As childhood overweight rates increase, a critical need exists to understand parental choices imp... more As childhood overweight rates increase, a critical need exists to understand parental choices impacting their child’s caloric intake. One important and often overlooked contributor to a child’s cal...
Black American boys are the only adolescent group in the United States to experience a significan... more Black American boys are the only adolescent group in the United States to experience a significant trend increase in obesity rates from 1999 to 2010 (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2012). We used the National Survey of American Life–Adolescent, a nationally representative survey of Black American adolescents, to examine the relationship between male closeness and body mass index (BMI) in father-present and kinship households (n = 563). In father-present households, the primary paternal figure is the child’s biological father. In kinship households, the primary paternal figure is a nonbiological father or a social father. The National Survey of American Life–Adolescent focuses on experiences of Black American adolescents and includes two ethnic subgroups: African American and Caribbean Black adolescents. Obesity levels were similar between father-present (19.2%) and kinship households (20.6%). However, kinship households reported a higher percentage of paternal closeness (49.2%) than father-present households (46.1%). Ethnic differences in paternal closeness were not present between father-present and kinship households. In a bivariate regression analysis, paternal closeness scores were negatively correlated with BMIs in Black American boys (p = .05). After accounting for age, income, ethnicity, and leisure time physical activity, higher paternal closeness scores were predictive of lower BMIs only in kinship households (p < .001) in a multivariable regression analysis. Family structure has a microlevel role on obesity in Black American adolescent boys. Future interventions for Black adolescent boys may focus on male bonding as a mechanism to reduce obesity.
African Americans were the only ethnic group from 1999 to 2016 to experience a trend increase in ... more African Americans were the only ethnic group from 1999 to 2016 to experience a trend increase in prevalence of overweight, Class 1 obesity, and Class 2 obesity among US males between the ages of 2 to 19 years old (Skinner, Ravanbakht, Skelton, Perrin, & Armstrong, 2018). Obesity in adolescence can lower the quality of life of African American men by causing earlier development of comorbidities and eventually earlier mortality. This study examined whether emotional eating mediated the relationship between everyday discrimination and gender role conflict on obesity and assessed the degree to which African American fathers and sons affect each other on these variables. This cross-sectional study consisted of 59 African American men (Mage = 45.22, SD = 8.26) who were paired with one of their sons (Mage = 17.12, SD = 1.40). Data about emotional eating, gender role conflict, and everyday discrimination from the fathers and sons were used in a multilevel dyadic mediation regression model to determine the predictors of weight status through body mass index (BMI). Fathers with higher reports of gender role conflict had sons with higher reports of gender role conflict, r = .40, p = .002. A son’s emotional eating fully mediated the relationship between everyday discrimination and BMI (&bgr; = 0.13, p = .002). In fathers, everyday discrimination and son’s gender role conflict had an indirect effect on the relationship between emotional eating and BMI. Thus, emotional eating may be a key mechanism for obesity intervention for African American adolescent boys and men.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 1984
ABSTRACT A protocol for selection of donors of milk samples is presented. Various methods for the... more ABSTRACT A protocol for selection of donors of milk samples is presented. Various methods for the sampling of milk are critically reviewed and a tested procedure is described. The measurement of milk volume is reviewed. Analyses for milk lipids are presented and discussed. Results of the analyses relative to various factors affecting fat content are given. Depending upon the type of study, sampling of milk by the Egnell or similar pump is recommended. For field studies, the creamatocrit procedure for estimation of fat content is acceptable if calibrated. Satisfactory research methods are the Roese-Gottlieb, modified Folch, and dry column extractions followed by gravimetry.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Apr 1, 1995
We measured levels of plasma and milk alpha-tocopherol in women with insulin-dependent diabetes m... more We measured levels of plasma and milk alpha-tocopherol in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), women without IDDM, and healthy reference women. Milk collections were made at 7, 14, 42, and 84 days postpartum; blood was collected at 3, 14, and 42 days. Postprandial glucose at 80 min was used to describe metabolic control of women with IDDM postpartum. There was no difference between the groups for plasma alpha-tocopherol, which was within normal reported levels. Tocopherol (micrograms/g lipid) decreased by approximately 50% in all groups between 7 and 14 days. The trend for milk tocopherol was similar when expressed as micrograms/dl. Metabolic control did not have a significant effect on mean milk or plasma alpha-tocopherol. We have shown that this group of women with IDDM produced a milk with vitamin E content similar to control and reference women. We conclude that the infant of the breast-feeding woman with IDDM who is in good metabolic control during pregnancy and who receives good prenatal counseling most likely receives adequate vitamin E from the mother&#39;s milk.
Black males from the ages of 12-19 years olds are the only adolescent group in the United States ... more Black males from the ages of 12-19 years olds are the only adolescent group in the United States to experience a significant increase in obesity rates from 1999-2010. This rise translates into an increase in the odds of obesity prevalence of 1.05 annually. This study used the National Survey of American Life-Adolescent, a nationally representative sample of African American and Caribbean Black adolescents (n=434), to examine the relationship between male closeness and BMI in father-present and male-kinship households among Black adolescents. Obesity levels were similar between father-present (19%) and kinship households (20%). However, a greater percentage of adolescent males in male-kinship homes (68%) were normal weight than in father-present homes (60%). Male-kinship homes reported higher percentages of male closeness (49%) in comparison to father-present homes (46%). Ethnic differences were not present between households. In the initial bivariate analysis, Paternal Closeness Scores were negatively cor...
Preschool children consume more than the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation of 4–6 oz ... more Preschool children consume more than the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation of 4–6 oz of 100% fruit juice (FJ) per day. This study analyzed the association of food security and Supplemen...
The Centers for Disease Control identified the reduction of sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consum... more The Centers for Disease Control identified the reduction of sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption as a major strategy to reduce childhood obesity in the United States. This study examined the influence of paternal involvement on pre‐school children's SSB consumption. The study involved interviews and Home Beverage Inventory with 462 caregivers (90.2% female, 9.8% male) enrolled in a nutritional education intervention. Two open‐ended survey items measured the association between child's daily SSB consumption and paternal serving and SSB purchasing behaviors. Overall, 41% of caregivers reported that fathers served beverages to their child on any given day and 31% of caregivers reported that fathers purchased beverages for family consumption. However, within married/partnered families, 74% of fathers served their children beverages and 81% of fathers purchased beverages for their household. Preschoolers with fathers that brought beverages for the household had significantl...
As childhood overweight rates increase, a critical need exists to understand parental choices imp... more As childhood overweight rates increase, a critical need exists to understand parental choices impacting their child’s caloric intake. One important and often overlooked contributor to a child’s cal...
Black American boys are the only adolescent group in the United States to experience a significan... more Black American boys are the only adolescent group in the United States to experience a significant trend increase in obesity rates from 1999 to 2010 (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2012). We used the National Survey of American Life–Adolescent, a nationally representative survey of Black American adolescents, to examine the relationship between male closeness and body mass index (BMI) in father-present and kinship households (n = 563). In father-present households, the primary paternal figure is the child’s biological father. In kinship households, the primary paternal figure is a nonbiological father or a social father. The National Survey of American Life–Adolescent focuses on experiences of Black American adolescents and includes two ethnic subgroups: African American and Caribbean Black adolescents. Obesity levels were similar between father-present (19.2%) and kinship households (20.6%). However, kinship households reported a higher percentage of paternal closeness (49.2%) than father-present households (46.1%). Ethnic differences in paternal closeness were not present between father-present and kinship households. In a bivariate regression analysis, paternal closeness scores were negatively correlated with BMIs in Black American boys (p = .05). After accounting for age, income, ethnicity, and leisure time physical activity, higher paternal closeness scores were predictive of lower BMIs only in kinship households (p < .001) in a multivariable regression analysis. Family structure has a microlevel role on obesity in Black American adolescent boys. Future interventions for Black adolescent boys may focus on male bonding as a mechanism to reduce obesity.
African Americans were the only ethnic group from 1999 to 2016 to experience a trend increase in ... more African Americans were the only ethnic group from 1999 to 2016 to experience a trend increase in prevalence of overweight, Class 1 obesity, and Class 2 obesity among US males between the ages of 2 to 19 years old (Skinner, Ravanbakht, Skelton, Perrin, & Armstrong, 2018). Obesity in adolescence can lower the quality of life of African American men by causing earlier development of comorbidities and eventually earlier mortality. This study examined whether emotional eating mediated the relationship between everyday discrimination and gender role conflict on obesity and assessed the degree to which African American fathers and sons affect each other on these variables. This cross-sectional study consisted of 59 African American men (Mage = 45.22, SD = 8.26) who were paired with one of their sons (Mage = 17.12, SD = 1.40). Data about emotional eating, gender role conflict, and everyday discrimination from the fathers and sons were used in a multilevel dyadic mediation regression model to determine the predictors of weight status through body mass index (BMI). Fathers with higher reports of gender role conflict had sons with higher reports of gender role conflict, r = .40, p = .002. A son’s emotional eating fully mediated the relationship between everyday discrimination and BMI (&bgr; = 0.13, p = .002). In fathers, everyday discrimination and son’s gender role conflict had an indirect effect on the relationship between emotional eating and BMI. Thus, emotional eating may be a key mechanism for obesity intervention for African American adolescent boys and men.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 1984
ABSTRACT A protocol for selection of donors of milk samples is presented. Various methods for the... more ABSTRACT A protocol for selection of donors of milk samples is presented. Various methods for the sampling of milk are critically reviewed and a tested procedure is described. The measurement of milk volume is reviewed. Analyses for milk lipids are presented and discussed. Results of the analyses relative to various factors affecting fat content are given. Depending upon the type of study, sampling of milk by the Egnell or similar pump is recommended. For field studies, the creamatocrit procedure for estimation of fat content is acceptable if calibrated. Satisfactory research methods are the Roese-Gottlieb, modified Folch, and dry column extractions followed by gravimetry.
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Apr 1, 1995
We measured levels of plasma and milk alpha-tocopherol in women with insulin-dependent diabetes m... more We measured levels of plasma and milk alpha-tocopherol in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), women without IDDM, and healthy reference women. Milk collections were made at 7, 14, 42, and 84 days postpartum; blood was collected at 3, 14, and 42 days. Postprandial glucose at 80 min was used to describe metabolic control of women with IDDM postpartum. There was no difference between the groups for plasma alpha-tocopherol, which was within normal reported levels. Tocopherol (micrograms/g lipid) decreased by approximately 50% in all groups between 7 and 14 days. The trend for milk tocopherol was similar when expressed as micrograms/dl. Metabolic control did not have a significant effect on mean milk or plasma alpha-tocopherol. We have shown that this group of women with IDDM produced a milk with vitamin E content similar to control and reference women. We conclude that the infant of the breast-feeding woman with IDDM who is in good metabolic control during pregnancy and who receives good prenatal counseling most likely receives adequate vitamin E from the mother&#39;s milk.
Black males from the ages of 12-19 years olds are the only adolescent group in the United States ... more Black males from the ages of 12-19 years olds are the only adolescent group in the United States to experience a significant increase in obesity rates from 1999-2010. This rise translates into an increase in the odds of obesity prevalence of 1.05 annually. This study used the National Survey of American Life-Adolescent, a nationally representative sample of African American and Caribbean Black adolescents (n=434), to examine the relationship between male closeness and BMI in father-present and male-kinship households among Black adolescents. Obesity levels were similar between father-present (19%) and kinship households (20%). However, a greater percentage of adolescent males in male-kinship homes (68%) were normal weight than in father-present homes (60%). Male-kinship homes reported higher percentages of male closeness (49%) in comparison to father-present homes (46%). Ethnic differences were not present between households. In the initial bivariate analysis, Paternal Closeness Scores were negatively cor...
Preschool children consume more than the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation of 4–6 oz ... more Preschool children consume more than the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation of 4–6 oz of 100% fruit juice (FJ) per day. This study analyzed the association of food security and Supplemen...
The Centers for Disease Control identified the reduction of sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consum... more The Centers for Disease Control identified the reduction of sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption as a major strategy to reduce childhood obesity in the United States. This study examined the influence of paternal involvement on pre‐school children's SSB consumption. The study involved interviews and Home Beverage Inventory with 462 caregivers (90.2% female, 9.8% male) enrolled in a nutritional education intervention. Two open‐ended survey items measured the association between child's daily SSB consumption and paternal serving and SSB purchasing behaviors. Overall, 41% of caregivers reported that fathers served beverages to their child on any given day and 31% of caregivers reported that fathers purchased beverages for family consumption. However, within married/partnered families, 74% of fathers served their children beverages and 81% of fathers purchased beverages for their household. Preschoolers with fathers that brought beverages for the household had significantl...
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