PhD in Geoscience and Mineral ResourcesSelf-employed researcher and consultant, retired from BRGM, the French Geological SurveyMy specialities are sustainable natural resources use and management, particularly mineral raw materials. I have over 40 years of mineral resources related experience.I am a member (outgoing) of the UN International Resource Panel. Phone: +33621130128
It is supported by the FP7 and is aimed at setting up networks and mechanisms to foster coordinat... more It is supported by the FP7 and is aimed at setting up networks and mechanisms to foster coordinated research in the field of industrial production and supply of non-energy, non agricultural raw materials, in line with the “EU Raw Materials Initiative”. To achieve this objective, ERA-MIN is conducting three main tasks: 1) Mapping and networking of the European non-energy mineral raw materials
The IRP Report on Mineral Resource Governance in the 21st Century was requested by the IRP Steeri... more The IRP Report on Mineral Resource Governance in the 21st Century was requested by the IRP Steering Committee at its 18th Meeting (Cape Town, 6–9 June 2016). The Report also responds to a Recommendation adopted at the 21st Meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (Montreal, 11–14 December 2017).1The structure and content of the Report was informed by a series of expert workshops convened in Davos (15–16 October 2015), Accra (26–27 September 2016), Helsinki (9-10 June 2017), and Lima (22–24 November 2017). It was also informed by a global stakeholder consultation process.
... Its website1 1. website: www.iied.org/mmsd/ View all notes. offers a detailed introduction to... more ... Its website1 1. website: www.iied.org/mmsd/ View all notes. offers a detailed introduction to ... and Studies 5. Eurostat, European Commission, Office of Official Publications of the European Union. ... of the ore and of its host rock; the geological and geotechnical context; the existence ...
Policy recommendations: 1. Maintaining and strengthening the European Rare Earth Elements (REE) s... more Policy recommendations: 1. Maintaining and strengthening the European Rare Earth Elements (REE) skills and knowledge base through research funding, science and technology education and international cooperation. Without cutting-edge research and technical expertise, a European high-tech REE industry cannot flourish. The EC and Member States should support funding for research grants, scholarships, and training networks, and enhance European and international cooperation through coordinated calls, researcher exchanges, and joint high-level conferences. 2. Creating the basis for informed decision-making on REEs through a European Critical Materials Observatory. Mapping and monitoring of REE supply chains is necessary for informed decision-making. Expertise in Europe could be pooled in a virtual Critical Materials Observatory that provides the public with consistent and authoritative knowledge on REEs (e.g., information on advanced exploration projects, prices, key demand and supply tr...
Sous le Soleil, exactement… Que le Soleil nous réchauffe est une expérience quotidienne. C’est sa... more Sous le Soleil, exactement… Que le Soleil nous réchauffe est une expérience quotidienne. C’est sa chaleur qui met l’atmosphère en circulation et qui entretient la biosphère. Chaque mètre carré reçoit, à l’équateur, 1,4 kW. Un hectare reçoit assez d’énergie pour alimenter une petite ville. Mais comment nous arrive cette fantastique quantité d’énergie ? Il n’y a rien (ou presque) entre nous et le Soleil, à 150 millions de kilomètres ; pas de gaz, pas de matière qui puisse véhiculer l’énergie pa..
Les ressources minérales profondes en Polynésie française / Deep-sea mineral resources in French Polynesia
Cette section présente le potentiel économique que pourraient représenter les encroûtements cobal... more Cette section présente le potentiel économique que pourraient représenter les encroûtements cobaltifères de Polynésie française, en le comparant aux données publiques disponibles sur les ressources « à terre ». Elle comprend aussi les caractéristiques les plus importantes des marchés des principaux métaux qu’ils contiennent. Dans sa partie finale elle compare les opportunités que pourraient représenter leur exploitation par rapport à celle de gisements « à terre ». Chacune des sous-sections c..
Les ressources minérales profondes en Polynésie française / Deep-sea mineral resources in French Polynesia
Cette section présente le potentiel économique que pourraient représenter les encroûtements cobal... more Cette section présente le potentiel économique que pourraient représenter les encroûtements cobaltifères de Polynésie française, en le comparant aux données publiques disponibles sur les ressources « à terre ». Elle comprend aussi les caractéristiques les plus importantes des marchés des principaux métaux qu’ils contiennent. Dans sa partie finale elle compare les opportunités que pourraient représenter leur exploitation par rapport à celle de gisements « à terre ». Chacune des sous-sections c..
In this article, we explore concrete examples of circularity strategies for critical raw material... more In this article, we explore concrete examples of circularity strategies for critical raw materials (CRMs) in commercial settings. We propose a company-level framework for systematically evaluating circularity strategies (e.g., material recycling, product reuse, and product or component lifetime extension) in specific applications of CRMs from the perspectives of specific industrial actors. This framework is applied in qualitative analyses—informed by relevant literature and expert consultation—of five case studies across a range of industries: (1) rhenium in high-pressure turbine components, (2) platinum group metals in industrial catalysts for chemical processing and oil refining, (3) rare earth permanent magnets in computer hard disk drives, (4) various CRMs in consumer electronics, and (5) helium in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines. Drawing from these case studies, three broader observations can be made about company circularity strategies for CRMs. Firstly, there are mu...
L'industrie minerale doit prendre en compte de nombreux facteurs de risques : politiques, ins... more L'industrie minerale doit prendre en compte de nombreux facteurs de risques : politiques, institutionnels, economiques, techniques, et societaux... Ces risques, amplifies notamment par l'emergence de la Chine en tant qu'acteur de premier rang de l'industrie minerale mondiale, fragilisent les entreprises de l'Union europeenne. C'est pourquoi, en reaction a cette situation degradee, la Commission europeenne a lance l'Initiative Matieres Premieres et divers Etats membres, dont la France, developpent des strategies visant a securiser l'approvisionnement des entreprises.
ABSTRACT Non-energy raw materials are vital for the EU's economy, and for the development... more ABSTRACT Non-energy raw materials are vital for the EU's economy, and for the development of environmentally friendly technologies. The EU is the world's largest consumers of non-energy minerals, but it remains dependent on the importation of many metals, as its domestic production is limited to about 3% of world production. We will present the project ERA-MIN, which is an ERA-NET on the Industrial Handling of Raw Materials for European industries, financially supported by the European Commission. The main objectives of ERA-MIN are: 1) Mapping and Networking: interconnecting the members of the currently fragmented European mineral resources research area, to the aim of fostering convergence of public research programs, industry, research institutes, academia and the European Commission, 2) Coordinating: establishing a permanent mechanism for planning and coordination of the European non-energy mineral raw materials research community (ENERC). 3) Roadmapping: defining the most important scientific and technological challenges that should be supported by the EU and its state members, 4) Programming: designing a Joint European Research Programme model and implementating it into a call for proposals open to academic and industrial research. The topics of interest in ERA-MIN are the primary continental and marine resources, the secondary resources and their related technologies, substitution and material efficiency, along with transversal topics such as environmental impact, public policy support, mineral intelligence, and public education and teaching. Public scientific research is very central in the scope of the ERA-MIN activity, whose consortium is indeed lead by a public organisation of fundamental research. Thus, universities and public research organisations are warmly invited to play an active role in defining the scientific questions and challenges that shall determine the European Raw Materials Roadmap and should be addressed by joint programming at the European scale. The various levels of possible involvement in ERA-MIN for the interested stakeholders will be presented.
It is supported by the FP7 and is aimed at setting up networks and mechanisms to foster coordinat... more It is supported by the FP7 and is aimed at setting up networks and mechanisms to foster coordinated research in the field of industrial production and supply of non-energy, non agricultural raw materials, in line with the “EU Raw Materials Initiative”. To achieve this objective, ERA-MIN is conducting three main tasks: 1) Mapping and networking of the European non-energy mineral raw materials
The IRP Report on Mineral Resource Governance in the 21st Century was requested by the IRP Steeri... more The IRP Report on Mineral Resource Governance in the 21st Century was requested by the IRP Steering Committee at its 18th Meeting (Cape Town, 6–9 June 2016). The Report also responds to a Recommendation adopted at the 21st Meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (Montreal, 11–14 December 2017).1The structure and content of the Report was informed by a series of expert workshops convened in Davos (15–16 October 2015), Accra (26–27 September 2016), Helsinki (9-10 June 2017), and Lima (22–24 November 2017). It was also informed by a global stakeholder consultation process.
... Its website1 1. website: www.iied.org/mmsd/ View all notes. offers a detailed introduction to... more ... Its website1 1. website: www.iied.org/mmsd/ View all notes. offers a detailed introduction to ... and Studies 5. Eurostat, European Commission, Office of Official Publications of the European Union. ... of the ore and of its host rock; the geological and geotechnical context; the existence ...
Policy recommendations: 1. Maintaining and strengthening the European Rare Earth Elements (REE) s... more Policy recommendations: 1. Maintaining and strengthening the European Rare Earth Elements (REE) skills and knowledge base through research funding, science and technology education and international cooperation. Without cutting-edge research and technical expertise, a European high-tech REE industry cannot flourish. The EC and Member States should support funding for research grants, scholarships, and training networks, and enhance European and international cooperation through coordinated calls, researcher exchanges, and joint high-level conferences. 2. Creating the basis for informed decision-making on REEs through a European Critical Materials Observatory. Mapping and monitoring of REE supply chains is necessary for informed decision-making. Expertise in Europe could be pooled in a virtual Critical Materials Observatory that provides the public with consistent and authoritative knowledge on REEs (e.g., information on advanced exploration projects, prices, key demand and supply tr...
Sous le Soleil, exactement… Que le Soleil nous réchauffe est une expérience quotidienne. C’est sa... more Sous le Soleil, exactement… Que le Soleil nous réchauffe est une expérience quotidienne. C’est sa chaleur qui met l’atmosphère en circulation et qui entretient la biosphère. Chaque mètre carré reçoit, à l’équateur, 1,4 kW. Un hectare reçoit assez d’énergie pour alimenter une petite ville. Mais comment nous arrive cette fantastique quantité d’énergie ? Il n’y a rien (ou presque) entre nous et le Soleil, à 150 millions de kilomètres ; pas de gaz, pas de matière qui puisse véhiculer l’énergie pa..
Les ressources minérales profondes en Polynésie française / Deep-sea mineral resources in French Polynesia
Cette section présente le potentiel économique que pourraient représenter les encroûtements cobal... more Cette section présente le potentiel économique que pourraient représenter les encroûtements cobaltifères de Polynésie française, en le comparant aux données publiques disponibles sur les ressources « à terre ». Elle comprend aussi les caractéristiques les plus importantes des marchés des principaux métaux qu’ils contiennent. Dans sa partie finale elle compare les opportunités que pourraient représenter leur exploitation par rapport à celle de gisements « à terre ». Chacune des sous-sections c..
Les ressources minérales profondes en Polynésie française / Deep-sea mineral resources in French Polynesia
Cette section présente le potentiel économique que pourraient représenter les encroûtements cobal... more Cette section présente le potentiel économique que pourraient représenter les encroûtements cobaltifères de Polynésie française, en le comparant aux données publiques disponibles sur les ressources « à terre ». Elle comprend aussi les caractéristiques les plus importantes des marchés des principaux métaux qu’ils contiennent. Dans sa partie finale elle compare les opportunités que pourraient représenter leur exploitation par rapport à celle de gisements « à terre ». Chacune des sous-sections c..
In this article, we explore concrete examples of circularity strategies for critical raw material... more In this article, we explore concrete examples of circularity strategies for critical raw materials (CRMs) in commercial settings. We propose a company-level framework for systematically evaluating circularity strategies (e.g., material recycling, product reuse, and product or component lifetime extension) in specific applications of CRMs from the perspectives of specific industrial actors. This framework is applied in qualitative analyses—informed by relevant literature and expert consultation—of five case studies across a range of industries: (1) rhenium in high-pressure turbine components, (2) platinum group metals in industrial catalysts for chemical processing and oil refining, (3) rare earth permanent magnets in computer hard disk drives, (4) various CRMs in consumer electronics, and (5) helium in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines. Drawing from these case studies, three broader observations can be made about company circularity strategies for CRMs. Firstly, there are mu...
L'industrie minerale doit prendre en compte de nombreux facteurs de risques : politiques, ins... more L'industrie minerale doit prendre en compte de nombreux facteurs de risques : politiques, institutionnels, economiques, techniques, et societaux... Ces risques, amplifies notamment par l'emergence de la Chine en tant qu'acteur de premier rang de l'industrie minerale mondiale, fragilisent les entreprises de l'Union europeenne. C'est pourquoi, en reaction a cette situation degradee, la Commission europeenne a lance l'Initiative Matieres Premieres et divers Etats membres, dont la France, developpent des strategies visant a securiser l'approvisionnement des entreprises.
ABSTRACT Non-energy raw materials are vital for the EU's economy, and for the development... more ABSTRACT Non-energy raw materials are vital for the EU's economy, and for the development of environmentally friendly technologies. The EU is the world's largest consumers of non-energy minerals, but it remains dependent on the importation of many metals, as its domestic production is limited to about 3% of world production. We will present the project ERA-MIN, which is an ERA-NET on the Industrial Handling of Raw Materials for European industries, financially supported by the European Commission. The main objectives of ERA-MIN are: 1) Mapping and Networking: interconnecting the members of the currently fragmented European mineral resources research area, to the aim of fostering convergence of public research programs, industry, research institutes, academia and the European Commission, 2) Coordinating: establishing a permanent mechanism for planning and coordination of the European non-energy mineral raw materials research community (ENERC). 3) Roadmapping: defining the most important scientific and technological challenges that should be supported by the EU and its state members, 4) Programming: designing a Joint European Research Programme model and implementating it into a call for proposals open to academic and industrial research. The topics of interest in ERA-MIN are the primary continental and marine resources, the secondary resources and their related technologies, substitution and material efficiency, along with transversal topics such as environmental impact, public policy support, mineral intelligence, and public education and teaching. Public scientific research is very central in the scope of the ERA-MIN activity, whose consortium is indeed lead by a public organisation of fundamental research. Thus, universities and public research organisations are warmly invited to play an active role in defining the scientific questions and challenges that shall determine the European Raw Materials Roadmap and should be addressed by joint programming at the European scale. The various levels of possible involvement in ERA-MIN for the interested stakeholders will be presented.
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Papers by Patrice Christmann