Market Commission (Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores) from 2017 to 2021. Several regression models are proposed to check the impact of the law on the percentage of women on the boards of directors (BODs). Likewise, the percentage of women on boards of directors is compared to the percentage of women occupying the positions of executive directors, arguably holding more power within the company. Results show that the effect of the Royal Decree Law of 2019 is not statistically significant, and that the yearly increase of women on BODs was not parallel to an increase of women as executive directors. Leaving aside the limited statistical validity of this study due to the reduced availability of data, plausible conclusions are that other approaches such as stricter legislation or complementary support policies might be needed to ensure a balanced representation on BODs and women’s access to the positions of most power, such as executive directors.
Exploring the validity of the six-dimensional cultural model: A replication of Hofstede’s research among young adults from gen Z, 2023
The motivation for this research is to find whether Hofstede’s six-dimensional model for studying... more The motivation for this research is to find whether Hofstede’s six-dimensional model for studying cultures is still valid among a specific subgroup of Gen Z: international young adults aged 20-29, with at least 14 years of formal education. To address this, the Value Survey Module 2013 questionnaire was administered to a sample of 128 young adults from Spain, Austria, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and the USA and the information gathered was used to build the indexes for each of the six dimensions. The relative country scores were then compared to the ones made available by Hofstede and his colleagues. The results suggest that while some of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions still hold, for others there is significant variation between the obtained scores and the ones made available by Hofstede. Likewise, an analysis by gender and by professional background was performed. Results confirmed no differences in the scores between genders and showed that the only dimension that varied depending on the work experience of the respondents was indulgence vs. restraint. All in all, this study contributes to the current conversation about the validity of Hofstede's cultural dimensions model in the context of increasingly permeable cultures. Besides, it points to a potential research field for Human Resource Management in order to effectively deal with cultural traits of gen Z.
Women on boards of directors: An analysis of the effect of the Spanish Royal Decree Law of 2019, 2023
The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of the Spanish Royal Decree Law of 2019 that... more The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of the Spanish Royal Decree Law of 2019 that made it mandatory for Spanish listed companies with more than 100 employees to prepare an equality plan and to implement it in a transitional period of up to two years, facing sanctions otherwise. Now that the two years are due, the effect of this legislation has been analyzed using data on the boards of directors of Spanish listed companies from the National Securities Market Commission (Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores) from 2017 to 2021. Several regression models are proposed to check the impact of the law on the percentage of women on the boards of directors (BODs). Likewise, the percentage of women on boards of directors is compared to the percentage of women occupying the positions of executive directors, arguably holding more power within the company. Results show that the effect of the Royal Decree Law of 2019 is not statistically significant, and that the yearly increase of women on BODs was not parallel to an increase of women as executive directors. Leaving aside the limited statistical validity of this study due to the reduced availability of data, plausible conclusions are that other approaches such as stricter legislation or complementary support policies might be needed to ensure a balanced representation on BODs and women’s access to the positions of most power, such as executive directors.
Exploring the validity of the six-dimensional cultural model: A replication of Hofstede’s research among young adults from gen Z, 2023
The motivation for this research is to find whether Hofstede’s six-dimensional model for studying... more The motivation for this research is to find whether Hofstede’s six-dimensional model for studying cultures is still valid among a specific subgroup of Gen Z: international young adults aged 20-29, with at least 14 years of formal education. To address this, the Value Survey Module 2013 questionnaire was administered to a sample of 128 young adults from Spain, Austria, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and the USA and the information gathered was used to build the indexes for each of the six dimensions. The relative country scores were then compared to the ones made available by Hofstede and his colleagues. The results suggest that while some of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions still hold, for others there is significant variation between the obtained scores and the ones made available by Hofstede. Likewise, an analysis by gender and by professional background was performed. Results confirmed no differences in the scores between genders and showed that the only dimension that varied depending on the work experience of the respondents was indulgence vs. restraint. All in all, this study contributes to the current conversation about the validity of Hofstede's cultural dimensions model in the context of increasingly permeable cultures. Besides, it points to a potential research field for Human Resource Management in order to effectively deal with cultural traits of gen Z.
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Papers by ANGELA LOPEZ RIVAS