Pharmacist with over 30 years experience in experimental studies in Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacodynamics, Etiopathology of Inflammation, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Natural Products for Health Registry. Direct experience in managing projects of research
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. There is currently no cure, and the... more Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. There is currently no cure, and the available pharmacological treatment focuses on treating the symptoms. This study aimed to analyze the pharmacological treatments for AD protected in the US Patent Office. The Matheo Patent software was used to search for patents granted in the 2010–2020 period in the USPTO database. The search strategy «Alzheimer» was used in title and abstract and the International Patent Classification (IPC) codes A61P* and A61K*. The selected patents were divided into six categories according to therapeutic target. Complementary information from scientific databases was used to determine the stage of investigation and efficacy of the patented molecules. In the analyzed period, 58 patents were granted: 10 directed to Aβ peptide metabolism and deposition, three to tau, seven to inflammation, nine to cholinergic, two to glutamatergic and 27 to other targets. More than 80.0% belong to holders from the USA, France, and Japan. The molecules Elenbecestat and LY3202626 decreased the burden of Aβ plaques without significant cognitive improvement, Donanemab is in Phase 3 clinical trial, and the FDA has designated it Breakthrough Therapy. CPC-201 and PXT864 demonstrated, in Phase 2, good tolerability and improvement of AD symptoms. Most of the inventions are focused on treating the earliest phase of AD. The most advanced treatments in their research are those focused on treating Aβ accumulation. More studies are needed to prove the efficacy of the patented molecules.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2024
Background
Acute diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity worl... more Background Acute diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. Psidium guajava has been globally used for its antidiarrheal potential. Carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published up to the year 2021, which included in vivo pre-clinical tests and clinical trials involving patients with acute infectious diarrhea to verify the antidiarrheal, antibacterial, and antispasmodic effects of galenic preparations or phytopharmaceuticals from P. guajava. PRISMA and Rayyan were used as tools for the selection of studies collected in four databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct). The keywords used to carry out the search were: "Psidium guajava", "guava", "antidiarrhea*", "diarrhe*", joined by Boolean operators "OR" or "AND". The characteristics of studies in animal models of acute diarrhea induction, as well as in vivo and in vitro motility and microbiological tests linked with its main pathophysiological mechanisms, were collected.
Results and Conclusion Twenty-three articles were included. Twenty (87%) of theirs reported heterogenic preclinical studies, predominating pharmacological studies of efficacy against conventional antidiarrheal agents, which utilized relevant outcomes and models of infectious diarrhea from the top pathogens in the clinic along with classical castor oil-induced diarrhea associated with motility tests. Only three of them (13%) corresponded to clinical trials to study the efficacy, dose, and safety of these preparations. Most studies reported positive results and significant mechanistic evidence from antibacterial, anti-motility, anti-secretory, and protective/anti-inflammatory perspectives. However, further studies are needed to define the clinical significance and safety treatment with P. guajava extracts.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. The current pharmacolo... more Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. The current pharmacological treatments for breast cancer have numerous adverse effects and are not always effective. Recently, the anticancer activity of modified pectins (MPs) against various types of cancers, including breast cancer, has been investigated. This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) model, including scientific articles from the last 22 years that measured the anticancer activity of MPs on breast cancer. The articles were searched in four databases with the terms: “modified pectin” and “breast cancer”. Nine articles were included, five in vitro and four mixed (in vitro and in vivo). Different models and methods by which anticancer activity was measured were analyzed. All the studies reported positive results in both cell lines and in vivo murine models of breast cancer. The extracted data suggest a positive effect and provide mechanistic evidence of MPs in the treatment of breast cancer. However, as limited number of studies were included, further in vivo studies are required to obtain more conclusive preclinical evidence.
The aim of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature, with Preferred Repo... more The aim of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature, with Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, of the articles found in the past 11 years on the gastroprotective role of fruit extracts in gastric ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 were included in this systematic review, including in vitro and in vivo models, to define the gastroprotective role of fruit extracts. Studies were selected by Rayyan using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. The keywords for the search strategy were: “gastric injury,” “gastric ulcer,” “fruit,” “indomethacin,” and “aspirin.” Twenty-two articles with animal models of gastric ulcers were included. The NSAIDs used were aspirin and indomethacin. To know the damage caused by these, the ulceration index and biomarkers, such as aggressive/defensive factors involved in the gastric ulceration process, were measured. Most studies have shown that fruit extracts have antiulcer activity, with the most abundant metabolites being flavonoids, followed by terpenes and alkaloids. Possible antiulcer activities such as antioxidant, cytoprotective, gastric acid antisecretory, anti-inflammatory, or angiogenesis stimulant were declared, manifested mainly as a reduction of lipid peroxidation products, an increase in antioxidant enzymes and prostaglandins, and by the formation of a protective film through protein precipitation in the ulcer area. This systematic review demonstrates the importance of fruit extracts as gastric protectors.
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 2023
Context: Self-medication is a self-care practice. It is a frequent and widespread habit in all so... more Context: Self-medication is a self-care practice. It is a frequent and widespread habit in all societies and does not distinguish between sex and age. Therefore, students are not exempt from using this practice.
Aims: To carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 on self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences with PRISMA guidelines.
Methods: A standardized search was performed in four databases with the following terms: Automedicación (in Spanish), Self-medication, Automedication, University Student, and Students. For the selection of studies, the Rayyan® tool was used. The most relevant information on self-medication of university students was collected.
Results: Fourteen articles were included and evaluated as high, medium, and low quality with the AXIS tool. The results of the study reflected a high self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences, with a higher prevalence of self-medication in women than in men. The more knowledge these students have, the greater their self-medication and, thus, they always maintain this practice, being the most indicated causes for it the problems in the respiratory tract, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. The main reasons for these students to practice self-medication are the knowledge they have acquired in their curricula, due to past experiences with the same symptoms and minor illnesses. Pharmacies, through friends, relatives or neighbors and home medicine cabinets are the most common places for the acquisition of medications by these students, indicating that analgesics/anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, and antipyretics are the most used medications among them.
Conclusions: These students practice self-medication because they consider they have sufficient knowledge about diseases and their treatments, which gives them more confidence in making the decision to self-medicate. Subsequently, self-knowledge is a decisive reason for self-medication. Moreover, self-medication patterns regarding the use of drugs from various therapeutic categories vary among medical and biological sciences university students from different countries.
Background:
Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a serious complication of infected ulcers in a ... more Background:
Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a serious complication of infected ulcers in a diabetic patient. The identification of the infecting microorganisms is generally by culture, which causes a bias. Recently, metagenomics has been used for microbial identification.
Aim:
To systematically review the scientific literature related to DFO in the last 10 years to evaluate if culture and metagenomics are complementary.
Material and Methods:
To carry out the systematic review, PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies, using three databases, using the keywords diabetes, osteomyelitis, culture and microbiome. Articles in English or Spanish were included, containing information related to bacterial identification in DFO. Characteristics of the technique, patients and frequency of bacterial appearance were collected.
Results:
Twenty six articles were included, 19 used culture and 7 metagenomics. The patients were predominantly men (68%), with an average age of 61 years, 83% had type 2 diabetes and comorbidities, mainly vascular and neuropathy. The Families with the highest frequency of appearance using the culture technique were Enterobacteriaceae (29.3%) and Staphylococcaceae(28.3%) and with metagenomics Peptoniphilaceae (22.1%) and Staphylococcaceae (9.4%). Peptoniphilaceae were not identified in culture, although they were frequently identified by metagenomics. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus, regularly identified by culture, was not identified using metagenomics.
Conclusions:
Comparing results, there is a certain complementarity between microbiological culture and sequencing to identify bacteria present in DFO.
Anxiety disorders are prevalent conditions in the world population, whose standard approaches inc... more Anxiety disorders are prevalent conditions in the world population, whose standard approaches include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and combinations of these interventions. Different classes of psychopharmaceuticals are recommended as the first line of drugs to treat these disorders, which can have several adverse effects, treatment resistance, dependence, and drug–drug interactions making it necessary to search for new therapeutic agents. In particular, diazepam (DZP), a prototype drug from the group of benzodiazepines, has been commonly used and evaluated for its efficacy and safety in different anxiety disorders in clinical trials. DZP is also the most widely used reference standard in in vivo pharmacological assays of natural compounds. However, translating the results obtained in different rodent species and physiological anxiety tests instead of psychopathological animal models that can be of clinical application remains challenging. A systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 that included in vivo pre-clinical tests to define the anxiolytic, sedative and/or hypnotic effect of flower extracts is proposed. PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies using four databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and QInsight), using the keywords: “Animals,” “Anxiolytic,” “Diazepam,” “Elevated Plus Maze,” “Flower Extracts,” “Insomnia,” “In vivo,” “Mice,” “Open Field Test,” “Pre clinical” and “Sedative.” The characteristics of anxiety studies in animal models, other studies related to locomotor activity, and the hypnotic effect of the extracts were compiled. Twenty-four articles were included, 21 of them performed the animal model of anxiety-like behavior of the elevated plus maze, seven the open field test, and six the light–dark box test. The locomotor activity was evaluated in 10 studies after the administration of the extracts to the animals to define their sedative effect, where only one defined that the extract (Matricaria chamomilla) had a sedative effect. The plants declared with this type of activity were Achyranthes aspera, Alcea aucheri, Brassica nigra, Cananga odorata, Carthamus tinctorius, Chrysanthemum indicum, Citrus aurantium, Couroupita guianensis, Echium amoenum, Erythrina berteroana, Gardenia jasminoides, Hibiscus tilliaceus, Lavandula officinalis, Lawsonia inermis, Matricaria chamomilla, Melia azedarach, Nerium oleander, Passiflora incarnata, Plumeria rubra, Salix aegyptiaca, Syzygium aromaticum, Tagetes erecta, Tilia americana. Although this review showed that some flower extracts have an anxiolytic effect as effective as diazepam, their therapeutic utility in anxiety disorders remains to be extensively demonstrated. Hence, more reliable and predictive behavioral tests and appropriate strategies for the experimental designs are needed to obtain more conclusive evidence with clinical significance.
Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 2023
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. There is currently no cure, and the... more Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. There is currently no cure, and the available pharmacological treatment focuses on treating the symptoms. This study aimed to analyze the pharmacological treatments for AD protected in the US Patent Office. The Matheo Patent software was used to search for patents granted in the 2010–2020 period in the USPTO database. The search strategy «Alzheimer» was used in title and abstract and the International Patent Classification (IPC) codes A61P* and A61K*. The selected patents were divided into six categories according to therapeutic target. Complementary information from scientific databases was used to determine the stage of investigation and efficacy of the patented molecules. In the analyzed period, 58 patents were granted: 10 directed to Aβ peptide metabolism and deposition, three to tau, seven to inflammation, nine to cholinergic, two to glutamatergic and 27 to other targets. More than 80.0% belong to holders from the USA, France, and Japan. The molecules Elenbecestat and LY3202626 decreased the burden of Aβ plaques without significant cognitive improvement, Donanemab is in Phase 3 clinical trial, and the FDA has designated it Breakthrough Therapy. CPC-201 and PXT864 demonstrated, in Phase 2, good tolerability and improvement of AD symptoms. Most of the inventions are focused on treating the earliest phase of AD. The most advanced treatments in their research are those focused on treating Aβ accumulation. More studies are needed to prove the efficacy of the patented molecules.
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 2023
Context: COVID-19 related to SARS-CoV-2 infection generates inflammation with increased reactive ... more Context: COVID-19 related to SARS-CoV-2 infection generates inflammation with increased reactive oxygen species production. Drug treatment and others factors could influence systemic oxidative stress during pathogenic insult.
Aims: To determine the redox status in COVID-19 patients with different clinical conditions and explore the relationship between redox and hematological hemochemical variables.
Methods: In this comparative longitudinal study, blood samples were drawn from 160 individuals divided into four groups: COVID-19 asymptomatic, COVID-19 symptomatic (low and moderate symptoms), COVID-19 convalescent, and presumable healthy subjects. Demographic, redox, hematological, and hemochemical indices were assessed. Statistical analyses compared the median values of each variable and explored individual, simultaneous indices, and multivariate alteration.
Results: Relative to the healthy group, acute COVID-19, and convalescent groups had significant differences in global damage indices and antioxidant status (p<0.05). The convalescent group showed significantly higher damage (malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, nitric oxide) and lower antioxidant enzymatic activities and glutathione concentration compared to other groups (p<0.05). Global modification of redox indices showed that more than 80% of studied individuals in acute conditions had simultaneous detrimental differences compared to a healthy status. The discriminant analysis permitted obtaining two canonical functions (p< 0.05) that reflect 98% of redox variables with 95% of variances with successful case classifications.
Conclusions: These results corroborate that oxidative stress occurred in different COVID-19 and post-acute conditions with different molecular alterations of redox indices. Redox diagnosis should be considered in early diagnosis and treatment of infection, which would be worthwhile to conduct a more comprehensive study and management of disease evolution.
Introducción: Las especies reactivas de oxígeno, nitrógeno y azufre (ERONS) se generan continuame... more Introducción: Las especies reactivas de oxígeno, nitrógeno y azufre (ERONS) se generan continuamente en la fisiología de los organismos. Como parte de la respuesta de las células inmunitarias frente a los patógenos podrían aumentar y producir distrés oxidativo, citotoxicidad y daño de los órganos. El reconocimiento de las implicaciones moleculares de las ERONS todavía es un campo de investigación en desarrollo.
Objetivo: Describir los aspectos moleculares relacionados con el metabolismo oxidativo y algunos patógenos (virus, parásitos, bacterias y hongos) en relación con las infecciones.
Métodos: Se identificaron 520 documentos relacionados con los criterios de búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, Science Direct, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed e Infomed, con los buscadores Google y Google académico. De estos, fueron analizados 78 documentos publicados a partir de 1980 al 2021 en español o inglés y organizados en 7 subtemas.
Información, análisis y síntesis: Los agentes infecciosos y el hospedero interactúan produciendo ERONS que pueden superar los sistemas de defensa antioxidantes e influyen en el distrés oxidativo. Los procesos biológicos asociados al estado redox se relacionan con los factores de transcripción Nrf2 y NF-κB. Ambos permiten una respuesta celular entre la susceptibilidad y la resistencia a los agentes infecciosos, por lo que pueden iniciar o acelerar procesos fisiopatológicos en el organismo. En general la respuesta redox en la fisiopatología infecciosa está interconectada con la reprogramación metabólica, las respuestas antimicrobianas e inflamatorias y la disfunción celular o de tejido.
Conclusiones: Los eventos moleculares redox pueden participar en diversas enfermedades infecciosas, mediando diferentes respuestas o trastornos asociados.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possible therapeutic effects and the safety ... more The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possible therapeutic effects and the safety of Mangifera indica extract (Vimang tablets, 300 mg) combined with methotrexate (MTX) on reducing disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Twenty patients with active RA underwent a year of treatment with MTX (12.5 mg/week) associated to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or prednisone (5-10 mg/day) were randomly allocated to the experimental group (n=10), that received the extract supplementation (900 mg/day) or preceding usual treatment (n=10) during 180 days. RA activity was evaluated using the tender and swollen joint counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, disease activity score-28 (DAS 28), visual analogue scale (VAS) and health assessment questionnaire (HAQ). Treatment&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s efficacy was demonstrated with ACR criteria. Only the patients of MTX-Vimang group revealed statistically significant improvement in DAS 28 parameters with respect baseline data but no differences were observed between groups. ACR improvements amounted 80% only in MTX-Vimang group at the 90 days (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.001). In MTX-Vimang group, 100% of patients decreased NSAIDs administration (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.01) and 70% of those eradicated gastrointestinal side effects (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.01) ensuing of the preceding treatment. Other adverse effects were not reported.
La enzima hemo-oxigenasa es la principal enzima implicada en el catabolismo del grupo hemo y da l... more La enzima hemo-oxigenasa es la principal enzima implicada en el catabolismo del grupo hemo y da lugar a tres productos fundamentales: biliverdina, el hierro libre y el monóxido de carbono. Fue descubierta a principios de la década del 60, pero no fue hasta mediado de los años ´80 donde empezó a estudiarse con detenimiento y se determinó que existía una isoforma inducible, denominada hemo oxigenasa-1. Esta proteína juega un papel muy importante en la modulación de procesos inflamatorios y eso ha sido demostrado en diferentes modelos experimentales tanto en animales como humanos, en los mecanismos de defensa antioxidantes que posee el organismo ante la presencia de algún daño y en el bloqueo de los procesos apoptóticos donde han sido involucradas distintas rutas de señalización celular. El estudio de esta enzima y de su mecanismo de acción ha sido objeto de estudio por parte de muchos científicos y su esclarecimiento será un paso importante para su posterior inclusión en la clínica.He...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a global healthcare crisis that has led to morbidi... more Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a global healthcare crisis that has led to morbidity and mortality on an unprecedented scale. While studies on COVID-19 vaccines are ongoing, the knowledge about the reactogenic symptoms that can occur after vaccination and its generator mechanisms can be critical for healthcare professionals to improve compliance with the future vaccination campaign. Because sleep and immunity are bidirectionally linked, sleepiness or sleep disturbance side effects reported after some of the COVID-19 vaccines advise an academic research line in the context of physiological or pathological neuroimmune interactions. On the recognized basis of inflammatory regulation of hypothalamic neurons in sickness behavior, we hypothesized that IL-1β, INF-γ and TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokines inhibit orexinergic neurons promoting sleepiness after peripheral activation of the innate immune system induced by the novel COVID-19 vaccines. In addition, based on knowledge of previous vaccines and disease manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it also suggests that narcolepsy must be included as potential adverse events of particular interest to consider in pharmacovigilance studies.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. There is currently no cure, and the... more Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. There is currently no cure, and the available pharmacological treatment focuses on treating the symptoms. This study aimed to analyze the pharmacological treatments for AD protected in the US Patent Office. The Matheo Patent software was used to search for patents granted in the 2010–2020 period in the USPTO database. The search strategy «Alzheimer» was used in title and abstract and the International Patent Classification (IPC) codes A61P* and A61K*. The selected patents were divided into six categories according to therapeutic target. Complementary information from scientific databases was used to determine the stage of investigation and efficacy of the patented molecules. In the analyzed period, 58 patents were granted: 10 directed to Aβ peptide metabolism and deposition, three to tau, seven to inflammation, nine to cholinergic, two to glutamatergic and 27 to other targets. More than 80.0% belong to holders from the USA, France, and Japan. The molecules Elenbecestat and LY3202626 decreased the burden of Aβ plaques without significant cognitive improvement, Donanemab is in Phase 3 clinical trial, and the FDA has designated it Breakthrough Therapy. CPC-201 and PXT864 demonstrated, in Phase 2, good tolerability and improvement of AD symptoms. Most of the inventions are focused on treating the earliest phase of AD. The most advanced treatments in their research are those focused on treating Aβ accumulation. More studies are needed to prove the efficacy of the patented molecules.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2024
Background
Acute diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity worl... more Background Acute diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. Psidium guajava has been globally used for its antidiarrheal potential. Carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published up to the year 2021, which included in vivo pre-clinical tests and clinical trials involving patients with acute infectious diarrhea to verify the antidiarrheal, antibacterial, and antispasmodic effects of galenic preparations or phytopharmaceuticals from P. guajava. PRISMA and Rayyan were used as tools for the selection of studies collected in four databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct). The keywords used to carry out the search were: "Psidium guajava", "guava", "antidiarrhea*", "diarrhe*", joined by Boolean operators "OR" or "AND". The characteristics of studies in animal models of acute diarrhea induction, as well as in vivo and in vitro motility and microbiological tests linked with its main pathophysiological mechanisms, were collected.
Results and Conclusion Twenty-three articles were included. Twenty (87%) of theirs reported heterogenic preclinical studies, predominating pharmacological studies of efficacy against conventional antidiarrheal agents, which utilized relevant outcomes and models of infectious diarrhea from the top pathogens in the clinic along with classical castor oil-induced diarrhea associated with motility tests. Only three of them (13%) corresponded to clinical trials to study the efficacy, dose, and safety of these preparations. Most studies reported positive results and significant mechanistic evidence from antibacterial, anti-motility, anti-secretory, and protective/anti-inflammatory perspectives. However, further studies are needed to define the clinical significance and safety treatment with P. guajava extracts.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. The current pharmacolo... more Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. The current pharmacological treatments for breast cancer have numerous adverse effects and are not always effective. Recently, the anticancer activity of modified pectins (MPs) against various types of cancers, including breast cancer, has been investigated. This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) model, including scientific articles from the last 22 years that measured the anticancer activity of MPs on breast cancer. The articles were searched in four databases with the terms: “modified pectin” and “breast cancer”. Nine articles were included, five in vitro and four mixed (in vitro and in vivo). Different models and methods by which anticancer activity was measured were analyzed. All the studies reported positive results in both cell lines and in vivo murine models of breast cancer. The extracted data suggest a positive effect and provide mechanistic evidence of MPs in the treatment of breast cancer. However, as limited number of studies were included, further in vivo studies are required to obtain more conclusive preclinical evidence.
The aim of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature, with Preferred Repo... more The aim of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature, with Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, of the articles found in the past 11 years on the gastroprotective role of fruit extracts in gastric ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 were included in this systematic review, including in vitro and in vivo models, to define the gastroprotective role of fruit extracts. Studies were selected by Rayyan using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. The keywords for the search strategy were: “gastric injury,” “gastric ulcer,” “fruit,” “indomethacin,” and “aspirin.” Twenty-two articles with animal models of gastric ulcers were included. The NSAIDs used were aspirin and indomethacin. To know the damage caused by these, the ulceration index and biomarkers, such as aggressive/defensive factors involved in the gastric ulceration process, were measured. Most studies have shown that fruit extracts have antiulcer activity, with the most abundant metabolites being flavonoids, followed by terpenes and alkaloids. Possible antiulcer activities such as antioxidant, cytoprotective, gastric acid antisecretory, anti-inflammatory, or angiogenesis stimulant were declared, manifested mainly as a reduction of lipid peroxidation products, an increase in antioxidant enzymes and prostaglandins, and by the formation of a protective film through protein precipitation in the ulcer area. This systematic review demonstrates the importance of fruit extracts as gastric protectors.
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 2023
Context: Self-medication is a self-care practice. It is a frequent and widespread habit in all so... more Context: Self-medication is a self-care practice. It is a frequent and widespread habit in all societies and does not distinguish between sex and age. Therefore, students are not exempt from using this practice.
Aims: To carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 on self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences with PRISMA guidelines.
Methods: A standardized search was performed in four databases with the following terms: Automedicación (in Spanish), Self-medication, Automedication, University Student, and Students. For the selection of studies, the Rayyan® tool was used. The most relevant information on self-medication of university students was collected.
Results: Fourteen articles were included and evaluated as high, medium, and low quality with the AXIS tool. The results of the study reflected a high self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences, with a higher prevalence of self-medication in women than in men. The more knowledge these students have, the greater their self-medication and, thus, they always maintain this practice, being the most indicated causes for it the problems in the respiratory tract, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. The main reasons for these students to practice self-medication are the knowledge they have acquired in their curricula, due to past experiences with the same symptoms and minor illnesses. Pharmacies, through friends, relatives or neighbors and home medicine cabinets are the most common places for the acquisition of medications by these students, indicating that analgesics/anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, and antipyretics are the most used medications among them.
Conclusions: These students practice self-medication because they consider they have sufficient knowledge about diseases and their treatments, which gives them more confidence in making the decision to self-medicate. Subsequently, self-knowledge is a decisive reason for self-medication. Moreover, self-medication patterns regarding the use of drugs from various therapeutic categories vary among medical and biological sciences university students from different countries.
Background:
Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a serious complication of infected ulcers in a ... more Background:
Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a serious complication of infected ulcers in a diabetic patient. The identification of the infecting microorganisms is generally by culture, which causes a bias. Recently, metagenomics has been used for microbial identification.
Aim:
To systematically review the scientific literature related to DFO in the last 10 years to evaluate if culture and metagenomics are complementary.
Material and Methods:
To carry out the systematic review, PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies, using three databases, using the keywords diabetes, osteomyelitis, culture and microbiome. Articles in English or Spanish were included, containing information related to bacterial identification in DFO. Characteristics of the technique, patients and frequency of bacterial appearance were collected.
Results:
Twenty six articles were included, 19 used culture and 7 metagenomics. The patients were predominantly men (68%), with an average age of 61 years, 83% had type 2 diabetes and comorbidities, mainly vascular and neuropathy. The Families with the highest frequency of appearance using the culture technique were Enterobacteriaceae (29.3%) and Staphylococcaceae(28.3%) and with metagenomics Peptoniphilaceae (22.1%) and Staphylococcaceae (9.4%). Peptoniphilaceae were not identified in culture, although they were frequently identified by metagenomics. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus, regularly identified by culture, was not identified using metagenomics.
Conclusions:
Comparing results, there is a certain complementarity between microbiological culture and sequencing to identify bacteria present in DFO.
Anxiety disorders are prevalent conditions in the world population, whose standard approaches inc... more Anxiety disorders are prevalent conditions in the world population, whose standard approaches include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and combinations of these interventions. Different classes of psychopharmaceuticals are recommended as the first line of drugs to treat these disorders, which can have several adverse effects, treatment resistance, dependence, and drug–drug interactions making it necessary to search for new therapeutic agents. In particular, diazepam (DZP), a prototype drug from the group of benzodiazepines, has been commonly used and evaluated for its efficacy and safety in different anxiety disorders in clinical trials. DZP is also the most widely used reference standard in in vivo pharmacological assays of natural compounds. However, translating the results obtained in different rodent species and physiological anxiety tests instead of psychopathological animal models that can be of clinical application remains challenging. A systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 that included in vivo pre-clinical tests to define the anxiolytic, sedative and/or hypnotic effect of flower extracts is proposed. PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies using four databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and QInsight), using the keywords: “Animals,” “Anxiolytic,” “Diazepam,” “Elevated Plus Maze,” “Flower Extracts,” “Insomnia,” “In vivo,” “Mice,” “Open Field Test,” “Pre clinical” and “Sedative.” The characteristics of anxiety studies in animal models, other studies related to locomotor activity, and the hypnotic effect of the extracts were compiled. Twenty-four articles were included, 21 of them performed the animal model of anxiety-like behavior of the elevated plus maze, seven the open field test, and six the light–dark box test. The locomotor activity was evaluated in 10 studies after the administration of the extracts to the animals to define their sedative effect, where only one defined that the extract (Matricaria chamomilla) had a sedative effect. The plants declared with this type of activity were Achyranthes aspera, Alcea aucheri, Brassica nigra, Cananga odorata, Carthamus tinctorius, Chrysanthemum indicum, Citrus aurantium, Couroupita guianensis, Echium amoenum, Erythrina berteroana, Gardenia jasminoides, Hibiscus tilliaceus, Lavandula officinalis, Lawsonia inermis, Matricaria chamomilla, Melia azedarach, Nerium oleander, Passiflora incarnata, Plumeria rubra, Salix aegyptiaca, Syzygium aromaticum, Tagetes erecta, Tilia americana. Although this review showed that some flower extracts have an anxiolytic effect as effective as diazepam, their therapeutic utility in anxiety disorders remains to be extensively demonstrated. Hence, more reliable and predictive behavioral tests and appropriate strategies for the experimental designs are needed to obtain more conclusive evidence with clinical significance.
Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 2023
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. There is currently no cure, and the... more Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. There is currently no cure, and the available pharmacological treatment focuses on treating the symptoms. This study aimed to analyze the pharmacological treatments for AD protected in the US Patent Office. The Matheo Patent software was used to search for patents granted in the 2010–2020 period in the USPTO database. The search strategy «Alzheimer» was used in title and abstract and the International Patent Classification (IPC) codes A61P* and A61K*. The selected patents were divided into six categories according to therapeutic target. Complementary information from scientific databases was used to determine the stage of investigation and efficacy of the patented molecules. In the analyzed period, 58 patents were granted: 10 directed to Aβ peptide metabolism and deposition, three to tau, seven to inflammation, nine to cholinergic, two to glutamatergic and 27 to other targets. More than 80.0% belong to holders from the USA, France, and Japan. The molecules Elenbecestat and LY3202626 decreased the burden of Aβ plaques without significant cognitive improvement, Donanemab is in Phase 3 clinical trial, and the FDA has designated it Breakthrough Therapy. CPC-201 and PXT864 demonstrated, in Phase 2, good tolerability and improvement of AD symptoms. Most of the inventions are focused on treating the earliest phase of AD. The most advanced treatments in their research are those focused on treating Aβ accumulation. More studies are needed to prove the efficacy of the patented molecules.
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 2023
Context: COVID-19 related to SARS-CoV-2 infection generates inflammation with increased reactive ... more Context: COVID-19 related to SARS-CoV-2 infection generates inflammation with increased reactive oxygen species production. Drug treatment and others factors could influence systemic oxidative stress during pathogenic insult.
Aims: To determine the redox status in COVID-19 patients with different clinical conditions and explore the relationship between redox and hematological hemochemical variables.
Methods: In this comparative longitudinal study, blood samples were drawn from 160 individuals divided into four groups: COVID-19 asymptomatic, COVID-19 symptomatic (low and moderate symptoms), COVID-19 convalescent, and presumable healthy subjects. Demographic, redox, hematological, and hemochemical indices were assessed. Statistical analyses compared the median values of each variable and explored individual, simultaneous indices, and multivariate alteration.
Results: Relative to the healthy group, acute COVID-19, and convalescent groups had significant differences in global damage indices and antioxidant status (p<0.05). The convalescent group showed significantly higher damage (malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, nitric oxide) and lower antioxidant enzymatic activities and glutathione concentration compared to other groups (p<0.05). Global modification of redox indices showed that more than 80% of studied individuals in acute conditions had simultaneous detrimental differences compared to a healthy status. The discriminant analysis permitted obtaining two canonical functions (p< 0.05) that reflect 98% of redox variables with 95% of variances with successful case classifications.
Conclusions: These results corroborate that oxidative stress occurred in different COVID-19 and post-acute conditions with different molecular alterations of redox indices. Redox diagnosis should be considered in early diagnosis and treatment of infection, which would be worthwhile to conduct a more comprehensive study and management of disease evolution.
Introducción: Las especies reactivas de oxígeno, nitrógeno y azufre (ERONS) se generan continuame... more Introducción: Las especies reactivas de oxígeno, nitrógeno y azufre (ERONS) se generan continuamente en la fisiología de los organismos. Como parte de la respuesta de las células inmunitarias frente a los patógenos podrían aumentar y producir distrés oxidativo, citotoxicidad y daño de los órganos. El reconocimiento de las implicaciones moleculares de las ERONS todavía es un campo de investigación en desarrollo.
Objetivo: Describir los aspectos moleculares relacionados con el metabolismo oxidativo y algunos patógenos (virus, parásitos, bacterias y hongos) en relación con las infecciones.
Métodos: Se identificaron 520 documentos relacionados con los criterios de búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, Science Direct, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed e Infomed, con los buscadores Google y Google académico. De estos, fueron analizados 78 documentos publicados a partir de 1980 al 2021 en español o inglés y organizados en 7 subtemas.
Información, análisis y síntesis: Los agentes infecciosos y el hospedero interactúan produciendo ERONS que pueden superar los sistemas de defensa antioxidantes e influyen en el distrés oxidativo. Los procesos biológicos asociados al estado redox se relacionan con los factores de transcripción Nrf2 y NF-κB. Ambos permiten una respuesta celular entre la susceptibilidad y la resistencia a los agentes infecciosos, por lo que pueden iniciar o acelerar procesos fisiopatológicos en el organismo. En general la respuesta redox en la fisiopatología infecciosa está interconectada con la reprogramación metabólica, las respuestas antimicrobianas e inflamatorias y la disfunción celular o de tejido.
Conclusiones: Los eventos moleculares redox pueden participar en diversas enfermedades infecciosas, mediando diferentes respuestas o trastornos asociados.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possible therapeutic effects and the safety ... more The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possible therapeutic effects and the safety of Mangifera indica extract (Vimang tablets, 300 mg) combined with methotrexate (MTX) on reducing disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Twenty patients with active RA underwent a year of treatment with MTX (12.5 mg/week) associated to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or prednisone (5-10 mg/day) were randomly allocated to the experimental group (n=10), that received the extract supplementation (900 mg/day) or preceding usual treatment (n=10) during 180 days. RA activity was evaluated using the tender and swollen joint counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, disease activity score-28 (DAS 28), visual analogue scale (VAS) and health assessment questionnaire (HAQ). Treatment&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s efficacy was demonstrated with ACR criteria. Only the patients of MTX-Vimang group revealed statistically significant improvement in DAS 28 parameters with respect baseline data but no differences were observed between groups. ACR improvements amounted 80% only in MTX-Vimang group at the 90 days (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.001). In MTX-Vimang group, 100% of patients decreased NSAIDs administration (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.01) and 70% of those eradicated gastrointestinal side effects (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.01) ensuing of the preceding treatment. Other adverse effects were not reported.
La enzima hemo-oxigenasa es la principal enzima implicada en el catabolismo del grupo hemo y da l... more La enzima hemo-oxigenasa es la principal enzima implicada en el catabolismo del grupo hemo y da lugar a tres productos fundamentales: biliverdina, el hierro libre y el monóxido de carbono. Fue descubierta a principios de la década del 60, pero no fue hasta mediado de los años ´80 donde empezó a estudiarse con detenimiento y se determinó que existía una isoforma inducible, denominada hemo oxigenasa-1. Esta proteína juega un papel muy importante en la modulación de procesos inflamatorios y eso ha sido demostrado en diferentes modelos experimentales tanto en animales como humanos, en los mecanismos de defensa antioxidantes que posee el organismo ante la presencia de algún daño y en el bloqueo de los procesos apoptóticos donde han sido involucradas distintas rutas de señalización celular. El estudio de esta enzima y de su mecanismo de acción ha sido objeto de estudio por parte de muchos científicos y su esclarecimiento será un paso importante para su posterior inclusión en la clínica.He...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a global healthcare crisis that has led to morbidi... more Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a global healthcare crisis that has led to morbidity and mortality on an unprecedented scale. While studies on COVID-19 vaccines are ongoing, the knowledge about the reactogenic symptoms that can occur after vaccination and its generator mechanisms can be critical for healthcare professionals to improve compliance with the future vaccination campaign. Because sleep and immunity are bidirectionally linked, sleepiness or sleep disturbance side effects reported after some of the COVID-19 vaccines advise an academic research line in the context of physiological or pathological neuroimmune interactions. On the recognized basis of inflammatory regulation of hypothalamic neurons in sickness behavior, we hypothesized that IL-1β, INF-γ and TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokines inhibit orexinergic neurons promoting sleepiness after peripheral activation of the innate immune system induced by the novel COVID-19 vaccines. In addition, based on knowledge of previous vaccines and disease manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it also suggests that narcolepsy must be included as potential adverse events of particular interest to consider in pharmacovigilance studies.
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Papers by Gabino Garrido
Acute diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. Psidium guajava has been globally used for its antidiarrheal potential. Carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published up to the year 2021, which included in vivo pre-clinical tests and clinical trials involving patients with acute infectious diarrhea to verify the antidiarrheal, antibacterial, and antispasmodic effects of galenic preparations or phytopharmaceuticals from P. guajava. PRISMA and Rayyan were used as tools for the selection of studies collected in four databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct). The keywords used to carry out the search were: "Psidium guajava", "guava", "antidiarrhea*", "diarrhe*", joined by Boolean operators "OR" or "AND". The characteristics of studies in animal models of acute diarrhea induction, as well as in vivo and in vitro motility and microbiological tests linked with its main pathophysiological mechanisms, were collected.
Results and Conclusion
Twenty-three articles were included. Twenty (87%) of theirs reported heterogenic preclinical studies, predominating pharmacological studies of efficacy against conventional antidiarrheal agents, which utilized relevant outcomes and models of infectious diarrhea from the top pathogens in the clinic along with classical castor oil-induced diarrhea associated with motility tests. Only three of them (13%) corresponded to clinical trials to study the efficacy, dose, and safety of these preparations. Most studies reported positive results and significant mechanistic evidence from antibacterial, anti-motility, anti-secretory, and protective/anti-inflammatory perspectives. However, further studies are needed to define the clinical significance and safety treatment with P. guajava extracts.
Aims: To carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 on self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences with PRISMA guidelines.
Methods: A standardized search was performed in four databases with the following terms: Automedicación (in Spanish), Self-medication, Automedication, University Student, and Students. For the selection of studies, the Rayyan® tool was used. The most relevant information on self-medication of university students was collected.
Results: Fourteen articles were included and evaluated as high, medium, and low quality with the AXIS tool. The results of the study reflected a high self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences, with a higher prevalence of self-medication in women than in men. The more knowledge these students have, the greater their self-medication and, thus, they always maintain this practice, being the most indicated causes for it the problems in the respiratory tract, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. The main reasons for these students to practice self-medication are the knowledge they have acquired in their curricula, due to past experiences with the same symptoms and minor illnesses. Pharmacies, through friends, relatives or neighbors and home medicine cabinets are the most common places for the acquisition of medications by these students, indicating that analgesics/anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, and antipyretics are the most used medications among them.
Conclusions: These students practice self-medication because they consider they have sufficient knowledge about diseases and their treatments, which gives them more confidence in making the decision to self-medicate. Subsequently, self-knowledge is a decisive reason for self-medication. Moreover, self-medication patterns regarding the use of drugs from various therapeutic categories vary among medical and biological sciences university students from different countries.
Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a serious complication of infected ulcers in a diabetic patient. The identification of the infecting microorganisms is generally by culture, which causes a bias. Recently, metagenomics has been used for microbial identification.
Aim:
To systematically review the scientific literature related to DFO in the last 10 years to evaluate if culture and metagenomics are complementary.
Material and Methods:
To carry out the systematic review, PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies, using three databases, using the keywords diabetes, osteomyelitis, culture and microbiome. Articles in English or Spanish were included, containing information related to bacterial identification in DFO. Characteristics of the technique, patients and frequency of bacterial appearance were collected.
Results:
Twenty six articles were included, 19 used culture and 7 metagenomics. The patients were predominantly men (68%), with an average age of 61 years, 83% had type 2 diabetes and comorbidities, mainly vascular and neuropathy. The Families with the highest frequency of appearance using the culture technique were Enterobacteriaceae (29.3%) and Staphylococcaceae(28.3%) and with metagenomics Peptoniphilaceae (22.1%) and Staphylococcaceae (9.4%). Peptoniphilaceae were not identified in culture, although they were frequently identified by metagenomics. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus, regularly identified by culture, was not identified using metagenomics.
Conclusions:
Comparing results, there is a certain complementarity between microbiological culture and sequencing to identify bacteria present in DFO.
Aims: To determine the redox status in COVID-19 patients with different clinical conditions and explore the relationship between redox and hematological hemochemical variables.
Methods: In this comparative longitudinal study, blood samples were drawn from 160 individuals divided into four groups: COVID-19 asymptomatic, COVID-19 symptomatic (low and moderate symptoms), COVID-19 convalescent, and presumable healthy subjects. Demographic, redox, hematological, and hemochemical indices were assessed. Statistical analyses compared the median values of each variable and explored individual, simultaneous indices, and multivariate alteration.
Results: Relative to the healthy group, acute COVID-19, and convalescent groups had significant differences in global damage indices and antioxidant status (p<0.05). The convalescent group showed significantly higher damage (malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, nitric oxide) and lower antioxidant enzymatic activities and glutathione concentration compared to other groups (p<0.05). Global modification of redox indices showed that more than 80% of studied individuals in acute conditions had simultaneous detrimental differences compared to a healthy status. The discriminant analysis permitted obtaining two canonical functions (p< 0.05) that reflect 98% of redox variables with 95% of variances with successful case classifications.
Conclusions: These results corroborate that oxidative stress occurred in different COVID-19 and post-acute conditions with different molecular alterations of redox indices. Redox diagnosis should be considered in early diagnosis and treatment of infection, which would be worthwhile to conduct a more comprehensive study and management of disease evolution.
Objetivo: Describir los aspectos moleculares relacionados con el metabolismo oxidativo y algunos patógenos (virus, parásitos, bacterias y hongos) en relación con las infecciones.
Métodos: Se identificaron 520 documentos relacionados con los criterios de búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, Science Direct, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed e Infomed, con los buscadores Google y Google académico. De estos, fueron analizados 78 documentos publicados a partir de 1980 al 2021 en español o inglés y organizados en 7 subtemas.
Información, análisis y síntesis: Los agentes infecciosos y el hospedero interactúan produciendo ERONS que pueden superar los sistemas de defensa antioxidantes e influyen en el distrés oxidativo. Los procesos biológicos asociados al estado redox se relacionan con los factores de transcripción Nrf2 y NF-κB. Ambos permiten una respuesta celular entre la susceptibilidad y la resistencia a los agentes infecciosos, por lo que pueden iniciar o acelerar procesos fisiopatológicos en el organismo. En general la respuesta redox en la fisiopatología infecciosa está interconectada con la reprogramación metabólica, las respuestas antimicrobianas e inflamatorias y la disfunción celular o de tejido.
Conclusiones: Los eventos moleculares redox pueden participar en diversas enfermedades infecciosas, mediando diferentes respuestas o trastornos asociados.
Acute diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide. Psidium guajava has been globally used for its antidiarrheal potential. Carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published up to the year 2021, which included in vivo pre-clinical tests and clinical trials involving patients with acute infectious diarrhea to verify the antidiarrheal, antibacterial, and antispasmodic effects of galenic preparations or phytopharmaceuticals from P. guajava. PRISMA and Rayyan were used as tools for the selection of studies collected in four databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct). The keywords used to carry out the search were: "Psidium guajava", "guava", "antidiarrhea*", "diarrhe*", joined by Boolean operators "OR" or "AND". The characteristics of studies in animal models of acute diarrhea induction, as well as in vivo and in vitro motility and microbiological tests linked with its main pathophysiological mechanisms, were collected.
Results and Conclusion
Twenty-three articles were included. Twenty (87%) of theirs reported heterogenic preclinical studies, predominating pharmacological studies of efficacy against conventional antidiarrheal agents, which utilized relevant outcomes and models of infectious diarrhea from the top pathogens in the clinic along with classical castor oil-induced diarrhea associated with motility tests. Only three of them (13%) corresponded to clinical trials to study the efficacy, dose, and safety of these preparations. Most studies reported positive results and significant mechanistic evidence from antibacterial, anti-motility, anti-secretory, and protective/anti-inflammatory perspectives. However, further studies are needed to define the clinical significance and safety treatment with P. guajava extracts.
Aims: To carry out a systematic review of scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020 on self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences with PRISMA guidelines.
Methods: A standardized search was performed in four databases with the following terms: Automedicación (in Spanish), Self-medication, Automedication, University Student, and Students. For the selection of studies, the Rayyan® tool was used. The most relevant information on self-medication of university students was collected.
Results: Fourteen articles were included and evaluated as high, medium, and low quality with the AXIS tool. The results of the study reflected a high self-medication in university students of careers related to medical and biological sciences, with a higher prevalence of self-medication in women than in men. The more knowledge these students have, the greater their self-medication and, thus, they always maintain this practice, being the most indicated causes for it the problems in the respiratory tract, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. The main reasons for these students to practice self-medication are the knowledge they have acquired in their curricula, due to past experiences with the same symptoms and minor illnesses. Pharmacies, through friends, relatives or neighbors and home medicine cabinets are the most common places for the acquisition of medications by these students, indicating that analgesics/anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, and antipyretics are the most used medications among them.
Conclusions: These students practice self-medication because they consider they have sufficient knowledge about diseases and their treatments, which gives them more confidence in making the decision to self-medicate. Subsequently, self-knowledge is a decisive reason for self-medication. Moreover, self-medication patterns regarding the use of drugs from various therapeutic categories vary among medical and biological sciences university students from different countries.
Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a serious complication of infected ulcers in a diabetic patient. The identification of the infecting microorganisms is generally by culture, which causes a bias. Recently, metagenomics has been used for microbial identification.
Aim:
To systematically review the scientific literature related to DFO in the last 10 years to evaluate if culture and metagenomics are complementary.
Material and Methods:
To carry out the systematic review, PRISMA and Rayyan were used for the selection of studies, using three databases, using the keywords diabetes, osteomyelitis, culture and microbiome. Articles in English or Spanish were included, containing information related to bacterial identification in DFO. Characteristics of the technique, patients and frequency of bacterial appearance were collected.
Results:
Twenty six articles were included, 19 used culture and 7 metagenomics. The patients were predominantly men (68%), with an average age of 61 years, 83% had type 2 diabetes and comorbidities, mainly vascular and neuropathy. The Families with the highest frequency of appearance using the culture technique were Enterobacteriaceae (29.3%) and Staphylococcaceae(28.3%) and with metagenomics Peptoniphilaceae (22.1%) and Staphylococcaceae (9.4%). Peptoniphilaceae were not identified in culture, although they were frequently identified by metagenomics. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus, regularly identified by culture, was not identified using metagenomics.
Conclusions:
Comparing results, there is a certain complementarity between microbiological culture and sequencing to identify bacteria present in DFO.
Aims: To determine the redox status in COVID-19 patients with different clinical conditions and explore the relationship between redox and hematological hemochemical variables.
Methods: In this comparative longitudinal study, blood samples were drawn from 160 individuals divided into four groups: COVID-19 asymptomatic, COVID-19 symptomatic (low and moderate symptoms), COVID-19 convalescent, and presumable healthy subjects. Demographic, redox, hematological, and hemochemical indices were assessed. Statistical analyses compared the median values of each variable and explored individual, simultaneous indices, and multivariate alteration.
Results: Relative to the healthy group, acute COVID-19, and convalescent groups had significant differences in global damage indices and antioxidant status (p<0.05). The convalescent group showed significantly higher damage (malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, nitric oxide) and lower antioxidant enzymatic activities and glutathione concentration compared to other groups (p<0.05). Global modification of redox indices showed that more than 80% of studied individuals in acute conditions had simultaneous detrimental differences compared to a healthy status. The discriminant analysis permitted obtaining two canonical functions (p< 0.05) that reflect 98% of redox variables with 95% of variances with successful case classifications.
Conclusions: These results corroborate that oxidative stress occurred in different COVID-19 and post-acute conditions with different molecular alterations of redox indices. Redox diagnosis should be considered in early diagnosis and treatment of infection, which would be worthwhile to conduct a more comprehensive study and management of disease evolution.
Objetivo: Describir los aspectos moleculares relacionados con el metabolismo oxidativo y algunos patógenos (virus, parásitos, bacterias y hongos) en relación con las infecciones.
Métodos: Se identificaron 520 documentos relacionados con los criterios de búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, Science Direct, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed e Infomed, con los buscadores Google y Google académico. De estos, fueron analizados 78 documentos publicados a partir de 1980 al 2021 en español o inglés y organizados en 7 subtemas.
Información, análisis y síntesis: Los agentes infecciosos y el hospedero interactúan produciendo ERONS que pueden superar los sistemas de defensa antioxidantes e influyen en el distrés oxidativo. Los procesos biológicos asociados al estado redox se relacionan con los factores de transcripción Nrf2 y NF-κB. Ambos permiten una respuesta celular entre la susceptibilidad y la resistencia a los agentes infecciosos, por lo que pueden iniciar o acelerar procesos fisiopatológicos en el organismo. En general la respuesta redox en la fisiopatología infecciosa está interconectada con la reprogramación metabólica, las respuestas antimicrobianas e inflamatorias y la disfunción celular o de tejido.
Conclusiones: Los eventos moleculares redox pueden participar en diversas enfermedades infecciosas, mediando diferentes respuestas o trastornos asociados.