Consistent with accepted color naming theory (Berlin and Kay 1969, Kay and Maffi 1999), basic col... more Consistent with accepted color naming theory (Berlin and Kay 1969, Kay and Maffi 1999), basic color terms and basic color appearances have been shown to produce higher confidence ratings in a variety of naming and judgment tasks. Contrary to accepted theory, however, higher confidence judgments are not strictly linked to a specific set of basic color appearances across different ethnolinguistic cultures (Jameson and Alvarado, 2003). Further, although some color appearances seem easier to name than others, these are not always the ‘focal ’ basic appearances predicted by Berlin and Kay (1969), or the ‘centroid ’ samples identified by Boynton and colleagues (Boynton and Olson 1990). The connection between high confidence and naming for basic color foci is a central construct in cross cultural color naming theory, and its demonstration is important to the basic color term framework (see Kay and Maffi
The system for colorimetry adopted by the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) in 1931,... more The system for colorimetry adopted by the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) in 1931, along with its subsequent improvements, represents a family of light mixture models that has served well for many decades for stimulus specification and reproduction when highly controlled color standards are important. Still, with regard to color appearance many perceptual and cognitive factors are known to contribute to color similarity, and, in general, to all cognitive judgments of color. Using experimentally obtained odd-one-out triad similarity judgments from 52 observers, we demonstrate that CIEbased models can explain a good portion (but not all) of the color similarity data. Color difference quantified by CIELAB DE explained behavior at levels of 81% (across all colors), 79% (across red colors), and 66% (across blue colors). We show that the unexplained variation cannot be ascribed to interor intra-individual variations among the observers, and points to the presence of additio...
PurposeCone contrast threshold testing (CCT) provides quantitative measurements of color and cont... more PurposeCone contrast threshold testing (CCT) provides quantitative measurements of color and contrast function to reveal changes in vision quality that is not a standard endpoint in clinical trials. We utilize CCT to measure visual function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), epiretinal membrane (ERM), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO).MethodsRetrospective data was gathered from 268 patients of the Gavin Herbert Eye Institute. Subjects included 17 patients with MS, 45 patients with AMD, 41 patients with ERM, 11 patients with RVO, and 123 age and visual acuity-matched healthy controls. Patients underwent the primary measurement outcome, CCT testing, as well as Sloan visual acuity test and spectral domain optical coherence tomography during normal care.ResultsColor and contrast deficits were present in MS patients regardless of history of optic neuritis. AMD with intermediate or worse disease demonstrated reduced CCT scores. All 3 stages of...
Author Notes: A chronology of this research report is in order: The molecular genetic methods rep... more Author Notes: A chronology of this research report is in order: The molecular genetic methods reported here were originally developed by L. M. Wasserman and K. A. Jameson from 1997-2000, and were subsequently refined between 2000 and 2002. The present methods extend the genetic analyses presented in Jameson et al. (2001) and permit greater specificity of the identified polymorphisms and more informative analyses of genotype-correlated behaviors. Author contributions to this report are: (i.) method research and design (Wasserman and Jameson), (ii.) initial genotyping method implementation and assessment (Wasserman), (iii.) investigations confirming genotyping methods (Wasserman, Szeszel & Jameson), (iv.) data collection and statistical analyses of behavioral data (Jameson), and (v.) manuscript preparation (Jameson). Writing of the present article was completed early in 2002 and until now was only available online in manuscript format. This IMBS Technical Report version of the paper i...
Color is an inner, highly subjective experience only triggered by properties of light from the ex... more Color is an inner, highly subjective experience only triggered by properties of light from the external world. Actual color perceptions are inextricably linked to (i) visual processing properties of observers that can vary greatly across individuals, and (ii) minor changes in viewing circumstances. Thus, it can be argued that color is not of this world, or, that color is not a veridical, or even an unbiased index of object properties. To illustrate this assertion we present empirical results on the visual processing of four individuals. All four of these individuals have excellent color perception (as shown by standardized color vision assessment procedures). Two of the individuals are considered standard “normal” trichromat observers, while the other two are “potential tetrachromat” observers – that is, observers with a genetic potential for an extra class of visual pigments used for color vision. By comparing such observers’ color perception performance, and their artistic uses of...
Human color perception is widely understood to be based on a neural coding system involving signa... more Human color perception is widely understood to be based on a neural coding system involving signals from three distinct classes of retinal photoreceptors. This retina processing model has long served as the mainstream scientific template for human color vision research and has also proven to be useful for the practical design of display technologies, user interfaces, and medical diagnosis tools that enlist human color perception behaviors. Recent findings in the area of retinal photopigment gene sequencing have provided important updates to our understanding of the molecular basis and genetic inheritance of individual variations of human color vision. This Element focuses on new knowledge about the linkages between color vision genetics and color perception variation and the color perception consequences of inheriting alternative, nonnormative, forms of genetic sequence variation.
This paper presents procedures for testing a generative semiotic model of the English majuscules ... more This paper presents procedures for testing a generative semiotic model of the English majuscules as a predictor of empirically observed behavior. The model under investigation (Watt 1975, 1980, 1981, 1988), constitutes an attempt to represent a cognitive model of the alphabet that people putatively ‘have in their heads.’1 This model formally characterizes the set of 26 majuscule letters, but the model is ‘generative’ (algorithmic) and it also determines, beyond the set of 26 existent letters, a larger set of well-formed possible letters. To test this model I will introduce empirical procedures which are derived from well known methods used in a sub-area of sensory psychology known as ‘psychophysics.’ Utilizing these procedures to test a generative semiotic model is a novel application. The results of experiments which employ the suggested testing procedures will be presented and discussed. Generalizability of the proposed tests to other domains of investigation will also be suggested.
Consistent with accepted color naming theory (Berlin and Kay 1969, Kay and Maffi 1999), basic col... more Consistent with accepted color naming theory (Berlin and Kay 1969, Kay and Maffi 1999), basic color terms and basic color appearances have been shown to produce higher confidence ratings in a variety of naming and judgment tasks. Contrary to accepted theory, however, higher confidence judgments are not strictly linked to a specific set of basic color appearances across different ethnolinguistic cultures (Jameson and Alvarado, 2003). Further, although some color appearances seem easier to name than others, these are not always the ‘focal ’ basic appearances predicted by Berlin and Kay (1969), or the ‘centroid ’ samples identified by Boynton and colleagues (Boynton and Olson 1990). The connection between high confidence and naming for basic color foci is a central construct in cross cultural color naming theory, and its demonstration is important to the basic color term framework (see Kay and Maffi
The system for colorimetry adopted by the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) in 1931,... more The system for colorimetry adopted by the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) in 1931, along with its subsequent improvements, represents a family of light mixture models that has served well for many decades for stimulus specification and reproduction when highly controlled color standards are important. Still, with regard to color appearance many perceptual and cognitive factors are known to contribute to color similarity, and, in general, to all cognitive judgments of color. Using experimentally obtained odd-one-out triad similarity judgments from 52 observers, we demonstrate that CIEbased models can explain a good portion (but not all) of the color similarity data. Color difference quantified by CIELAB DE explained behavior at levels of 81% (across all colors), 79% (across red colors), and 66% (across blue colors). We show that the unexplained variation cannot be ascribed to interor intra-individual variations among the observers, and points to the presence of additio...
PurposeCone contrast threshold testing (CCT) provides quantitative measurements of color and cont... more PurposeCone contrast threshold testing (CCT) provides quantitative measurements of color and contrast function to reveal changes in vision quality that is not a standard endpoint in clinical trials. We utilize CCT to measure visual function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), epiretinal membrane (ERM), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO).MethodsRetrospective data was gathered from 268 patients of the Gavin Herbert Eye Institute. Subjects included 17 patients with MS, 45 patients with AMD, 41 patients with ERM, 11 patients with RVO, and 123 age and visual acuity-matched healthy controls. Patients underwent the primary measurement outcome, CCT testing, as well as Sloan visual acuity test and spectral domain optical coherence tomography during normal care.ResultsColor and contrast deficits were present in MS patients regardless of history of optic neuritis. AMD with intermediate or worse disease demonstrated reduced CCT scores. All 3 stages of...
Author Notes: A chronology of this research report is in order: The molecular genetic methods rep... more Author Notes: A chronology of this research report is in order: The molecular genetic methods reported here were originally developed by L. M. Wasserman and K. A. Jameson from 1997-2000, and were subsequently refined between 2000 and 2002. The present methods extend the genetic analyses presented in Jameson et al. (2001) and permit greater specificity of the identified polymorphisms and more informative analyses of genotype-correlated behaviors. Author contributions to this report are: (i.) method research and design (Wasserman and Jameson), (ii.) initial genotyping method implementation and assessment (Wasserman), (iii.) investigations confirming genotyping methods (Wasserman, Szeszel & Jameson), (iv.) data collection and statistical analyses of behavioral data (Jameson), and (v.) manuscript preparation (Jameson). Writing of the present article was completed early in 2002 and until now was only available online in manuscript format. This IMBS Technical Report version of the paper i...
Color is an inner, highly subjective experience only triggered by properties of light from the ex... more Color is an inner, highly subjective experience only triggered by properties of light from the external world. Actual color perceptions are inextricably linked to (i) visual processing properties of observers that can vary greatly across individuals, and (ii) minor changes in viewing circumstances. Thus, it can be argued that color is not of this world, or, that color is not a veridical, or even an unbiased index of object properties. To illustrate this assertion we present empirical results on the visual processing of four individuals. All four of these individuals have excellent color perception (as shown by standardized color vision assessment procedures). Two of the individuals are considered standard “normal” trichromat observers, while the other two are “potential tetrachromat” observers – that is, observers with a genetic potential for an extra class of visual pigments used for color vision. By comparing such observers’ color perception performance, and their artistic uses of...
Human color perception is widely understood to be based on a neural coding system involving signa... more Human color perception is widely understood to be based on a neural coding system involving signals from three distinct classes of retinal photoreceptors. This retina processing model has long served as the mainstream scientific template for human color vision research and has also proven to be useful for the practical design of display technologies, user interfaces, and medical diagnosis tools that enlist human color perception behaviors. Recent findings in the area of retinal photopigment gene sequencing have provided important updates to our understanding of the molecular basis and genetic inheritance of individual variations of human color vision. This Element focuses on new knowledge about the linkages between color vision genetics and color perception variation and the color perception consequences of inheriting alternative, nonnormative, forms of genetic sequence variation.
This paper presents procedures for testing a generative semiotic model of the English majuscules ... more This paper presents procedures for testing a generative semiotic model of the English majuscules as a predictor of empirically observed behavior. The model under investigation (Watt 1975, 1980, 1981, 1988), constitutes an attempt to represent a cognitive model of the alphabet that people putatively ‘have in their heads.’1 This model formally characterizes the set of 26 majuscule letters, but the model is ‘generative’ (algorithmic) and it also determines, beyond the set of 26 existent letters, a larger set of well-formed possible letters. To test this model I will introduce empirical procedures which are derived from well known methods used in a sub-area of sensory psychology known as ‘psychophysics.’ Utilizing these procedures to test a generative semiotic model is a novel application. The results of experiments which employ the suggested testing procedures will be presented and discussed. Generalizability of the proposed tests to other domains of investigation will also be suggested.
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Papers by Kimberly A Jameson