In this paper a review is made of the main contributions of Behavior Therapy to the treament of A... more In this paper a review is made of the main contributions of Behavior Therapy to the treament of Anxiety Disorders in childhood. After reviewing the clasification of those following DSM-III(R), the main results of behavioral techniques in these cases are presented. The conclusions of fhe main results in the Spanish publications are presented as well, and suggestions for the future research are also offered.
La encopresis es un problema que provoca un fuerte rechazo en el entorno social y familiar del ni... more La encopresis es un problema que provoca un fuerte rechazo en el entorno social y familiar del niño. Socialmente menos aceptada que la enuresis puede producir serias alteraciones en la dinámica familiar y escolar. Este texto tiene como objetivos describir su naturaleza, indagar en sus causas y, sobre todo, ofrecer estrategias terapéuticas útiles para solucionarlo.
Clinica Y Salud Revista De Psicologia Clinica Y Salud, 2000
The aim of this investigation is to identify the specific risk factors for anxiety disorders in c... more The aim of this investigation is to identify the specific risk factors for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (6-17 years old). For this purpose, we have compared a group of cases (n=67), diagnosed with any anxiety disorder, and only anxiety (no other studied disorders: behavioral, depressive and elimination), with two control groups, clinical and scholar. The clinic group (n=101) was formed by children recruited from the same walk-in Mental Health Services as the cases. These children had not anxiety, but they showed any of the other disorders considered, while the scholar group did not show any of them. The following factors were studied: socio-demographic variables, psychosocial stressors in family context, academic failure, intelligence, early factors, medical history and parental psychopathology. Results pointed out that the majority of these factors are useful to discriminate between the cases group and the scholar control group, but they are not so discriminatory versus the clinic control group
The objetive of this investigation was to ascertain the degree to wich four elements of Dry-Bed T... more The objetive of this investigation was to ascertain the degree to wich four elements of Dry-Bed Training (AZRIN, SNEED, and FOXX, 1974) reduced nocturnal enuresis, these four being: a urine alarm device, Positive Practice, Awakening Schedule and Retention Training. To do this, four experimental groups were compared; the first receiving the full Dry-Bed Training; the second received without the Alarm Device; the third without either the Alarm or the Positive Practice; and the fourth with only Retention Training. The Alarm Device proved to be the fundamental component in the procedure, since removal of this element considerably reduced the efficiency of the D.B.T. Furthermore, the Positive Practice appeared to be a more important element than either the awakening Schedule or the Retention Training with regard to groups three and four, although no important statistical differences were found, there was howewer a slight reduction in enuresis and practically no difference between them, w...
Reviews recent research on the nature, clinical symptoms, evaluation, incidence, epidemiology, an... more Reviews recent research on the nature, clinical symptoms, evaluation, incidence, epidemiology, and treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. The advantages of in vivo exposure, imagination exposure, response prevention, differential reinforcement, and extinction treatment methods are considered. An annotated list of research studies is included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of two of the components of Sneed a... more The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of two of the components of Sneed and Foxx' 1974 Dry Bed Trainning (DBr), the Positive Practice Exercises and the Cleaning Trainning (CT), on the reduction of the nocturnal enuresis when used in conjunction with another component of this method: The Urine-Alarm Method. Both exercises turned out to be equally effective in obtaining continence in an eight-week periodo However, the Positive Practice (PP) were shown to be more effective in obtaining such continence in less time and with less accidents during the treatment periodo Likewise, the group taht did not conduct these exercises (PP) showed a significantly higher number of accidents during the follow-up periodo It is suggested that the DBT method can be reduced without loosing its initial effectiveness as opposed to the use of the alarm and the PP exercises or the CT although it appears that the frrst ones are more effective in preventing possiblerelapses than the ...
This paper examines the prevalence, comorbidity and developmental patterns of anxiety disorders i... more This paper examines the prevalence, comorbidity and developmental patterns of anxiety disorders in a sample of 243 elementary and high school students, aged 6 to 17 years. Subjects were diagnosed with a questionnaire (parent, child and adolescent form) adapted from the Spanish version of the DICA-R. The overall prevalence rate was 13.6%-18.5% (based on parents and children reports). Children informed about more disorders than their parents. A low degree of agreement at the diagnostic level was observed between each other. The most prevalent disorder was simple phobia and the lowest one the avoidant disorder. Separation anxiety disorder was more frequently diagnosed in prepuberal children (mean age: 10) in contrast to overanxious disorder which was more prevalent between puberal children and adolescents (mean age: 14.1). The compulsive acts and posttraumatic stress disorder are not reported by any source of information. Comorbidity patterns were found among anxiety disorders and amon...
Psychometric properties of the Brief Symptoms Inventory, (B.S.I., Derogatis y Melisaratos, 1983) ... more Psychometric properties of the Brief Symptoms Inventory, (B.S.I., Derogatis y Melisaratos, 1983) were studied in a sample of 743 adults, whose children demanded psychological treatment. The investigation analyzes the natural dimension of the inventory and the internal consistency of the whole scale as well as the nine subscales which compose the analyzed instrument. The results of the main component's first and second order factor analyses (varimax rotation) show that the B.S.I. measure a one-dimensional construct of general psychological distress with an excellent reliability (α=0.990). The Cronbach alpha coefficients of the subscales are good: they ranged from a low on the phobic anxiety dimension (α= 0.876) to a high on the somatization (α= 0.960). KEY WORDS: Reliability, factor structure, validity, B.S.I. RESUMEN: Se estudian las propiedades psicométricas del «Inventario Breve de Síntomas» (Brief Symptoms Inventory, B.S.I., Derogatis y Melisaratos, 1983) en una muestra integ...
The objective of this study is to compare psychological distress (body image disturbance,self-est... more The objective of this study is to compare psychological distress (body image disturbance,self-esteem, depression, and anxiety) in women with breast or gynecological cancer treated by radical surgery. Additionally, another objective is to analyze the association between psychological distress and sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, and social support to produce a prediction model for the outcome measures. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 100 women who had undergone radical surgery for breast or gynecological cancer. Both groups were divided into the following: younger than 50 years old and 50 years old or older. Body Image Scale, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used. Age had a significant main effect on psychological distress but the type of cancer did not.Younger women showed significantly greater distress than older women (p-values<0.001). A significant interaction between age and type of cancer was found, indicating that older women with breast cancer had worse body image and more depression than those with gynecological cancer (p-values 0.001); no significant differences were found between younger groups.The prediction model for increased body image disturbance and depression included the joint effect of the following variables: being younger, inactive occupational status, and post-adjuvant therapy side effects. For lower self-esteem, the variables were: being younger, post-adjuvant therapy side effects,and dissatisfaction with social support. And for higher anxiety, the sole variable included was post-adjuvant therapy side effects. Both mastectomy and hysterectomy/oophorectomy cause similar psychological distress in younger women, but mastectomy causes greater distress in older women than hysterectomy/oophorectomy.
Little is known about the psychological adjustment of parents of children with cancer relapse or ... more Little is known about the psychological adjustment of parents of children with cancer relapse or remission. This study investigated differences in the psychological adjustment of caregivers of children with different cancer prognosis, by comparing them with a control group. In total, 183 caregivers participated in this study: those with children in relapse/on treatment (n = 32), remission/off treatment (n = 75), and “healthy” (n = 76). The Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, the Symptom Check list-90-R, the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire-Reviewed and the Family Environment Scale were analyzed with Variance Analysis, Student’s t-test, Chi-square and Pearson correlations. The results showed that parents of children with cancer relapse presented less psychological adjustment. Furthermore, a protective effect of family cohesion and possible risk factors related to sociodemographic variables were observed. Conclusions highlight the convenience of developing specific interventi...
En el presente artículo se ofrece una visión general y actualizada sobre los resultados obtenidos... more En el presente artículo se ofrece una visión general y actualizada sobre los resultados obtenidos en dos líneas de investigación que concitan el interés de la psico-oncología pediátrica de los últimos años: el ajuste psicológico de los niños a la enfermedad y sus tratamientos y la eficacia de las intervenciones psicológicas. Respecto al primer punto, los datos revelan de forma concluyente que globalmente considerados los niños se adaptan especialmente bien a las circunstancias que rodean al cáncer. En cuanto al segundo, se puede afirmar que los métodos psicológicos empleados para minimizar el dolor y el malestar asociado a los procedimientos médicos invasivos gozan de buen refrendo empírico, aunque la distracción y los ejercicios de respiración muestran la mejor relación coste-benefi cio y son fáciles de implementar en el contexto hospitalario. La evidencia disponible para las estrategias psicológicas utilizadas en otras áreas de intervención (apoyo psicológico a la familia para afr...
In this paper a review is made of the main contributions of Behavior Therapy to the treament of A... more In this paper a review is made of the main contributions of Behavior Therapy to the treament of Anxiety Disorders in childhood. After reviewing the clasification of those following DSM-III(R), the main results of behavioral techniques in these cases are presented. The conclusions of fhe main results in the Spanish publications are presented as well, and suggestions for the future research are also offered.
La encopresis es un problema que provoca un fuerte rechazo en el entorno social y familiar del ni... more La encopresis es un problema que provoca un fuerte rechazo en el entorno social y familiar del niño. Socialmente menos aceptada que la enuresis puede producir serias alteraciones en la dinámica familiar y escolar. Este texto tiene como objetivos describir su naturaleza, indagar en sus causas y, sobre todo, ofrecer estrategias terapéuticas útiles para solucionarlo.
Clinica Y Salud Revista De Psicologia Clinica Y Salud, 2000
The aim of this investigation is to identify the specific risk factors for anxiety disorders in c... more The aim of this investigation is to identify the specific risk factors for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (6-17 years old). For this purpose, we have compared a group of cases (n=67), diagnosed with any anxiety disorder, and only anxiety (no other studied disorders: behavioral, depressive and elimination), with two control groups, clinical and scholar. The clinic group (n=101) was formed by children recruited from the same walk-in Mental Health Services as the cases. These children had not anxiety, but they showed any of the other disorders considered, while the scholar group did not show any of them. The following factors were studied: socio-demographic variables, psychosocial stressors in family context, academic failure, intelligence, early factors, medical history and parental psychopathology. Results pointed out that the majority of these factors are useful to discriminate between the cases group and the scholar control group, but they are not so discriminatory versus the clinic control group
The objetive of this investigation was to ascertain the degree to wich four elements of Dry-Bed T... more The objetive of this investigation was to ascertain the degree to wich four elements of Dry-Bed Training (AZRIN, SNEED, and FOXX, 1974) reduced nocturnal enuresis, these four being: a urine alarm device, Positive Practice, Awakening Schedule and Retention Training. To do this, four experimental groups were compared; the first receiving the full Dry-Bed Training; the second received without the Alarm Device; the third without either the Alarm or the Positive Practice; and the fourth with only Retention Training. The Alarm Device proved to be the fundamental component in the procedure, since removal of this element considerably reduced the efficiency of the D.B.T. Furthermore, the Positive Practice appeared to be a more important element than either the awakening Schedule or the Retention Training with regard to groups three and four, although no important statistical differences were found, there was howewer a slight reduction in enuresis and practically no difference between them, w...
Reviews recent research on the nature, clinical symptoms, evaluation, incidence, epidemiology, an... more Reviews recent research on the nature, clinical symptoms, evaluation, incidence, epidemiology, and treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. The advantages of in vivo exposure, imagination exposure, response prevention, differential reinforcement, and extinction treatment methods are considered. An annotated list of research studies is included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of two of the components of Sneed a... more The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of two of the components of Sneed and Foxx' 1974 Dry Bed Trainning (DBr), the Positive Practice Exercises and the Cleaning Trainning (CT), on the reduction of the nocturnal enuresis when used in conjunction with another component of this method: The Urine-Alarm Method. Both exercises turned out to be equally effective in obtaining continence in an eight-week periodo However, the Positive Practice (PP) were shown to be more effective in obtaining such continence in less time and with less accidents during the treatment periodo Likewise, the group taht did not conduct these exercises (PP) showed a significantly higher number of accidents during the follow-up periodo It is suggested that the DBT method can be reduced without loosing its initial effectiveness as opposed to the use of the alarm and the PP exercises or the CT although it appears that the frrst ones are more effective in preventing possiblerelapses than the ...
This paper examines the prevalence, comorbidity and developmental patterns of anxiety disorders i... more This paper examines the prevalence, comorbidity and developmental patterns of anxiety disorders in a sample of 243 elementary and high school students, aged 6 to 17 years. Subjects were diagnosed with a questionnaire (parent, child and adolescent form) adapted from the Spanish version of the DICA-R. The overall prevalence rate was 13.6%-18.5% (based on parents and children reports). Children informed about more disorders than their parents. A low degree of agreement at the diagnostic level was observed between each other. The most prevalent disorder was simple phobia and the lowest one the avoidant disorder. Separation anxiety disorder was more frequently diagnosed in prepuberal children (mean age: 10) in contrast to overanxious disorder which was more prevalent between puberal children and adolescents (mean age: 14.1). The compulsive acts and posttraumatic stress disorder are not reported by any source of information. Comorbidity patterns were found among anxiety disorders and amon...
Psychometric properties of the Brief Symptoms Inventory, (B.S.I., Derogatis y Melisaratos, 1983) ... more Psychometric properties of the Brief Symptoms Inventory, (B.S.I., Derogatis y Melisaratos, 1983) were studied in a sample of 743 adults, whose children demanded psychological treatment. The investigation analyzes the natural dimension of the inventory and the internal consistency of the whole scale as well as the nine subscales which compose the analyzed instrument. The results of the main component's first and second order factor analyses (varimax rotation) show that the B.S.I. measure a one-dimensional construct of general psychological distress with an excellent reliability (α=0.990). The Cronbach alpha coefficients of the subscales are good: they ranged from a low on the phobic anxiety dimension (α= 0.876) to a high on the somatization (α= 0.960). KEY WORDS: Reliability, factor structure, validity, B.S.I. RESUMEN: Se estudian las propiedades psicométricas del «Inventario Breve de Síntomas» (Brief Symptoms Inventory, B.S.I., Derogatis y Melisaratos, 1983) en una muestra integ...
The objective of this study is to compare psychological distress (body image disturbance,self-est... more The objective of this study is to compare psychological distress (body image disturbance,self-esteem, depression, and anxiety) in women with breast or gynecological cancer treated by radical surgery. Additionally, another objective is to analyze the association between psychological distress and sociodemographic characteristics, medical history, and social support to produce a prediction model for the outcome measures. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 100 women who had undergone radical surgery for breast or gynecological cancer. Both groups were divided into the following: younger than 50 years old and 50 years old or older. Body Image Scale, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used. Age had a significant main effect on psychological distress but the type of cancer did not.Younger women showed significantly greater distress than older women (p-values<0.001). A significant interaction between age and type of cancer was found, indicating that older women with breast cancer had worse body image and more depression than those with gynecological cancer (p-values 0.001); no significant differences were found between younger groups.The prediction model for increased body image disturbance and depression included the joint effect of the following variables: being younger, inactive occupational status, and post-adjuvant therapy side effects. For lower self-esteem, the variables were: being younger, post-adjuvant therapy side effects,and dissatisfaction with social support. And for higher anxiety, the sole variable included was post-adjuvant therapy side effects. Both mastectomy and hysterectomy/oophorectomy cause similar psychological distress in younger women, but mastectomy causes greater distress in older women than hysterectomy/oophorectomy.
Little is known about the psychological adjustment of parents of children with cancer relapse or ... more Little is known about the psychological adjustment of parents of children with cancer relapse or remission. This study investigated differences in the psychological adjustment of caregivers of children with different cancer prognosis, by comparing them with a control group. In total, 183 caregivers participated in this study: those with children in relapse/on treatment (n = 32), remission/off treatment (n = 75), and “healthy” (n = 76). The Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, the Symptom Check list-90-R, the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire-Reviewed and the Family Environment Scale were analyzed with Variance Analysis, Student’s t-test, Chi-square and Pearson correlations. The results showed that parents of children with cancer relapse presented less psychological adjustment. Furthermore, a protective effect of family cohesion and possible risk factors related to sociodemographic variables were observed. Conclusions highlight the convenience of developing specific interventi...
En el presente artículo se ofrece una visión general y actualizada sobre los resultados obtenidos... more En el presente artículo se ofrece una visión general y actualizada sobre los resultados obtenidos en dos líneas de investigación que concitan el interés de la psico-oncología pediátrica de los últimos años: el ajuste psicológico de los niños a la enfermedad y sus tratamientos y la eficacia de las intervenciones psicológicas. Respecto al primer punto, los datos revelan de forma concluyente que globalmente considerados los niños se adaptan especialmente bien a las circunstancias que rodean al cáncer. En cuanto al segundo, se puede afirmar que los métodos psicológicos empleados para minimizar el dolor y el malestar asociado a los procedimientos médicos invasivos gozan de buen refrendo empírico, aunque la distracción y los ejercicios de respiración muestran la mejor relación coste-benefi cio y son fáciles de implementar en el contexto hospitalario. La evidencia disponible para las estrategias psicológicas utilizadas en otras áreas de intervención (apoyo psicológico a la familia para afr...
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