The use of nanoparticles with carbon dioxide foams has been proposed for enhanced oil recovery du... more The use of nanoparticles with carbon dioxide foams has been proposed for enhanced oil recovery due to their robust chemical stability in harsh environment. The experimental study is performed by using nanoparticles stabilized carbon dioxide foams to study their recovery of residual oil by varying the carbon dioxide flow rates on different core samples such as sandstone and limestone. Experimental setup was divided into two different kinds of experiments; the injection of carbon dioxide foams and the injection of nanoparticles assisted carbon dioxide foams in both sandstone and limestone core samples. For the CO2 foam injection, it was found that limestone has higher oil recovery than sandstone rock samples with 38.67% recovery and 36.36% recovery for sandstone. With the nanoparticles assisted injection, the crude oil recovery increased to 41.82% and 45.33% for sandstone and limestone respectively. Limestone showed the higher porosity reduction at the end of experiment compared to sa...
Abstract The effect of adding silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles at various surfactant concentr... more Abstract The effect of adding silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles at various surfactant concentrations, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and elevated temperature of 298 K–383 K in enhancing the oil recovery during CO2 foam flooding via dynamic simulation was investigated. Molecular dynamic simulation of the CO2 foam system of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application in a reservoir system was conducted using different systems i.e [H2O/CO2/SDS]-[H2O/Hexane] and [H2O/CO2/SDS/SiO2]-[H2O/Hexane], consisting of different number of molecules were constructed prior to the simulation. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) occurred at 20, 20 and 23 SDS for the system at 298, 308 and 383 K, respectively. The predicted interfacial tension (IFT) for the system without SiO2 decreased from the range of 1.12–5.51 to 0.40–4.57 mN/m while for 1 and 2 SiO2 nanoparticle reduced from the range of 0.46–4.77 to 0.50–2.72 mN/m when the temperature increased from 298 to 383 K.
The application of bacterial cellulose (BC) as a wrapping material for vacuum-packaged beef was s... more The application of bacterial cellulose (BC) as a wrapping material for vacuum-packaged beef was studied and compared against unwrapped beef for up to 3 weeks. The impact of BC wrap on the weight loss, purge accumulation, and drip loss were assessed along with low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, physicochemical, microbiological, and sensorial evaluations. The BC wrap significantly (P < 0.05) reduced purge accumulation in vacuum packages which was confirmed by an increased swelling ratio and scanning electron microscopy images. Colorimetric measurements showed significantly (P < 0.05) increased redness and yellowness values in wrapped samples compared to unwrapped samples. BC wrap did not affect pH, tenderness, and odor of meat, but significantly (P < 0.05) increased lipid oxidation, and numbers of lactic acid bacteria and Brochothrix thermosphacta counts. This study shows that BC wrap has potential as a purge absorbent in vacuum packaged meat. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Bacteria cellulose has good water holding capacity that can be utilized to absorb purge exudate from beef. It helps to improve the appearance and consequently consumer acceptance of vacuum packed beef.
The production of water during crude oil extraction may result in the formation of stable water-i... more The production of water during crude oil extraction may result in the formation of stable water-in-oil emulsions. Such emulsions are problematic for a variety of reasons; for example, they increase the fluid viscosity and hence the pumping costs. Previously, Ling; [NMR Studies of the Effect of CO2 on Oilfield Emulsion Stability. Energy Fuels 2016, 307, 5555–5562] have shown that treating these water-in-crude oil emulsions with subcritical CO2 at 50 bar can lead to their breakage. These measurements utilized benchtop NMR pulsed field gradient (PFG) techniques to monitor the evolution in the emulsion droplet size distribution, which is a precursor to emulsion breakage. Experimental limitations meant, however, that the measurements were performed only following depressurization of the applied CO2 and as such were unable to directly distinguish between two potential mechanisms for emulsion breakage as proposed in the literature: (i) CO2 bubble formation within the water droplets upon depressurization or (ii) ...
Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 2019
Under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, gas hydrate shells may form and grow at the i... more Under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, gas hydrate shells may form and grow at the interface of water droplets in water-in-oil emulsions. Such hydrate formation can enable downstream agglomeration and slurry viscosification, thus increasing the risk of hydrate blockage. Therefore, emulsion stability represents a critical parameter in understanding this overall flow behaviour. In this study, the impact of three common and widely-used industrial anti-agglomerants from three different suppliers (AA-1, AA-2 and AA-3—exact composition is commercially sensitive) on 30 wt% water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion stability was investigated. Bench-top nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulsed field gradient (PFG) methods were used to measure the droplet size distributions (DSDs) of the W/O emulsions as a complement to bottle stability test. In the absence of hydrate anti-agglomerants, based on visual observation, 85% of the original W/O emulsion remained after 10 h. In the presence of AA-1 an...
Lost circulation is one of the most troublesome problems encountered in drilling due to uncontrol... more Lost circulation is one of the most troublesome problems encountered in drilling due to uncontrolled flow of drilling mud into the formation that likely to happen due to ineffective filter cake. The smaller particles of drilling mud are able to break through into the larger void spaces in the formation which lead to lost circulation. Hence, fibrous materials in apple skin being identified to be used as lost circulation material (LCM) in drilling mud to prevent loss of circulation. Mud rheology tests and API filter press test are performed on the apple skin in drilling mud to find out the potential of fiber in apple skin to be used as LCM. From the mud rheology test, it was found that the specific gravity does not affected by the increasing concentration of apple skin and only a slight reduction in pH value to the acidic condition of the apple skin. As for API filter press test, the additions of apple skin in mud reduced the mud filtrate and increase the mud cake formation thickness....
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can extend the life of an oil field by providing additional drive mec... more Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can extend the life of an oil field by providing additional drive mechanism to the crude oil. The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) in EOR application has shown a good potential, but it has some weaknesses such as viscous fingering. Viscous fingering problem can be solved by reducing the CO2gas mobility, which can be achieved by transforming the CO2gas into surfactant-stabilized foam. However, surfactant-stabilized foam is not very stable under harsh reservoir condition, which could be handled by introducing nanoparticle-stabilized CO2foam. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the mobility of nanoparticle-stabilized CO2foam at varying brine salinity (1 - 4 wt%), concentration of AOS surfactant (0.01 - 1 wt%) and concentration of nanoparticle (0.05 - 1 wt%). The volumetric phase ratio was fixed at 8 CO2/aqueous. The sand pack foam flooding test was conducted to measure the effectiveness of the formulated foam to displace the oil inside the porous medium through ...
The use of nanoparticles with carbon dioxide foams has been proposed for enhanced oil recovery du... more The use of nanoparticles with carbon dioxide foams has been proposed for enhanced oil recovery due to their robust chemical stability in harsh environment. The experimental study was performed by using nanoparticles stabilized carbon dioxide foams to study their recovery of residual oil by varying the carbon dioxide flow rates on different core samples such as sandstone and limestone. Experimental setup was divided into two different kinds of experiments which are the injection of carbon dioxide foams and the injection of nanoparticles assisted carbon dioxide foams in both sandstone and limestone core samples. For the CO2 foam injection, it was found that limestone has higher oil recovery than sandstone rock samples with 38.67% recovery and 36.36% recovery for sandstone. With the nanoparticles assisted injection, the crude oil recovery increased to 41.82% and 45.33% for sandstone and limestone respectively. Limestone showed the higher porosity reduction at the end of experiment comp...
Drilling through depleted zones and weak formation can prove troublesome since the fracture resis... more Drilling through depleted zones and weak formation can prove troublesome since the fracture resistance reduces from its normal boundary [1]. To successfully drill a hole section requires the selection of a low density cement slurry to prevent loss circulation while not exceeding the fracture resistance of the formations exposed. Large number of loss circulation will greatly impact the drilling cost and rig time. This research is focusing on the performance studies of lightweight oilwell cements using foam and cenosphere as the lightweight agents. All tests were conducted according to API Recommended Practice 10B-2. Three performance tests have been conducted such as density test, free water test and compressive strength test. The comparison was made at different percentage of lightweight agents e.g. 10, 20, 30 and 40 percent by weight of cement (%BWOC) respectively. The findings show the performances of formulated foam cement and cenosphere cement are within API limit. However, foam...
When drill in a highly permeable zone the common problem faced by the operator is lost circulatio... more When drill in a highly permeable zone the common problem faced by the operator is lost circulation of drilling mud into the formation. Lost circulation of mud are costly and therefore lost circulation materials (LCM) being introduced to the mud formulation to prevent lost circulation from the formation. Since Malaysia is the one of the major country producer of Palm kernel Oil (PKO) with the high production of crude fibre from palm kernel (palm kernel expeller), thus this study was carried out to determine the ability of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) to be used as LCM in drilling mud. PKE used was in granule form by cause of pressing under high pressure compress to remove palm oil. Rheological and API filtration test were carried to determine the characteristic PKE in drilling mud. Water based mud (WBM) sample was used in this study with four (4) different concentration of PKE. The results show the filter cake formed was improved as the concentration increased and the filtrate loss red...
Shale gas nowadays is an important source of unconventional gas. The limited conventional gas sup... more Shale gas nowadays is an important source of unconventional gas. The limited conventional gas supply makes the unconventional sources as a new source of gas. In this research, the aim is to design a mud formulation that can carry out essential functions of mud for shale gas drilling. Commonly for shale gas drilling, water based mud is used. However, water based mud is ineffective when dealing with water-sensitive shale. The alternative way to deal with this type of shale is using synthetic-based mud (SBM) or oil-based mud (OBM). OBM is an effective mud while drilling well. However, it is toxic and gives negative impact to environment. SBM somehow is more environmental friendly compared to oil based and ester is one of the synthetic based fluids. In order to prove this statement, a toxicity test was carried out to investigate the impact of ester based mud on selected marine life. The results of the test were compared with past research results. The ester use in this research is methy...
With the goal of increasing awareness of toxicity level and environmental impact of drilling flui... more With the goal of increasing awareness of toxicity level and environmental impact of drilling fluid, and for providing continuous findings for a better drilling fluid formulation, an experimental work based on a rheological evaluation of drilling fluid was carried out. The use of palm-based and palm oil-based as an alternative base component in drilling fluid formulation have been explored in terms of sand content, pH, viscosity, yield point and gel strength. Standard laboratory formulation including distilled water, sodium hydroxide, bentonite, barite and 1,2-propylene glycol were used in this study. Tests conducted on palm-based drilling fluid with properties of 17.0 ppg and 80/20 oil-water ratio revealed that palm methyl ester C14 and palm kernel oil have sand content of less than 0.5 % vol. with excellent thermal resistance on high temperature for palm kernel oil based.
Foam stability can be uttered in foamability measurement and bubble size dispersal. The higher th... more Foam stability can be uttered in foamability measurement and bubble size dispersal. The higher the foamability, the more stable it is. The addition of nanosilica particle to the foam system will further improve the rigidity of the lamellae interface by providing stickiness force between foam lamellae and its surface, halting the film thinning and prevent it from rupture. This paper aims to investigate the stability of CO2 foam with addition of nanoparticle, to find the optimum surfactant and nanoparticle concentration that achieved higher foam stability, to determine the relationship between the foamability and the nanoparticle concentration within the carbon dioxide foam system and also to analyze the effect of crude oil on foam stability. For this experiment, foam generator was used. The concentrations of surfactant were prepared at ranges from 500 ppm to 5000 ppm. The foam stability test was conducted at constant pressure, temperature and flowrate. The nanoparticle was used with ...
Lost circulation is one of the most troublesome encountered in drilling due to uncontrolled flow ... more Lost circulation is one of the most troublesome encountered in drilling due to uncontrolled flow of mud into the formation that likely to be caused of unsuccessful filter cake. The lost circulation material (LCM) is the additives that added to the drilling fluid to control loss of mud to the formation. In this research, the lemongrass was used as LCM. The objectives of this experiment are to investigate the effect of lemongrass as LCM to the filtrate and filter cake thickness and to determine the effective size of lemongrass as LCM. The experiments were conducted to measure the filtrate and filter cake thickness with different size and different based of drilling fluid. Low Pressure Low Temperature (LPLT) filter press is for water based mud (WBM) and High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) filter press is for oil based mud (OBM) were used to perform the filtration process under static condition and constant filtration time which is 30 minutes. Both WBM and OBM are prepared four sample...
Cement strength must be carefully maintained so that the cement is able to sustain formation stre... more Cement strength must be carefully maintained so that the cement is able to sustain formation stresses without failing. Such a mechanical failure in a cement sheath can cause a loss of annular isolation. A synthetic polymer cement retarder has been designed to provide extended pumping times for cement slurries, while having minimal effect on compressive strength development. However, it is difficult to select a retarder that can suit a wide range of field conditions. Fluid loss control can also be affected by the addition of a retarder, especially at high temperatures. Addition of retarder sometimes may increase the viscosity and pumping pressure of the slurry and may result in fracturing of the hydrocarbon bearing zone and costly job failure. The main idea for this study is to determine whether Agarwood waste from distillation process (AGW) can be used as a retarder in oil well cement with excellent compressive strength development. The compressive strength developments were evaluat...
Gas lift is an artificial lift method which is commonly used in offshore operation with sufficien... more Gas lift is an artificial lift method which is commonly used in offshore operation with sufficient gas sources as it consumes minimum space on the platform. Gas lift operates by injecting a high pressure gas down through the tubing casing annulus of a well and the injected gas enters the tubing through a gas lift valve installed on the tubing. Gas lift increases production by two means, density reduction of oil column inside the tubing so that the flowing bottom-hole pressure which is affected by the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid column is reduced and by providing external energy to the oil as the gas expends.Reducing the bottom-hole pressure will improve the drawdown of the well. A production well is modelled by using a production modelling program, Integrated Production Modeling (IPM) Prosper to analyze the production performance at various conditions. A base case model is developed from the production data of an actual oil field to simulate the performance of the actual well ...
Natural dyes represent a sustainable source of colorants, which are low cost and safer than synth... more Natural dyes represent a sustainable source of colorants, which are low cost and safer than synthetic dyes, concerning human health. The purpose of this study is to extract Vitex negundo L. leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and to identify the extracts potential as a dye. The extraction process has been conducted at different operating conditions by varying temperature from 40 to 65°C with an increment of 5°C at 20, 25, and 30 MPa within 60 minutes constant time. The extracts obtained at different conditions were analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) to determine the chemical compounds present. Increase of temperature increased the extraction yield, but further increasing the temperature above 50°C has reduced the yield. The effect of pressure gave two different patterns, in which the first one showed the yield kept increasing with pressure (20 to 30 MPa) at 40, 45, 50, and 55°C. The second pattern showed sudden reduction of yield above 25 MP...
The use of nanoparticles with carbon dioxide foams has been proposed for enhanced oil recovery du... more The use of nanoparticles with carbon dioxide foams has been proposed for enhanced oil recovery due to their robust chemical stability in harsh environment. The experimental study is performed by using nanoparticles stabilized carbon dioxide foams to study their recovery of residual oil by varying the carbon dioxide flow rates on different core samples such as sandstone and limestone. Experimental setup was divided into two different kinds of experiments; the injection of carbon dioxide foams and the injection of nanoparticles assisted carbon dioxide foams in both sandstone and limestone core samples. For the CO2 foam injection, it was found that limestone has higher oil recovery than sandstone rock samples with 38.67% recovery and 36.36% recovery for sandstone. With the nanoparticles assisted injection, the crude oil recovery increased to 41.82% and 45.33% for sandstone and limestone respectively. Limestone showed the higher porosity reduction at the end of experiment compared to sa...
Abstract The effect of adding silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles at various surfactant concentr... more Abstract The effect of adding silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles at various surfactant concentrations, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and elevated temperature of 298 K–383 K in enhancing the oil recovery during CO2 foam flooding via dynamic simulation was investigated. Molecular dynamic simulation of the CO2 foam system of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application in a reservoir system was conducted using different systems i.e [H2O/CO2/SDS]-[H2O/Hexane] and [H2O/CO2/SDS/SiO2]-[H2O/Hexane], consisting of different number of molecules were constructed prior to the simulation. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) occurred at 20, 20 and 23 SDS for the system at 298, 308 and 383 K, respectively. The predicted interfacial tension (IFT) for the system without SiO2 decreased from the range of 1.12–5.51 to 0.40–4.57 mN/m while for 1 and 2 SiO2 nanoparticle reduced from the range of 0.46–4.77 to 0.50–2.72 mN/m when the temperature increased from 298 to 383 K.
The application of bacterial cellulose (BC) as a wrapping material for vacuum-packaged beef was s... more The application of bacterial cellulose (BC) as a wrapping material for vacuum-packaged beef was studied and compared against unwrapped beef for up to 3 weeks. The impact of BC wrap on the weight loss, purge accumulation, and drip loss were assessed along with low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, physicochemical, microbiological, and sensorial evaluations. The BC wrap significantly (P < 0.05) reduced purge accumulation in vacuum packages which was confirmed by an increased swelling ratio and scanning electron microscopy images. Colorimetric measurements showed significantly (P < 0.05) increased redness and yellowness values in wrapped samples compared to unwrapped samples. BC wrap did not affect pH, tenderness, and odor of meat, but significantly (P < 0.05) increased lipid oxidation, and numbers of lactic acid bacteria and Brochothrix thermosphacta counts. This study shows that BC wrap has potential as a purge absorbent in vacuum packaged meat. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Bacteria cellulose has good water holding capacity that can be utilized to absorb purge exudate from beef. It helps to improve the appearance and consequently consumer acceptance of vacuum packed beef.
The production of water during crude oil extraction may result in the formation of stable water-i... more The production of water during crude oil extraction may result in the formation of stable water-in-oil emulsions. Such emulsions are problematic for a variety of reasons; for example, they increase the fluid viscosity and hence the pumping costs. Previously, Ling; [NMR Studies of the Effect of CO2 on Oilfield Emulsion Stability. Energy Fuels 2016, 307, 5555–5562] have shown that treating these water-in-crude oil emulsions with subcritical CO2 at 50 bar can lead to their breakage. These measurements utilized benchtop NMR pulsed field gradient (PFG) techniques to monitor the evolution in the emulsion droplet size distribution, which is a precursor to emulsion breakage. Experimental limitations meant, however, that the measurements were performed only following depressurization of the applied CO2 and as such were unable to directly distinguish between two potential mechanisms for emulsion breakage as proposed in the literature: (i) CO2 bubble formation within the water droplets upon depressurization or (ii) ...
Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 2019
Under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, gas hydrate shells may form and grow at the i... more Under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, gas hydrate shells may form and grow at the interface of water droplets in water-in-oil emulsions. Such hydrate formation can enable downstream agglomeration and slurry viscosification, thus increasing the risk of hydrate blockage. Therefore, emulsion stability represents a critical parameter in understanding this overall flow behaviour. In this study, the impact of three common and widely-used industrial anti-agglomerants from three different suppliers (AA-1, AA-2 and AA-3—exact composition is commercially sensitive) on 30 wt% water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion stability was investigated. Bench-top nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulsed field gradient (PFG) methods were used to measure the droplet size distributions (DSDs) of the W/O emulsions as a complement to bottle stability test. In the absence of hydrate anti-agglomerants, based on visual observation, 85% of the original W/O emulsion remained after 10 h. In the presence of AA-1 an...
Lost circulation is one of the most troublesome problems encountered in drilling due to uncontrol... more Lost circulation is one of the most troublesome problems encountered in drilling due to uncontrolled flow of drilling mud into the formation that likely to happen due to ineffective filter cake. The smaller particles of drilling mud are able to break through into the larger void spaces in the formation which lead to lost circulation. Hence, fibrous materials in apple skin being identified to be used as lost circulation material (LCM) in drilling mud to prevent loss of circulation. Mud rheology tests and API filter press test are performed on the apple skin in drilling mud to find out the potential of fiber in apple skin to be used as LCM. From the mud rheology test, it was found that the specific gravity does not affected by the increasing concentration of apple skin and only a slight reduction in pH value to the acidic condition of the apple skin. As for API filter press test, the additions of apple skin in mud reduced the mud filtrate and increase the mud cake formation thickness....
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can extend the life of an oil field by providing additional drive mec... more Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can extend the life of an oil field by providing additional drive mechanism to the crude oil. The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) in EOR application has shown a good potential, but it has some weaknesses such as viscous fingering. Viscous fingering problem can be solved by reducing the CO2gas mobility, which can be achieved by transforming the CO2gas into surfactant-stabilized foam. However, surfactant-stabilized foam is not very stable under harsh reservoir condition, which could be handled by introducing nanoparticle-stabilized CO2foam. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the mobility of nanoparticle-stabilized CO2foam at varying brine salinity (1 - 4 wt%), concentration of AOS surfactant (0.01 - 1 wt%) and concentration of nanoparticle (0.05 - 1 wt%). The volumetric phase ratio was fixed at 8 CO2/aqueous. The sand pack foam flooding test was conducted to measure the effectiveness of the formulated foam to displace the oil inside the porous medium through ...
The use of nanoparticles with carbon dioxide foams has been proposed for enhanced oil recovery du... more The use of nanoparticles with carbon dioxide foams has been proposed for enhanced oil recovery due to their robust chemical stability in harsh environment. The experimental study was performed by using nanoparticles stabilized carbon dioxide foams to study their recovery of residual oil by varying the carbon dioxide flow rates on different core samples such as sandstone and limestone. Experimental setup was divided into two different kinds of experiments which are the injection of carbon dioxide foams and the injection of nanoparticles assisted carbon dioxide foams in both sandstone and limestone core samples. For the CO2 foam injection, it was found that limestone has higher oil recovery than sandstone rock samples with 38.67% recovery and 36.36% recovery for sandstone. With the nanoparticles assisted injection, the crude oil recovery increased to 41.82% and 45.33% for sandstone and limestone respectively. Limestone showed the higher porosity reduction at the end of experiment comp...
Drilling through depleted zones and weak formation can prove troublesome since the fracture resis... more Drilling through depleted zones and weak formation can prove troublesome since the fracture resistance reduces from its normal boundary [1]. To successfully drill a hole section requires the selection of a low density cement slurry to prevent loss circulation while not exceeding the fracture resistance of the formations exposed. Large number of loss circulation will greatly impact the drilling cost and rig time. This research is focusing on the performance studies of lightweight oilwell cements using foam and cenosphere as the lightweight agents. All tests were conducted according to API Recommended Practice 10B-2. Three performance tests have been conducted such as density test, free water test and compressive strength test. The comparison was made at different percentage of lightweight agents e.g. 10, 20, 30 and 40 percent by weight of cement (%BWOC) respectively. The findings show the performances of formulated foam cement and cenosphere cement are within API limit. However, foam...
When drill in a highly permeable zone the common problem faced by the operator is lost circulatio... more When drill in a highly permeable zone the common problem faced by the operator is lost circulation of drilling mud into the formation. Lost circulation of mud are costly and therefore lost circulation materials (LCM) being introduced to the mud formulation to prevent lost circulation from the formation. Since Malaysia is the one of the major country producer of Palm kernel Oil (PKO) with the high production of crude fibre from palm kernel (palm kernel expeller), thus this study was carried out to determine the ability of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) to be used as LCM in drilling mud. PKE used was in granule form by cause of pressing under high pressure compress to remove palm oil. Rheological and API filtration test were carried to determine the characteristic PKE in drilling mud. Water based mud (WBM) sample was used in this study with four (4) different concentration of PKE. The results show the filter cake formed was improved as the concentration increased and the filtrate loss red...
Shale gas nowadays is an important source of unconventional gas. The limited conventional gas sup... more Shale gas nowadays is an important source of unconventional gas. The limited conventional gas supply makes the unconventional sources as a new source of gas. In this research, the aim is to design a mud formulation that can carry out essential functions of mud for shale gas drilling. Commonly for shale gas drilling, water based mud is used. However, water based mud is ineffective when dealing with water-sensitive shale. The alternative way to deal with this type of shale is using synthetic-based mud (SBM) or oil-based mud (OBM). OBM is an effective mud while drilling well. However, it is toxic and gives negative impact to environment. SBM somehow is more environmental friendly compared to oil based and ester is one of the synthetic based fluids. In order to prove this statement, a toxicity test was carried out to investigate the impact of ester based mud on selected marine life. The results of the test were compared with past research results. The ester use in this research is methy...
With the goal of increasing awareness of toxicity level and environmental impact of drilling flui... more With the goal of increasing awareness of toxicity level and environmental impact of drilling fluid, and for providing continuous findings for a better drilling fluid formulation, an experimental work based on a rheological evaluation of drilling fluid was carried out. The use of palm-based and palm oil-based as an alternative base component in drilling fluid formulation have been explored in terms of sand content, pH, viscosity, yield point and gel strength. Standard laboratory formulation including distilled water, sodium hydroxide, bentonite, barite and 1,2-propylene glycol were used in this study. Tests conducted on palm-based drilling fluid with properties of 17.0 ppg and 80/20 oil-water ratio revealed that palm methyl ester C14 and palm kernel oil have sand content of less than 0.5 % vol. with excellent thermal resistance on high temperature for palm kernel oil based.
Foam stability can be uttered in foamability measurement and bubble size dispersal. The higher th... more Foam stability can be uttered in foamability measurement and bubble size dispersal. The higher the foamability, the more stable it is. The addition of nanosilica particle to the foam system will further improve the rigidity of the lamellae interface by providing stickiness force between foam lamellae and its surface, halting the film thinning and prevent it from rupture. This paper aims to investigate the stability of CO2 foam with addition of nanoparticle, to find the optimum surfactant and nanoparticle concentration that achieved higher foam stability, to determine the relationship between the foamability and the nanoparticle concentration within the carbon dioxide foam system and also to analyze the effect of crude oil on foam stability. For this experiment, foam generator was used. The concentrations of surfactant were prepared at ranges from 500 ppm to 5000 ppm. The foam stability test was conducted at constant pressure, temperature and flowrate. The nanoparticle was used with ...
Lost circulation is one of the most troublesome encountered in drilling due to uncontrolled flow ... more Lost circulation is one of the most troublesome encountered in drilling due to uncontrolled flow of mud into the formation that likely to be caused of unsuccessful filter cake. The lost circulation material (LCM) is the additives that added to the drilling fluid to control loss of mud to the formation. In this research, the lemongrass was used as LCM. The objectives of this experiment are to investigate the effect of lemongrass as LCM to the filtrate and filter cake thickness and to determine the effective size of lemongrass as LCM. The experiments were conducted to measure the filtrate and filter cake thickness with different size and different based of drilling fluid. Low Pressure Low Temperature (LPLT) filter press is for water based mud (WBM) and High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) filter press is for oil based mud (OBM) were used to perform the filtration process under static condition and constant filtration time which is 30 minutes. Both WBM and OBM are prepared four sample...
Cement strength must be carefully maintained so that the cement is able to sustain formation stre... more Cement strength must be carefully maintained so that the cement is able to sustain formation stresses without failing. Such a mechanical failure in a cement sheath can cause a loss of annular isolation. A synthetic polymer cement retarder has been designed to provide extended pumping times for cement slurries, while having minimal effect on compressive strength development. However, it is difficult to select a retarder that can suit a wide range of field conditions. Fluid loss control can also be affected by the addition of a retarder, especially at high temperatures. Addition of retarder sometimes may increase the viscosity and pumping pressure of the slurry and may result in fracturing of the hydrocarbon bearing zone and costly job failure. The main idea for this study is to determine whether Agarwood waste from distillation process (AGW) can be used as a retarder in oil well cement with excellent compressive strength development. The compressive strength developments were evaluat...
Gas lift is an artificial lift method which is commonly used in offshore operation with sufficien... more Gas lift is an artificial lift method which is commonly used in offshore operation with sufficient gas sources as it consumes minimum space on the platform. Gas lift operates by injecting a high pressure gas down through the tubing casing annulus of a well and the injected gas enters the tubing through a gas lift valve installed on the tubing. Gas lift increases production by two means, density reduction of oil column inside the tubing so that the flowing bottom-hole pressure which is affected by the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid column is reduced and by providing external energy to the oil as the gas expends.Reducing the bottom-hole pressure will improve the drawdown of the well. A production well is modelled by using a production modelling program, Integrated Production Modeling (IPM) Prosper to analyze the production performance at various conditions. A base case model is developed from the production data of an actual oil field to simulate the performance of the actual well ...
Natural dyes represent a sustainable source of colorants, which are low cost and safer than synth... more Natural dyes represent a sustainable source of colorants, which are low cost and safer than synthetic dyes, concerning human health. The purpose of this study is to extract Vitex negundo L. leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and to identify the extracts potential as a dye. The extraction process has been conducted at different operating conditions by varying temperature from 40 to 65°C with an increment of 5°C at 20, 25, and 30 MPa within 60 minutes constant time. The extracts obtained at different conditions were analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) to determine the chemical compounds present. Increase of temperature increased the extraction yield, but further increasing the temperature above 50°C has reduced the yield. The effect of pressure gave two different patterns, in which the first one showed the yield kept increasing with pressure (20 to 30 MPa) at 40, 45, 50, and 55°C. The second pattern showed sudden reduction of yield above 25 MP...
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