Health benefits of whole grains (WG) are well known, yet consumption by Americans falls far short... more Health benefits of whole grains (WG) are well known, yet consumption by Americans falls far short of recommended amounts. A key barrier to WG consumption may be related to taste. Roughly 75% of Ame...
BackgroundGut microbial diversity and abundance can profoundly impact human health.Research has s... more BackgroundGut microbial diversity and abundance can profoundly impact human health.Research has shown that obese individuals are likely to have altered microbiota compared to lean individuals. Obes...
Objectives To compare self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness with biological markers assoc... more Objectives To compare self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness with biological markers associated with appetite and satiety in men and women who are habitual dairy consumers (DC) vs limited dairy consumers (LD). We hypothesize that the DC group will have different appetite perceptions along with different concentrations of the hunger hormone, ghrelin, and the anabolic hormone, insulin, before and following a mixed meal challenge. Methods Adults from a cross-sectional study who completed the Block food frequency questionnaire were categorized as DC (n = 40, consumed >2 cup-eq/d of milk, yogurt, and/or cheese), or LD (n = 37, consumed < ½ cup-eq/d of dairy). On a test day, overnight fasted and postprandial blood samples were collected after a (non-dairy) mixed meal challenge at 30 min, 3h, and 6h. Feelings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption were measured by visual analog scales (VAS) in the fasted state, and immediately following the mixed meal ...
To compare self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness with biological markers associated with ... more To compare self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness with biological markers associated with appetite and satiety in men and women who are habitual dairy consumers (DC) vs limited dairy consumers (LD). We hypothesize that the DC group will have different appetite perceptions along with different concentrations of the hunger hormone, ghrelin, and the anabolic hormone, insulin, before and following a mixed meal challenge. Adults from a cross-sectional study who completed the Block food frequency questionnaire were categorized as DC (n = 40, consumed >2 cup-eq/d of milk, yogurt, and/or cheese), or LD (n = 37, consumed < ½ cup-eq/d of dairy). On a test day, overnight fasted and postprandial blood samples were collected after a (non-dairy) mixed meal challenge at 30 min, 3h, and 6h. Feelings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption were measured by visual analog scales (VAS) in the fasted state, and immediately following the mixed meal at 20 min, 40 min, ...
The majority of research on the physiological effects of dietary resistant starch type 2 (RS2) ha... more The majority of research on the physiological effects of dietary resistant starch type 2 (RS2) has focused on sources derived from high-amylose maize. In this study, we conduct a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial investigating the effects of RS2 from wheat on glycemic response, an important indicator of metabolic health, and the gut microbiota. Overall, consumption of RS2-enriched wheat rolls for one week resulted in reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses relative to conventional wheat when participants were provided with a standard breakfast meal containing the respective treatment rolls (RS2-enriched or conventional wheat). This was accompanied by an increase in the proportions of bacterial taxa Ruminococcus and Gemmiger in the fecal contents, reflecting the composition in the distal intestine. Additionally, fasting breath hydrogen and methane were increased during RS2-enriched wheat consumption. However, although changes in fecal short-chai...
This study was designed to determine if providing wheat, corn, and rice as whole (WG) or refined ... more This study was designed to determine if providing wheat, corn, and rice as whole (WG) or refined grains (RG) under free-living conditions will change parameters of health over a six-week intervention in healthy, habitual non-WG consumers. Measurements of body composition, fecal microbiota, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides were made at baseline and post intervention. Subjects were given adequate servings of either WG or RG products based on their caloric need and asked to keep records of grain consumption, bowel movements, and GI symptoms weekly. After six weeks, subjects repeated baseline testing. Significant decreases in total, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol were seen after the WG treatments but were not observed in the RG treatment. During Week 6, bowel movement frequency increased with increased WG consumption. No significant differences in microbiota were seen between baseline and post interv...
Objectives The glucostatic theory of appetite suggests that changes in blood glucose determine hu... more Objectives The glucostatic theory of appetite suggests that changes in blood glucose determine hunger and food intake behavior. While, this is the most popular theory to date it is not without controversy. Our goal was to evaluate this theory in an acute buffet meal challenge setting. Methods Overweight and obese (BMI: 32.9 ± 2.6 kg/m2) men and women (n = 21 and 50 respectively) were tested in a daylong satiety protocol. After an overnight fast, blood draws and self-reported visual analog scores for appetite questions were obtained at the following times: 2 times at fasting, 5 times after a breakfast meal providing 25% of energy need, and 12 times after a lunch meal with 40% of energy need 4 h after breakfast. Satiety hormones (plasma insulin, ghrelin, amylin, PYY, CCK, GIP and GLP-1) and plasma glucose and triglycerides were measured. A buffet dinner was offered beginning 4 h after lunch and participants self-selected the time and duration for this meal. The inter-meal interval bet...
To identify associations between circulating endocannabinoids and craving during the luteal phase... more To identify associations between circulating endocannabinoids and craving during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This report is a secondary analysis of a trial registered in clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01407692. Seventeen premenopausal women were studied during the follicular and luteal phases of their menstrual cycle. Previously we had reported fasting plasma estradiol, progesterone, leptin associations with luteal phase cravings for carbohydrate, fat, sweet-rich foods, and eating behavior. Here, we measured fasting plasma endocannabinoids (ECs) endocannabinoid-like substances (ECLs), and postprandial metabolic responses to a mixed meal challenge. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate relationships between measured variables and cravings. Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and postprandial lipids were inversely associated with craving sweet-rich foods, while progesterone was positively associated (RMSEA = 0.041, χ p: 0.416 i.e. hypothetical and physiological models not diff...
Objective: To understand the association between ovarian hormones, non-acute satiety hormones and... more Objective: To understand the association between ovarian hormones, non-acute satiety hormones and craving calorie dense foods in the luteal phase. Methods: 17 premenopausal women, mean age 23.2 y, mean BMI 22.4 kg/m 2 with regular menstrual cycles were studied during late follicular (FP) and luteal phases (LP). Estradiol, progesterone, DHEAS, SHBG, insulin and leptin, were measured in fasting samples. The validated Food Craving Inventory was used to record the types of foods volunteers habitually ate-rich in fat, carbohydrate or sweet taste, as well as craved during the LP of their menstrual cycle. Results: Estradiol was inversely associated with leptin in FP (r =-0.62, p = 0.01). Leptin was inversely associated with habitual intake of sweet foods, in both phases (FP: r =-0.64, p = 0.01; LP: r =-0.63, p = 0.01). SHBG in LP was positively associated with craving sweet and carbohydrate rich foods. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed two groups of women, one with high estradiol, high estradiol/leptin ratio, high sweet and carbohydrate cravings (p<0.05); the other group had lower estradiol, lower estradiol/leptin ratio, and reported less craving. Conclusions: The estradiol-leptin axis may be a determinant of luteal phase craving and habitual food intake in menstruating women.
Recent data show that atherosclerosis is initiated and perpetuated by inflammatory events. Activa... more Recent data show that atherosclerosis is initiated and perpetuated by inflammatory events. Activation of immune cells such as monocytes initiates inflammation, a key step in atherosclerosis. We hypothesize that a high-glycemic load meal activates inflammatory cells, and that this is mediated by elevated circulating triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Sixteen women [body mass index (in kg/m2): 25.7-29.6], aged 20-48 y, consumed meals with a high or a low glycemic load in a crossover fashion. Blood samples were collected before and up to 8 h after the meals. Samples were measured for glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols, and circulating cytokines, and expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) was measured by flow cytometry. At 3.5 h after the test meals, we observed a significant increase in monocytes expressing TNF-alpha with both high-and low-glycemic load meals. Also, expression of IL-1beta in monocytes tended to increase, but the change wa...
Health benefits of whole grains (WG) are well known, yet consumption by Americans falls far short... more Health benefits of whole grains (WG) are well known, yet consumption by Americans falls far short of recommended amounts. A key barrier to WG consumption may be related to taste. Roughly 75% of Ame...
BackgroundGut microbial diversity and abundance can profoundly impact human health.Research has s... more BackgroundGut microbial diversity and abundance can profoundly impact human health.Research has shown that obese individuals are likely to have altered microbiota compared to lean individuals. Obes...
Objectives To compare self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness with biological markers assoc... more Objectives To compare self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness with biological markers associated with appetite and satiety in men and women who are habitual dairy consumers (DC) vs limited dairy consumers (LD). We hypothesize that the DC group will have different appetite perceptions along with different concentrations of the hunger hormone, ghrelin, and the anabolic hormone, insulin, before and following a mixed meal challenge. Methods Adults from a cross-sectional study who completed the Block food frequency questionnaire were categorized as DC (n = 40, consumed >2 cup-eq/d of milk, yogurt, and/or cheese), or LD (n = 37, consumed < ½ cup-eq/d of dairy). On a test day, overnight fasted and postprandial blood samples were collected after a (non-dairy) mixed meal challenge at 30 min, 3h, and 6h. Feelings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption were measured by visual analog scales (VAS) in the fasted state, and immediately following the mixed meal ...
To compare self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness with biological markers associated with ... more To compare self-reported feelings of hunger and fullness with biological markers associated with appetite and satiety in men and women who are habitual dairy consumers (DC) vs limited dairy consumers (LD). We hypothesize that the DC group will have different appetite perceptions along with different concentrations of the hunger hormone, ghrelin, and the anabolic hormone, insulin, before and following a mixed meal challenge. Adults from a cross-sectional study who completed the Block food frequency questionnaire were categorized as DC (n = 40, consumed >2 cup-eq/d of milk, yogurt, and/or cheese), or LD (n = 37, consumed < ½ cup-eq/d of dairy). On a test day, overnight fasted and postprandial blood samples were collected after a (non-dairy) mixed meal challenge at 30 min, 3h, and 6h. Feelings of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption were measured by visual analog scales (VAS) in the fasted state, and immediately following the mixed meal at 20 min, 40 min, ...
The majority of research on the physiological effects of dietary resistant starch type 2 (RS2) ha... more The majority of research on the physiological effects of dietary resistant starch type 2 (RS2) has focused on sources derived from high-amylose maize. In this study, we conduct a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial investigating the effects of RS2 from wheat on glycemic response, an important indicator of metabolic health, and the gut microbiota. Overall, consumption of RS2-enriched wheat rolls for one week resulted in reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses relative to conventional wheat when participants were provided with a standard breakfast meal containing the respective treatment rolls (RS2-enriched or conventional wheat). This was accompanied by an increase in the proportions of bacterial taxa Ruminococcus and Gemmiger in the fecal contents, reflecting the composition in the distal intestine. Additionally, fasting breath hydrogen and methane were increased during RS2-enriched wheat consumption. However, although changes in fecal short-chai...
This study was designed to determine if providing wheat, corn, and rice as whole (WG) or refined ... more This study was designed to determine if providing wheat, corn, and rice as whole (WG) or refined grains (RG) under free-living conditions will change parameters of health over a six-week intervention in healthy, habitual non-WG consumers. Measurements of body composition, fecal microbiota, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides were made at baseline and post intervention. Subjects were given adequate servings of either WG or RG products based on their caloric need and asked to keep records of grain consumption, bowel movements, and GI symptoms weekly. After six weeks, subjects repeated baseline testing. Significant decreases in total, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol were seen after the WG treatments but were not observed in the RG treatment. During Week 6, bowel movement frequency increased with increased WG consumption. No significant differences in microbiota were seen between baseline and post interv...
Objectives The glucostatic theory of appetite suggests that changes in blood glucose determine hu... more Objectives The glucostatic theory of appetite suggests that changes in blood glucose determine hunger and food intake behavior. While, this is the most popular theory to date it is not without controversy. Our goal was to evaluate this theory in an acute buffet meal challenge setting. Methods Overweight and obese (BMI: 32.9 ± 2.6 kg/m2) men and women (n = 21 and 50 respectively) were tested in a daylong satiety protocol. After an overnight fast, blood draws and self-reported visual analog scores for appetite questions were obtained at the following times: 2 times at fasting, 5 times after a breakfast meal providing 25% of energy need, and 12 times after a lunch meal with 40% of energy need 4 h after breakfast. Satiety hormones (plasma insulin, ghrelin, amylin, PYY, CCK, GIP and GLP-1) and plasma glucose and triglycerides were measured. A buffet dinner was offered beginning 4 h after lunch and participants self-selected the time and duration for this meal. The inter-meal interval bet...
To identify associations between circulating endocannabinoids and craving during the luteal phase... more To identify associations between circulating endocannabinoids and craving during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This report is a secondary analysis of a trial registered in clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01407692. Seventeen premenopausal women were studied during the follicular and luteal phases of their menstrual cycle. Previously we had reported fasting plasma estradiol, progesterone, leptin associations with luteal phase cravings for carbohydrate, fat, sweet-rich foods, and eating behavior. Here, we measured fasting plasma endocannabinoids (ECs) endocannabinoid-like substances (ECLs), and postprandial metabolic responses to a mixed meal challenge. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate relationships between measured variables and cravings. Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and postprandial lipids were inversely associated with craving sweet-rich foods, while progesterone was positively associated (RMSEA = 0.041, χ p: 0.416 i.e. hypothetical and physiological models not diff...
Objective: To understand the association between ovarian hormones, non-acute satiety hormones and... more Objective: To understand the association between ovarian hormones, non-acute satiety hormones and craving calorie dense foods in the luteal phase. Methods: 17 premenopausal women, mean age 23.2 y, mean BMI 22.4 kg/m 2 with regular menstrual cycles were studied during late follicular (FP) and luteal phases (LP). Estradiol, progesterone, DHEAS, SHBG, insulin and leptin, were measured in fasting samples. The validated Food Craving Inventory was used to record the types of foods volunteers habitually ate-rich in fat, carbohydrate or sweet taste, as well as craved during the LP of their menstrual cycle. Results: Estradiol was inversely associated with leptin in FP (r =-0.62, p = 0.01). Leptin was inversely associated with habitual intake of sweet foods, in both phases (FP: r =-0.64, p = 0.01; LP: r =-0.63, p = 0.01). SHBG in LP was positively associated with craving sweet and carbohydrate rich foods. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed two groups of women, one with high estradiol, high estradiol/leptin ratio, high sweet and carbohydrate cravings (p<0.05); the other group had lower estradiol, lower estradiol/leptin ratio, and reported less craving. Conclusions: The estradiol-leptin axis may be a determinant of luteal phase craving and habitual food intake in menstruating women.
Recent data show that atherosclerosis is initiated and perpetuated by inflammatory events. Activa... more Recent data show that atherosclerosis is initiated and perpetuated by inflammatory events. Activation of immune cells such as monocytes initiates inflammation, a key step in atherosclerosis. We hypothesize that a high-glycemic load meal activates inflammatory cells, and that this is mediated by elevated circulating triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Sixteen women [body mass index (in kg/m2): 25.7-29.6], aged 20-48 y, consumed meals with a high or a low glycemic load in a crossover fashion. Blood samples were collected before and up to 8 h after the meals. Samples were measured for glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols, and circulating cytokines, and expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) was measured by flow cytometry. At 3.5 h after the test meals, we observed a significant increase in monocytes expressing TNF-alpha with both high-and low-glycemic load meals. Also, expression of IL-1beta in monocytes tended to increase, but the change wa...
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Papers by William Horn