Intensifikasi perikanan budidaya telah meningkatkan produktivitas yang sangat signifikan, namun s... more Intensifikasi perikanan budidaya telah meningkatkan produktivitas yang sangat signifikan, namun sistem tersebut juga sangat berisiko terhadap kasus penyakit. Beberapa jenis penyakit potensial diyakini merupakan penghambat dalam pengembangan perikanan budidaya di Indonesia. Beberapa jenis di antaranya telah terbukti merugikan pengembangan budidaya ikan-ikan ekonomis penting seperti lele, mas, nila, gurame, kakap, kerapu, dan udang penaeid. Pada masa lalu, pengendalian penyakit pada budidaya ikan lebih mengandalkan pada penggunaan bahan kimia/obat/antibiotik. Belakangan semakin disadari bahwa penggunaan bahan-bahan tersebut memiliki dampak negatif, baik terhadap lingkungan budidaya, ikan, maupun konsumen. Pencegahan merupakan langkah paling ideal untuk pengendalian penyakit pada perikanan budidaya. Strategi pencegahan penyakit secara dini yang sudah diyakini cukup efektif adalah melalui vaksinasi. Efektivitas suatu vaksin harus diintegrasikan dengan sistem pengelolaan budidaya yang baik, termasuk biosecurity, benih unggul, nutrisi yang optimal, dan pengelolaan kualitas air dalam rangka meminimalisir timbulnya penyakit. Saat ini, vaksinasi merupakan aspek penting dan dipercaya sebagai jawaban yang lebih menjanjikan dalam program pencegahan penyakit potensial pada perikanan budidaya. Pengembangan vaksin ikan perlu sinergitas antara peneliti/akademisi, industri farmasi, dan pemerintah. Beberapa jenis vaksin telah diperkenalkan kepada masyarakat pembudidaya, dan semoga akan segera tersedia secara komersial untuk pencegahan penyakit potensial pada perikanan budidaya seperti penyakit motile aeromonas septicaemia (MAS), streptococcosis, vibriosis, mycobacteriosis, koi herpesvirus, dan viral nervous necrosis.
In shrimp aquaculture, shrimp farming systems are carefully determined to avoid rearing failure d... more In shrimp aquaculture, shrimp farming systems are carefully determined to avoid rearing failure due to stress, disease or mass mortality, and to achieve optimum shrimp production. Little is known about how shrimp farming systems affect environmental parameters and bacterial community in rearing water, whether high stocking densities (intensive system) will increase the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, high content of suspended particulate matter in shrimp pond potentially load more bacteria, including pathogenic bacteria, which then can be used as a sentinel of the potential presence of pathogenic bacteria in shrimp farming. Therefore, water parameters and the abundances of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria, including potential pathogenic Vibrio, were measured in three ponds of moderate/semi-intensive (40 post-larvae m-3) and three of high density/intensive shrimp aquaculture (90 post-larvae m-3), at day 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 70 of rearing. Additionally, free-living and particle-attached bacterial communities in the pond water were analyzed via 16S amplicon sequencing. Among the observed environmental parameters, suspended particulate matters, salinity, chlorophyll a, pH and dissolved oxygen differed significantly between the intensive and semi-intensive systems. However, no significant difference was observed for inorganic nutrients, abundances of heterotrophic bacteria, and potential pathogenic Vibrio between two systems. Bacterial communities were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Bacilli, and Actinobacteria. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the genera Halomonas, Psychrobacter, and Salegentibacter were present in both systems, where they may be involved in nitrification and ammonium removal. Halomonas, Psychrobacter, and Vibrio were most abundant genera in the particle-attached fractions, while Salegentibacter, Sulfitobacter, and Halomonas were found in the free-living fractions of both systems. Furthermore, aggregates of intensive systems loaded more Vibri [...]
The effect of Inulin derived from Dahlia tubers as a functional diet on the growth of white legs ... more The effect of Inulin derived from Dahlia tubers as a functional diet on the growth of white legs shrimp was studied to see its impact on AHPND infection. The research was conducted in a fiber tank filled with 500 L of seawater sterilized with chlorine and stocked with 100 PL30 shrimps/container. Shrimp were treated with feed containing Inulin extract from dahlia tubers at a dose of 2.5%, 5.0%, and 5.0% commercial Inulin and compared with a control. Each treatment was given 2 replications. Shrimp were then challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain AHPND at a density of 106 CFU/mL. The live shrimp were then processed histopathologically to view the microanatomical gut structure (midgut). The results showed that the mean survival of the shrimp in the control and 2.5% Inulin treatment groups was 97.3 ± 1.15% and 97.3 ± 2.3%, respectively, and the 5% Inulin treatment and commercial Inulin were each 96.9 ± 2.7%. Histopathological observations on Inulin treatment of 2.5% dahlia tuber ...
<p>In shrimp aquaculture, farming systems are carefully managed to avoid rearing failure du... more <p>In shrimp aquaculture, farming systems are carefully managed to avoid rearing failure due to stress, disease, or mass mortality, and to achieve optimum shrimp production. However, little is known about how shrimp farming systems affect biogeochemical parameters and bacterial communities in rearing water, whether high stocking densities (intensive system) will increase the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we characterized bacterial communities in shrimp ponds with different population densities. Water quality, such as physical parameters, inorganic nutrient concentrations, and cultivable heterotrophic bacterial abundances, including potential pathogenic Vibrio, were determined in moderate density/semi-intensive (40 post-larvae m<sup>-3</sup>) and high density/intensive shrimp ponds (90 post-larvae m<sup>-3</sup>), over the shrimp cultivation time. Free-living and particle-attached bacterial communities were characterized by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Suspended particulate matter (SPM), salinity, chlorophyll a, pH, and dissolved oxygen differed significantly between semi-intensive and intensive systems. These variations contrasted with the equal abundance of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria and inorganic nutrient concentrations. Bacterial communities were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteriia, Bacilli, and Actinobacteria. Halomonas and Psychrobacter were the most dominant genera in the particle-attached fractions, while Salegentibacter, Sulfitobacter, and Halomonas were found in the free-living fractions of both systems. Redundancy analysis indicated that among the observed environmental parameters, salinity was best suited to explain patterns in the composition of both free-living and particle-attached bacterial communities (R<sup>2</sup>: 15.32 and 12.81%, respectively), although a large fraction remained unexplained. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, aggregated particles from intensive ponds loaded a higher proportion of Vibrio than particles from semi-intensive ponds. In individual ponds, sequence proportions of Vibrio and Halomonas displayed an inverse relationship that coincided with changes in pH. Our observations suggest that high pH-values may suppress Vibrio populations and eventually pathogenic Vibrio. Our study showed that high-density shrimp ponds had a higher prevalence of Vibrio, increased amounts of SPM, and higher phytoplankton abundances. To avoid rearing failure, these parameters have to be managed carefully, for example by providing adequate feed, maintaining pH level, and removing organic matter deposits regularly.</p
The main objectives of this research were to isolate, purify and determine the immunogenicity of ... more The main objectives of this research were to isolate, purify and determine the immunogenicity of the outer membrane protein of V. alginolyticus. The outer membrane protein was isolated by sonication, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide agarose gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and purified by electroelusion method. Four outer membrane proteins were obtained: namely 32.0; 37.83; 64.13 and 73.43 kDa. Its immunogenicity in grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus was compared to that of bacterin of the same isolate. The immunogenicity test was conducted by intra peritoneal injection method. Each protein was dissolved in sterile Phospate Buffer Saline (PBS) and Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) (1:1) and injected 5 µg/ fish (fish weight 10-15 g). Bacterin (106, 107 and 108 cells/ml) was prepared in the same manner and injected at dosage of 0,2 ml/fish. Control fish were injected with 0.2 ml sterile PBS (pH 7.2). Booster was done a week later by injecting protein or bacterin with the Freund’s In...
In shrimp aquaculture, shrimp farming systems are carefully determined to avoid rearing failure d... more In shrimp aquaculture, shrimp farming systems are carefully determined to avoid rearing failure due to stress, disease or mass mortality, and to achieve optimum shrimp production. Little is known about how shrimp farming systems affect environmental parameters and bacterial community in rearing water, whether high stocking densities (intensive system) will increase the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, high content of suspended particulate matter in shrimp pond potentially load more bacteria, including pathogenic bacteria, which then can be used as a sentinel of the potential presence of pathogenic bacteria in shrimp farming. Therefore, water parameters and the abundances of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria, including potential pathogenic Vibrio, were measured in three ponds of moderate/semi-intensive (40 post-larvae m-3) and three of high density/intensive shrimp aquaculture (90 post-larvae m-3), at day 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 70 of rearing. Additionally, free-living and particle-attached bacterial communities in the pond water were analyzed via 16S amplicon sequencing. Among the observed environmental parameters, suspended particulate matters, salinity, chlorophyll a, pH and dissolved oxygen differed significantly between the intensive and semi-intensive systems. However, no significant difference was observed for inorganic nutrients, abundances of heterotrophic bacteria, and potential pathogenic Vibrio between two systems. Bacterial communities were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Bacilli, and Actinobacteria. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the genera Halomonas, Psychrobacter, and Salegentibacter were present in both systems, where they may be involved in nitrification and ammonium removal. Halomonas, Psychrobacter, and Vibrio were most abundant genera in the particle-attached fractions, while Salegentibacter, Sulfitobacter, and Halomonas were found in the free-living fractions of both systems. Furthermore, aggregates of intensive systems loaded more Vibri [...]
Intensifikasi perikanan budidaya telah meningkatkan produktivitas yang sangat signifikan, namun s... more Intensifikasi perikanan budidaya telah meningkatkan produktivitas yang sangat signifikan, namun sistem tersebut juga sangat berisiko terhadap kasus penyakit. Beberapa jenis penyakit potensial diyakini merupakan penghambat dalam pengembangan perikanan budidaya di Indonesia. Beberapa jenis di antaranya telah terbukti merugikan pengembangan budidaya ikan-ikan ekonomis penting seperti lele, mas, nila, gurame, kakap, kerapu, dan udang penaeid. Pada masa lalu, pengendalian penyakit pada budidaya ikan lebih mengandalkan pada penggunaan bahan kimia/obat/antibiotik. Belakangan semakin disadari bahwa penggunaan bahan-bahan tersebut memiliki dampak negatif, baik terhadap lingkungan budidaya, ikan, maupun konsumen. Pencegahan merupakan langkah paling ideal untuk pengendalian penyakit pada perikanan budidaya. Strategi pencegahan penyakit secara dini yang sudah diyakini cukup efektif adalah melalui vaksinasi. Efektivitas suatu vaksin harus diintegrasikan dengan sistem pengelolaan budidaya yang baik, termasuk biosecurity, benih unggul, nutrisi yang optimal, dan pengelolaan kualitas air dalam rangka meminimalisir timbulnya penyakit. Saat ini, vaksinasi merupakan aspek penting dan dipercaya sebagai jawaban yang lebih menjanjikan dalam program pencegahan penyakit potensial pada perikanan budidaya. Pengembangan vaksin ikan perlu sinergitas antara peneliti/akademisi, industri farmasi, dan pemerintah. Beberapa jenis vaksin telah diperkenalkan kepada masyarakat pembudidaya, dan semoga akan segera tersedia secara komersial untuk pencegahan penyakit potensial pada perikanan budidaya seperti penyakit motile aeromonas septicaemia (MAS), streptococcosis, vibriosis, mycobacteriosis, koi herpesvirus, dan viral nervous necrosis.
In shrimp aquaculture, shrimp farming systems are carefully determined to avoid rearing failure d... more In shrimp aquaculture, shrimp farming systems are carefully determined to avoid rearing failure due to stress, disease or mass mortality, and to achieve optimum shrimp production. Little is known about how shrimp farming systems affect environmental parameters and bacterial community in rearing water, whether high stocking densities (intensive system) will increase the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, high content of suspended particulate matter in shrimp pond potentially load more bacteria, including pathogenic bacteria, which then can be used as a sentinel of the potential presence of pathogenic bacteria in shrimp farming. Therefore, water parameters and the abundances of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria, including potential pathogenic Vibrio, were measured in three ponds of moderate/semi-intensive (40 post-larvae m-3) and three of high density/intensive shrimp aquaculture (90 post-larvae m-3), at day 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 70 of rearing. Additionally, free-living and particle-attached bacterial communities in the pond water were analyzed via 16S amplicon sequencing. Among the observed environmental parameters, suspended particulate matters, salinity, chlorophyll a, pH and dissolved oxygen differed significantly between the intensive and semi-intensive systems. However, no significant difference was observed for inorganic nutrients, abundances of heterotrophic bacteria, and potential pathogenic Vibrio between two systems. Bacterial communities were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Bacilli, and Actinobacteria. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the genera Halomonas, Psychrobacter, and Salegentibacter were present in both systems, where they may be involved in nitrification and ammonium removal. Halomonas, Psychrobacter, and Vibrio were most abundant genera in the particle-attached fractions, while Salegentibacter, Sulfitobacter, and Halomonas were found in the free-living fractions of both systems. Furthermore, aggregates of intensive systems loaded more Vibri [...]
The effect of Inulin derived from Dahlia tubers as a functional diet on the growth of white legs ... more The effect of Inulin derived from Dahlia tubers as a functional diet on the growth of white legs shrimp was studied to see its impact on AHPND infection. The research was conducted in a fiber tank filled with 500 L of seawater sterilized with chlorine and stocked with 100 PL30 shrimps/container. Shrimp were treated with feed containing Inulin extract from dahlia tubers at a dose of 2.5%, 5.0%, and 5.0% commercial Inulin and compared with a control. Each treatment was given 2 replications. Shrimp were then challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain AHPND at a density of 106 CFU/mL. The live shrimp were then processed histopathologically to view the microanatomical gut structure (midgut). The results showed that the mean survival of the shrimp in the control and 2.5% Inulin treatment groups was 97.3 ± 1.15% and 97.3 ± 2.3%, respectively, and the 5% Inulin treatment and commercial Inulin were each 96.9 ± 2.7%. Histopathological observations on Inulin treatment of 2.5% dahlia tuber ...
<p>In shrimp aquaculture, farming systems are carefully managed to avoid rearing failure du... more <p>In shrimp aquaculture, farming systems are carefully managed to avoid rearing failure due to stress, disease, or mass mortality, and to achieve optimum shrimp production. However, little is known about how shrimp farming systems affect biogeochemical parameters and bacterial communities in rearing water, whether high stocking densities (intensive system) will increase the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we characterized bacterial communities in shrimp ponds with different population densities. Water quality, such as physical parameters, inorganic nutrient concentrations, and cultivable heterotrophic bacterial abundances, including potential pathogenic Vibrio, were determined in moderate density/semi-intensive (40 post-larvae m<sup>-3</sup>) and high density/intensive shrimp ponds (90 post-larvae m<sup>-3</sup>), over the shrimp cultivation time. Free-living and particle-attached bacterial communities were characterized by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Suspended particulate matter (SPM), salinity, chlorophyll a, pH, and dissolved oxygen differed significantly between semi-intensive and intensive systems. These variations contrasted with the equal abundance of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria and inorganic nutrient concentrations. Bacterial communities were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteriia, Bacilli, and Actinobacteria. Halomonas and Psychrobacter were the most dominant genera in the particle-attached fractions, while Salegentibacter, Sulfitobacter, and Halomonas were found in the free-living fractions of both systems. Redundancy analysis indicated that among the observed environmental parameters, salinity was best suited to explain patterns in the composition of both free-living and particle-attached bacterial communities (R<sup>2</sup>: 15.32 and 12.81%, respectively), although a large fraction remained unexplained. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, aggregated particles from intensive ponds loaded a higher proportion of Vibrio than particles from semi-intensive ponds. In individual ponds, sequence proportions of Vibrio and Halomonas displayed an inverse relationship that coincided with changes in pH. Our observations suggest that high pH-values may suppress Vibrio populations and eventually pathogenic Vibrio. Our study showed that high-density shrimp ponds had a higher prevalence of Vibrio, increased amounts of SPM, and higher phytoplankton abundances. To avoid rearing failure, these parameters have to be managed carefully, for example by providing adequate feed, maintaining pH level, and removing organic matter deposits regularly.</p
The main objectives of this research were to isolate, purify and determine the immunogenicity of ... more The main objectives of this research were to isolate, purify and determine the immunogenicity of the outer membrane protein of V. alginolyticus. The outer membrane protein was isolated by sonication, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide agarose gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and purified by electroelusion method. Four outer membrane proteins were obtained: namely 32.0; 37.83; 64.13 and 73.43 kDa. Its immunogenicity in grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus was compared to that of bacterin of the same isolate. The immunogenicity test was conducted by intra peritoneal injection method. Each protein was dissolved in sterile Phospate Buffer Saline (PBS) and Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) (1:1) and injected 5 µg/ fish (fish weight 10-15 g). Bacterin (106, 107 and 108 cells/ml) was prepared in the same manner and injected at dosage of 0,2 ml/fish. Control fish were injected with 0.2 ml sterile PBS (pH 7.2). Booster was done a week later by injecting protein or bacterin with the Freund’s In...
In shrimp aquaculture, shrimp farming systems are carefully determined to avoid rearing failure d... more In shrimp aquaculture, shrimp farming systems are carefully determined to avoid rearing failure due to stress, disease or mass mortality, and to achieve optimum shrimp production. Little is known about how shrimp farming systems affect environmental parameters and bacterial community in rearing water, whether high stocking densities (intensive system) will increase the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, high content of suspended particulate matter in shrimp pond potentially load more bacteria, including pathogenic bacteria, which then can be used as a sentinel of the potential presence of pathogenic bacteria in shrimp farming. Therefore, water parameters and the abundances of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria, including potential pathogenic Vibrio, were measured in three ponds of moderate/semi-intensive (40 post-larvae m-3) and three of high density/intensive shrimp aquaculture (90 post-larvae m-3), at day 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 70 of rearing. Additionally, free-living and particle-attached bacterial communities in the pond water were analyzed via 16S amplicon sequencing. Among the observed environmental parameters, suspended particulate matters, salinity, chlorophyll a, pH and dissolved oxygen differed significantly between the intensive and semi-intensive systems. However, no significant difference was observed for inorganic nutrients, abundances of heterotrophic bacteria, and potential pathogenic Vibrio between two systems. Bacterial communities were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Bacilli, and Actinobacteria. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the genera Halomonas, Psychrobacter, and Salegentibacter were present in both systems, where they may be involved in nitrification and ammonium removal. Halomonas, Psychrobacter, and Vibrio were most abundant genera in the particle-attached fractions, while Salegentibacter, Sulfitobacter, and Halomonas were found in the free-living fractions of both systems. Furthermore, aggregates of intensive systems loaded more Vibri [...]
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