ABSTRACT: The use of anesthetics in aquaculture ensures better animal welfare and survival during... more ABSTRACT: The use of anesthetics in aquaculture ensures better animal welfare and survival during transport and the production cycle. The present study evaluated the anesthetic efficacy of essential oils (EOs) of Lippia alba (EOLA) and Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis, and EOs of Origanum majorana (EOO) and Cymbopogon citratus (EOC) for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. shrimp were exposed to (i) 500, 750 or 1000 µL L-1 of EOLA or (ii) 50, 100, 150 or 250 µL L-1 of EOOG, and L. vannamei were exposed to (iii) 150, 300 or 500 µL L-1 of EOC or (iv) 400 or 800 µL L-1 of EOO. The induction times were concentration dependent, with a decrease in induction time with the increase of the EOs concentration, but for EOLA, this pattern was observed only for anesthesia. Induction times for sedation and anesthesia were significantly shorter for shrimp exposed to EOC and EOO. The highest concentration of EOOG (250 µL L-1) resulted in 30% mortality. The recovery t...
Abstract The current work investigated whether the long transport could impact the water quality,... more Abstract The current work investigated whether the long transport could impact the water quality, the response to stress, the antioxidant defense system in cururu stingray (Potamotrygon wallacei) liver, and how a recovery process could affect them. Furthermore, it also examined the effects of the Lippia alba essential oil (EOLA) on these transport-induced changes. For this purpose, the cururu stingray (n = 30) were transported in plastic bags (from 3 to 4 specimens, each bag) in the absence or presence of EOLA at 10 μL/L from Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil) to Santa Maria (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) for about 32 h. A set of cururu stingray was sampled immediately at the arrival (n = 5 for each condition, without or with EOLA). The remaining individuals were kept for 24 h (n = 5 for each condition, without or with EOLA) and 48 h (n = 5 for each condition, without or with EOLA) to assess their recovery from the trip. After it, they were anesthetized for blood collection, and then, euthanized for liver removal. A set of cururu stingray was sampled before starting the transport protocol (n = 5). Water samples were collected during all steps for monitoring its quality. First of all, when the transport was carried out in the absence of EOLA, it resulted in higher ammonia levels in water linked to a hyperglycemic response, and an impairment in the glutathione-related antioxidant system characterized by decreased total glutathione, and catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase levels as well as glutathione S-transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activities, thus leading the cururu stingray liver to lipid peroxidation at its arrival. The EOLA, in turn, avoided most transport-induced changes at the arrival. Furthermore, it also helped the antioxidant system to retrieve its optimal function in the liver after 48 h recovery, speeding up the recovery process that could take more than 48 h when transport was completed in the absence of this additive. Therefore, the addition of EOLA to the transport water at 10 μL/L is highly advisable when transporting cururu stingray for more than 30 h.
Abstract Nectandra grandiflora essential oil has become an alternative to synthetic anesthetics a... more Abstract Nectandra grandiflora essential oil has become an alternative to synthetic anesthetics and sedation in fish. However, essential oil volatility, light sensitivity, and low water-solubility may limit its use in the fish farm. To overcome these drawbacks, we developed a new nanoemulsion product that may be applied as an anesthetic. We evaluated the anesthetic property and safety of free essential oil (FEO) and its nanoemulsion (NEN) for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Formulations were made using the spontaneous emulsification process, and stability was tested for NEN and FEO at 4, 25, and 40 °C for 90 days. The NEN contained 95% of FEO, the major compounds remained stable up to 60 days, and the NEN protected the active substances at all temperatures. Fish behavior was observed during a bath with FEO and NEN 3–300 mg/L concentrations for 30 min. The difference between sedated and anesthetized fish was detected by their swimming behavior and response to stimuli on the caudal peduncle. Behavior score, survival, or adverse effects were accessed with 10 and 30 mg/L concentrations of FEO and NEN during 24 h exposure and 72 h recovery. Only 100 mg/L of NEN induced anesthesia without side effects. Long-term exposure tests confirmed the 30 mg/L NEN safety, with a 100% survival rate for fish exposed to NEN and a 25.5% survival rate for fish exposed to surfactants. Therefore, this poorly water-soluble essential oil was converted into a novel sedative and anesthetic for fish through nanoemulsion. Thus, nanoemulsion protects the essential oil and improves the pharmacological activity, with the suggested use of 30 mg/L during 24 h, for sedation, and 100 mg/L, for anesthesia.
Este estudo avaliou o uso do óleo essencial de Aloysia triphylla (OEAT) como redutor de estresse ... more Este estudo avaliou o uso do óleo essencial de Aloysia triphylla (OEAT) como redutor de estresse no transporte de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. Juvenis foram transportados em carro por 8 h em sacos plásticos contendo água com 0 (controle), 20 ou 30 μL L-1 OEAT (em triplicata). Nós avaliamos qualidade da água, fluxos iônicos (Clâˆ"™, Na+ e K+), parí¢metros plasmáticos (cortisol, glicose, lactato e paraoxonase) e taxa de ventilação (TV) de tilápia do Nilo. Nenhuma mortalidade ocorreu durante o transporte. Juvenis de tilápia do Nilo transportados com 20 ou 30 μL L-1 OEAT apresentaram menor pH da água do que o grupo controle e com 30 μL L-1 OEAT apresentaram menor condutividade, alcalinidade e fluxos de Clâˆ"™, Na+ e K+ da água comparado aos demais tratamentos. O OEAT não alterou níveis de cortisol e paraoxonase do plasma, mas reduziu TV, e 30 μL L-1 OEAT reduziu os níveis de glicose plasmática comparada ao grupo controle depois do transporte. O uso de 20 ...
This study analyzed the effect of the injection of urotensin I (UI) and urotensis II (UII) on the... more This study analyzed the effect of the injection of urotensin I (UI) and urotensis II (UII) on the stabilization of the transepithelial potential difference (TPD) of the medium intestine, rectum, and gallbladder of Hoplias malabaricus to investigate if the transport of ions in these organs is affected…
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a final enzyme of purine metabolism linked with initiation and progressi... more Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a final enzyme of purine metabolism linked with initiation and progression of infectious diseases, since is considered an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), developing a pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory profile in some infectious diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of XO activity in the renal oxidative and inflammatory damage, as well as the interplay with ROS and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) levels in silver catfish experimentally infected with Streptococcus agalactiae. Xanthine oxidase activity, and uric acid, ROS and NOx levels increased in renal tissue of infected animals compared to uninfected animals. Moreover, the histopathological analyses revealed the presence of necrosis, generalized edema and nuclear degeneration of renal tubules. Based on these evidences, the upregulation on renal XO activity exerts a pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory profile in kidney of fish infected wi...
Aeromonas hydrophila infection represents a major impediment to the development of aquaculture, l... more Aeromonas hydrophila infection represents a major impediment to the development of aquaculture, leading to important economic losses. Over the last few years, different methods have been used to counteract and minimize the negative effects of this infection, such as the use of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, popularly known as tea tree oil (TTO), that possess a bactericide action against A. hydrophila. The purinergic system develops an important role in the inflammatory response, principally due to involvement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the inflammatory process, as well as by the anti-inflammatory properties of adenosine (Ado), a molecule that is controlled by NTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzymes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of purinergic enzymes in the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila infection, and whether the purinergic pathway and innate immune response are involved in the protective effects of TTO in si...
ABSTRACT: The use of anesthetics in aquaculture ensures better animal welfare and survival during... more ABSTRACT: The use of anesthetics in aquaculture ensures better animal welfare and survival during transport and the production cycle. The present study evaluated the anesthetic efficacy of essential oils (EOs) of Lippia alba (EOLA) and Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis, and EOs of Origanum majorana (EOO) and Cymbopogon citratus (EOC) for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. shrimp were exposed to (i) 500, 750 or 1000 µL L-1 of EOLA or (ii) 50, 100, 150 or 250 µL L-1 of EOOG, and L. vannamei were exposed to (iii) 150, 300 or 500 µL L-1 of EOC or (iv) 400 or 800 µL L-1 of EOO. The induction times were concentration dependent, with a decrease in induction time with the increase of the EOs concentration, but for EOLA, this pattern was observed only for anesthesia. Induction times for sedation and anesthesia were significantly shorter for shrimp exposed to EOC and EOO. The highest concentration of EOOG (250 µL L-1) resulted in 30% mortality. The recovery t...
Abstract The current work investigated whether the long transport could impact the water quality,... more Abstract The current work investigated whether the long transport could impact the water quality, the response to stress, the antioxidant defense system in cururu stingray (Potamotrygon wallacei) liver, and how a recovery process could affect them. Furthermore, it also examined the effects of the Lippia alba essential oil (EOLA) on these transport-induced changes. For this purpose, the cururu stingray (n = 30) were transported in plastic bags (from 3 to 4 specimens, each bag) in the absence or presence of EOLA at 10 μL/L from Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil) to Santa Maria (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) for about 32 h. A set of cururu stingray was sampled immediately at the arrival (n = 5 for each condition, without or with EOLA). The remaining individuals were kept for 24 h (n = 5 for each condition, without or with EOLA) and 48 h (n = 5 for each condition, without or with EOLA) to assess their recovery from the trip. After it, they were anesthetized for blood collection, and then, euthanized for liver removal. A set of cururu stingray was sampled before starting the transport protocol (n = 5). Water samples were collected during all steps for monitoring its quality. First of all, when the transport was carried out in the absence of EOLA, it resulted in higher ammonia levels in water linked to a hyperglycemic response, and an impairment in the glutathione-related antioxidant system characterized by decreased total glutathione, and catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase levels as well as glutathione S-transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activities, thus leading the cururu stingray liver to lipid peroxidation at its arrival. The EOLA, in turn, avoided most transport-induced changes at the arrival. Furthermore, it also helped the antioxidant system to retrieve its optimal function in the liver after 48 h recovery, speeding up the recovery process that could take more than 48 h when transport was completed in the absence of this additive. Therefore, the addition of EOLA to the transport water at 10 μL/L is highly advisable when transporting cururu stingray for more than 30 h.
Abstract Nectandra grandiflora essential oil has become an alternative to synthetic anesthetics a... more Abstract Nectandra grandiflora essential oil has become an alternative to synthetic anesthetics and sedation in fish. However, essential oil volatility, light sensitivity, and low water-solubility may limit its use in the fish farm. To overcome these drawbacks, we developed a new nanoemulsion product that may be applied as an anesthetic. We evaluated the anesthetic property and safety of free essential oil (FEO) and its nanoemulsion (NEN) for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Formulations were made using the spontaneous emulsification process, and stability was tested for NEN and FEO at 4, 25, and 40 °C for 90 days. The NEN contained 95% of FEO, the major compounds remained stable up to 60 days, and the NEN protected the active substances at all temperatures. Fish behavior was observed during a bath with FEO and NEN 3–300 mg/L concentrations for 30 min. The difference between sedated and anesthetized fish was detected by their swimming behavior and response to stimuli on the caudal peduncle. Behavior score, survival, or adverse effects were accessed with 10 and 30 mg/L concentrations of FEO and NEN during 24 h exposure and 72 h recovery. Only 100 mg/L of NEN induced anesthesia without side effects. Long-term exposure tests confirmed the 30 mg/L NEN safety, with a 100% survival rate for fish exposed to NEN and a 25.5% survival rate for fish exposed to surfactants. Therefore, this poorly water-soluble essential oil was converted into a novel sedative and anesthetic for fish through nanoemulsion. Thus, nanoemulsion protects the essential oil and improves the pharmacological activity, with the suggested use of 30 mg/L during 24 h, for sedation, and 100 mg/L, for anesthesia.
Este estudo avaliou o uso do óleo essencial de Aloysia triphylla (OEAT) como redutor de estresse ... more Este estudo avaliou o uso do óleo essencial de Aloysia triphylla (OEAT) como redutor de estresse no transporte de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. Juvenis foram transportados em carro por 8 h em sacos plásticos contendo água com 0 (controle), 20 ou 30 μL L-1 OEAT (em triplicata). Nós avaliamos qualidade da água, fluxos iônicos (Clâˆ"™, Na+ e K+), parí¢metros plasmáticos (cortisol, glicose, lactato e paraoxonase) e taxa de ventilação (TV) de tilápia do Nilo. Nenhuma mortalidade ocorreu durante o transporte. Juvenis de tilápia do Nilo transportados com 20 ou 30 μL L-1 OEAT apresentaram menor pH da água do que o grupo controle e com 30 μL L-1 OEAT apresentaram menor condutividade, alcalinidade e fluxos de Clâˆ"™, Na+ e K+ da água comparado aos demais tratamentos. O OEAT não alterou níveis de cortisol e paraoxonase do plasma, mas reduziu TV, e 30 μL L-1 OEAT reduziu os níveis de glicose plasmática comparada ao grupo controle depois do transporte. O uso de 20 ...
This study analyzed the effect of the injection of urotensin I (UI) and urotensis II (UII) on the... more This study analyzed the effect of the injection of urotensin I (UI) and urotensis II (UII) on the stabilization of the transepithelial potential difference (TPD) of the medium intestine, rectum, and gallbladder of Hoplias malabaricus to investigate if the transport of ions in these organs is affected…
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a final enzyme of purine metabolism linked with initiation and progressi... more Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a final enzyme of purine metabolism linked with initiation and progression of infectious diseases, since is considered an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), developing a pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory profile in some infectious diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of XO activity in the renal oxidative and inflammatory damage, as well as the interplay with ROS and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) levels in silver catfish experimentally infected with Streptococcus agalactiae. Xanthine oxidase activity, and uric acid, ROS and NOx levels increased in renal tissue of infected animals compared to uninfected animals. Moreover, the histopathological analyses revealed the presence of necrosis, generalized edema and nuclear degeneration of renal tubules. Based on these evidences, the upregulation on renal XO activity exerts a pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory profile in kidney of fish infected wi...
Aeromonas hydrophila infection represents a major impediment to the development of aquaculture, l... more Aeromonas hydrophila infection represents a major impediment to the development of aquaculture, leading to important economic losses. Over the last few years, different methods have been used to counteract and minimize the negative effects of this infection, such as the use of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, popularly known as tea tree oil (TTO), that possess a bactericide action against A. hydrophila. The purinergic system develops an important role in the inflammatory response, principally due to involvement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the inflammatory process, as well as by the anti-inflammatory properties of adenosine (Ado), a molecule that is controlled by NTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzymes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of purinergic enzymes in the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila infection, and whether the purinergic pathway and innate immune response are involved in the protective effects of TTO in si...
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