Bałkany Zachodnie w systemie bezpieczeństwa euroatlantyckiego, Bałkany XX/XXI, t. 7
Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne od wielu dekad stanowi kluczowy element bezpieczeństwa w ogóle. Autor... more Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne od wielu dekad stanowi kluczowy element bezpieczeństwa w ogóle. Autora artykułu interesuje zwłaszcza region Bałkanów i to na jego przykładzie, a konkretniej na przykładnie Republiki Chorwacji i Republiki Serbii, omówił sposoby radzenia z tym problemem. Zarówno Republika Chorwacji, jak i Republika Serbii w oparciu o posiadane energetyczne źródła wykreowały odpowiednie plany wykorzystania wspomnianych surowców. Pomimo wspólnego politycznego rodowodu i bliskości geograficznej, państwa te cechuje znaczna różnica struktury pozyskiwania energii, posiadanych pokładów paliw kopalnych, czy też potencjału tzw. zielonej energii. Z tego względu chorwacka oraz serbska strategie energetyczne wyróżniają się odmienną koncepcją postrzegania bezpieczeństwa energetycznego.
Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, 2021
The breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 30 years ago still has a substantial ... more The breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 30 years ago still has a substantial impact on the post-Yugoslav countries which proclaimed independence. Bearing in mind that the breakup also generated a military conflict, e.g. in Croatia, the restoration of Serbian-Croatian relations remains problematic. One of the challenges is passing a fair judgment on people responsible for war crimes or crimes against humanity. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established for this reason in particular. Ante Gotovina-a Croatian general, was one of those indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in connection with the military operation "Oluja" during which some heinous acts of crime took place. Gotovina played a clear and primary role in this operation, and therefore his actions were the main count of the indictment, firstly, for the prosecution and then for the Trial Chamber of ICTY. However, the sentence of 24 years imprisonment was never carried out following a successful appeal. The Appeals Chamber did not uphold the verdict of the Trial Chamber owing to a serious legal error and, consequently, it acquitted Gotovina of all the charges. This issue became yet another source of Serbian-Croatian conflict in connection with the most important people held responsible for the crimes committed in 1991-1995.
The Serbian parliamentary elections in 2020 were not groundbreaking in political terms, but their... more The Serbian parliamentary elections in 2020 were not groundbreaking in political terms, but their results directly determine the immediate future of Serbs. Taking into account the current geopolitical situation in Serbia, it should be emphasized that the next four years may prove critical for the international position of this country. The elections on June 21 were special due to the circumstances in which they were held. Among them, the global problem should be mentioned – the coronavirus pandemic, which paralyzed the functioning of many countries, including Serbia. The second important factor relates to the largest anti-government protests since 2000, which began in late 2018 and lasted until the state of emergency declaration due to the threat of COVID-19. The results of the parliamentary elections in 2020 should be interpreted as the strengthening of the Serbian Progressive Party and its leader Aleksandar Vučić. Moreover, it is a clear signal that the opposition still do not have adequate public support to compete effectively with the ruling party. Nowadays, there are no political conditions for an alternation of power in Serbia. Following the impressive victory in the parliamentary elections, the Serbian Progressive Party may continue the process of increasing influence in the most important state organs.
The energy sector in Poland is currently calling for dynamic redevelopment and cleaner energy. Th... more The energy sector in Poland is currently calling for dynamic redevelopment and cleaner energy. This country is world famous for its high level of coal production, from which it does not want to retreat in the next two decades. For this reason, it is safer to gradually reduce the use of coal while increasing the consumption of gas and simultaneously developing of green energy. However, the Polish gas sector is still dependent on Russian gas supplied through the Yamal gas pipeline. Taking into consideration Polish geopolitics, this state of affairs poses a huge challenge and a threat to Poland’s energy security. That is why the concept of the North-South Gas Corridor was introduced. It is intended to be a network of gas pipelines that connect the countries of Central and South Europe to two gas terminals (in Poland and Croatia), which will supply gas from a chosen source. The article presents the current condition of gas sector in Poland. It focuses on the North-South Gas Corridor project and its impact on the energy security of Poland. An analysis of documents and field research shows that the North-South Gas Corridor provides Poland with an opportunity to diversify the sources and directions of gas supply over the next few years.
The following paper presents the process of decarbonization of the energy sector in Greece and po... more The following paper presents the process of decarbonization of the energy sector in Greece and points out to different methods the Greek authorities are adopting in order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases generated by electricity production. Greece is a country which is modernizing its energy sector gradually, yet dynamically. One of the prime aims is to reduce the level of energy produced in coal-fired power plants by focusing on the renewable energy and the gas sector. In 2010 still more than half of the electrical energy was generated by lignite-fired power plants. Almost ten years later the ratio has dropped to only slightly more than 30%. A significant reduction in coal consumption was possible thanks to investments in renewable energy sources, especially in the wind and solar energy sectors. Both sectors have seen a large increase in production, making renewable energy sources already accounting for over 20% of Greek electricity production. Capital-intensive investments were also made in the country's gas supply through the expansion of gas-fired power plants and gas transmission networks. As a result, natural gas remains the main source of energy for Greece next to coal. Unfortunately, a big challenge in terms of decarbonization is the need for increased imports of electricity from abroad, due to the insufficient capacity of the Greek energy sector. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to define a Greek model of decarbonization and
Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, 2020
The Republic of Serbia is a state overburdened with complex issues regarding its political transf... more The Republic of Serbia is a state overburdened with complex issues regarding its political transformation. These problems are a consequence of the dynamic changes which have occurred over the last 30 years. It should be remembered that Serbia underwent a transformation from an authoritarian to a democratic state in a relatively short period of time. Unfortunately, these dynamic political, economic, and social modifications coincided with serious systemic changes and this had an adverse impact on Serbian democracy. The political problems which directly influence the process of democratization are becoming more and more visible over time. One such problem is undoubtedly the fact that state power is in the hands of one political party: the Serbian Progressive Party. For states going through a transformation, such a concentration of power could have negative effects on the quality of democracy. This article evaluates the non-democratic trends in Serbia which stem from the strengthening of the Serbian Progressive Party, especially on the level of state power. The article also suggests that this development might lead to Serbia being categorized as a country which has become stuck in the so-called grey zone of democratization.
Sprawy Narodowościowe (Nationalities Affairs), 2020
The war in former Yugoslavia (1991–1995) was marked by war crimes which still affect Serbian–Croa... more The war in former Yugoslavia (1991–1995) was marked by war crimes which still affect Serbian–Croatian political relations. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which operated between 1993–2017, was supposed to pass fair verdicts on those responsible for war crimes, but its verdicts have been surrounded by controversy in Post-Yugoslav states. The article analyzes Serbian and Croatian war crimes in Croatian territory between 1991–1995 as well as the verdicts passed by the ICTY against the most prominent war criminals. The actions taken by the Serbian and Croatian judicial systems are also discussed. The analysis presented in the article indicates that the verdicts delivered by the ICTY were selective and difficult to accept for both sides of the conflict. Unfortunately, Serbo-Croatian cooperation on war crimes has been developing for only a few years and has not produced the expected results. For these reasons, war crimes and war criminals still have a negative influence on political and social relations between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Serbia.
Politika nacionalne bezbednosti (The Policy of National Security), 2020
Kosovo independence still remains a key issue on a global scale. In simple terms, there are two c... more Kosovo independence still remains a key issue on a global scale. In simple terms, there are two contradictory stands on the sovereignty of Kosovo. According to the first one, Kosovo declaration of independence is illegal due to the breach of international law and the constitution of the Republic of Serbia of 2006. Meanwhile the second stand proves that unilateral Kosovo declaration of independence was legal since Kosovo Albanians are fully entitled to the right of self-determination. The following paper presents an opinion on Kosovo independence expressed by the students of the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Belgrade and the University of Zagreb - two most important universities in Serbia and Croatia. The results presented in the paper are based on the survey carried out by the author in 2013.
Republika Serbii. Aspekty polityki wewnętrznej i międzynarodowej, red. A. Jagiełło-Szostak, Wrocław, 2016
Abstract: The Place of the Republic of Croatia in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Serbia Th... more Abstract: The Place of the Republic of Croatia in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Serbia The article presents the issue of the place the Republic of Croatia in the foreign policy of the Republic of Serbia after 2000. The first part recalls the determinants of foreign policy and security of the Republic of Serbia after 2000, particularly the political relations of Serbia with neighboring states, with Russia, with the Euro-pean Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The next one refers to Serbo-Croatian political relations after 2000 and determination of Croatia's place in the foreign policy of Serbia as well. The major problems in bilateral relations were examined.
The Republic of Srpska (RS BiH) achieved independence within Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. Sinc... more The Republic of Srpska (RS BiH) achieved independence within Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. Since, numerous questions have arisen regarding the quality of Bosnia and Herzegovina's sovereignty. In order to offer a transparent analysis of the situation in the Republic of Srpska, this paper is divided into four parts. The first section contains an analysis of the political situation. The author presents the constitutional basis upon which the RS BiH operates, followed by information from the recent parliamentary and presidential elections. The second part contains a brief analysis of the economic situation in Republic of Srpska, including a series of data with an impact on the status of the Republic of Srpska's economy. In the third part, the author focuses on the social situation in the Republic of Srpska, by providing the facts and figures on various social aspects such as population census, migration, unemployment, mines, etc. In the fourth section, the author suggests a few possible scenarios of the future developments in and surrounding the Republic of Srpska.
Energetyka, problemy energetyki i gospodarki paliwowo-energetycznej, 2014
W artykule przedstawiono analizę sektora energetycznego Chorwacji wraz ze strategią energetyczną ... more W artykule przedstawiono analizę sektora energetycznego Chorwacji wraz ze strategią energetyczną tego państwa do 2020 roku. Opisano zasoby surowców energetycznych wyszczególniając źródła energii nieodnawialnej oraz odnawialnej. Zarysowano najważniejsze kwestie sektora energetycznego Chorwacji tzn. poziom produkcji energii elektrycznej oraz zakres importu i eksportu ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. Zaprezentowano także najważniejsze chorwackie inwestycje w obszarze energetyki, zarówno już realizowane jak i planowane. W podsumowaniu dokonano próby oceny strategii energetycznej Republiki Chorwacji.
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal, 2015
W artykule przedstawiono analizę sektora energetycznego Bułgarii wraz z strategią energetyczną te... more W artykule przedstawiono analizę sektora energetycznego Bułgarii wraz z strategią energetyczną tego państwa do 2020 roku. Opisano zasoby surowców energetycznych wyszczególniając źródła energii nieodnawialnej (ropa naftowa, gaz ziemny, węgiel) oraz odnawialnej (energia wodna, geotermalna, słoneczna, wiatrowa, biomasa). Zarysowano kluczowe kwestie dla sektora energetycznego Bułgarii tzn. poziom produkcji energii elektrycznej oraz zakres produkcji i importu ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. Przedstawiono najważniejsze cele strategii energetycznej Republiki Bułgarii do 2020 r. Zaprezentowano także najważniejsze bułgarskie inwestycje w obszarze energetyki, zarówno już realizowane jak i planowane (Nabucco, South Stream, AMBO oil pipeline, TBP Burgas-Alexandroupoli oil pipeline). W podsumowaniu dokonano próby oceny strategii energetycznej Republiki Bułgarii.
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 2014
W artykule została zawarta zwięzła analiza obecnego stanu zasobów ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego, ... more W artykule została zawarta zwięzła analiza obecnego stanu zasobów ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego, a także produkcja oraz konsumpcja deficytowych surowców w perspektywie globalnej. Zasadniczym źródłem danych, jakie zostały wykorzystane w artykule były coroczne raporty publikowane przez brytyjski koncern naftowy BP, głownie po 2000 roku. W pierwszym rozdziale została przybliżona problematyka ropy naftowej. Przedstawiono obecne światowe rezerwy ropy naftowej, jej produkcję i konsumpcję na poziomie najważniejszych państw. W drugim rozdziale została ujęta kwestia gazu ziemnego. Przedstawiono obecne światowe rezerwy gazu ziemnego, jego produkcję i konsumpcję również z perspektywy kluczowych państw. Zestawienia pozwalają uzyskać zwięzły ogląd na kwestię deficytowych surowców, jakimi są ropa naftowa i gaz ziemny. Ponadto analiza wyjaśnia zależności, jakie istnieją między państwami producentami a państwami konsumentami, a także ukazuje problem deficytu surowcowego najsilniejszych gospodarek świata.
Energetyka, problemy energetyki i gospodarki paliwowo-energetycznej, 2012
W artykule została przedstawiona analiza sektora energetycznego Serbii wraz ze strategią energety... more W artykule została przedstawiona analiza sektora energetycznego Serbii wraz ze strategią energetyczną wspomnianego państwa do 2015 roku. W pierwszej kolejności autor uchwycił problematykę zasobów surowców energetycznych wyszczególniając źródła energii nieodnawialnej oraz odnawialnej. Następnie została zarysowana kwestia najważniejszych obszarów sektora energetyczny Serbii tzn. poziom produkcji energii elektrycznej oraz zakres produkcji i importu ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. W trzeciej części omówiona została „Strategia rozwoju sektora energetycznego Republiki Serbii do 2015” z naciskiem na poszczególne priorytety, jakie dokument wyróżnił. W końcowym etapie artykułu, zostały zaprezentowane najważniejsze serbskie inwestycje w obszarze energetyki, zarówno te które są już realizowane, jak i te które są planowane. W podsumowaniu autor dokonuje próby oceny strategii energetycznej Republiki Serbii.
American International Journal of Social Science, 2014
This paper explains how the current situation in Kosovo confirms that it is a failed state. Polit... more This paper explains how the current situation in Kosovo confirms that it is a failed state. Political and socio-economic factors of Kosovo were taken into account, mainly after 2008. Discussions on Kosovo's sovereignty have been going on for many years. Most topic experts agree with the statement that an independent Kosovo has created a dangerous precedent, which can be used by other separatist movements. Until 2008, Kosovo was part of Serbia and for many years had been a highly divisive and economically backward area. The proclamation of independence by Kosovo Albanians in no way helped to change the negative aspects of Kosovo. Moreover, the situation in some political as well as economic and social aspects deteriorated even further. Based on the information available in the field of Kosovo's domestic and foreign policy and economic data, the author argues that this former autonomous province of Serbia, now a sovereign Kosovo meets the conditions in favour of the failed state.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2014
W artykule przedstawiono zarys serbskiej dominacji politycznej w federacji narodów południowosłow... more W artykule przedstawiono zarys serbskiej dominacji politycznej w federacji narodów południowosłowiańskich z lat 1918 - 1941. W pierwszej części przywołano kwestie związane z aktywnością Serbów podczas I wojny światowej. W kolejnej odniesiono się do funkcjonowania Królestwa Serbów, Chorwatów i Słoweńców, w którym Serbowie uzyskali znaczną przewagę polityczną nad innymi narodami południowosłowiańskimi. W trzeciej części przybliżono problematykę serbskiego autorytaryzmu w Królestwie Jugosławii, będącego jedną z przyczyn narastania konfliktu narodowościowego w państwie.
Bałkany Zachodnie w systemie bezpieczeństwa euroatlantyckiego, Bałkany XX/XXI, t. 7
Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne od wielu dekad stanowi kluczowy element bezpieczeństwa w ogóle. Autor... more Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne od wielu dekad stanowi kluczowy element bezpieczeństwa w ogóle. Autora artykułu interesuje zwłaszcza region Bałkanów i to na jego przykładzie, a konkretniej na przykładnie Republiki Chorwacji i Republiki Serbii, omówił sposoby radzenia z tym problemem. Zarówno Republika Chorwacji, jak i Republika Serbii w oparciu o posiadane energetyczne źródła wykreowały odpowiednie plany wykorzystania wspomnianych surowców. Pomimo wspólnego politycznego rodowodu i bliskości geograficznej, państwa te cechuje znaczna różnica struktury pozyskiwania energii, posiadanych pokładów paliw kopalnych, czy też potencjału tzw. zielonej energii. Z tego względu chorwacka oraz serbska strategie energetyczne wyróżniają się odmienną koncepcją postrzegania bezpieczeństwa energetycznego.
Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, 2021
The breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 30 years ago still has a substantial ... more The breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 30 years ago still has a substantial impact on the post-Yugoslav countries which proclaimed independence. Bearing in mind that the breakup also generated a military conflict, e.g. in Croatia, the restoration of Serbian-Croatian relations remains problematic. One of the challenges is passing a fair judgment on people responsible for war crimes or crimes against humanity. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established for this reason in particular. Ante Gotovina-a Croatian general, was one of those indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in connection with the military operation "Oluja" during which some heinous acts of crime took place. Gotovina played a clear and primary role in this operation, and therefore his actions were the main count of the indictment, firstly, for the prosecution and then for the Trial Chamber of ICTY. However, the sentence of 24 years imprisonment was never carried out following a successful appeal. The Appeals Chamber did not uphold the verdict of the Trial Chamber owing to a serious legal error and, consequently, it acquitted Gotovina of all the charges. This issue became yet another source of Serbian-Croatian conflict in connection with the most important people held responsible for the crimes committed in 1991-1995.
The Serbian parliamentary elections in 2020 were not groundbreaking in political terms, but their... more The Serbian parliamentary elections in 2020 were not groundbreaking in political terms, but their results directly determine the immediate future of Serbs. Taking into account the current geopolitical situation in Serbia, it should be emphasized that the next four years may prove critical for the international position of this country. The elections on June 21 were special due to the circumstances in which they were held. Among them, the global problem should be mentioned – the coronavirus pandemic, which paralyzed the functioning of many countries, including Serbia. The second important factor relates to the largest anti-government protests since 2000, which began in late 2018 and lasted until the state of emergency declaration due to the threat of COVID-19. The results of the parliamentary elections in 2020 should be interpreted as the strengthening of the Serbian Progressive Party and its leader Aleksandar Vučić. Moreover, it is a clear signal that the opposition still do not have adequate public support to compete effectively with the ruling party. Nowadays, there are no political conditions for an alternation of power in Serbia. Following the impressive victory in the parliamentary elections, the Serbian Progressive Party may continue the process of increasing influence in the most important state organs.
The energy sector in Poland is currently calling for dynamic redevelopment and cleaner energy. Th... more The energy sector in Poland is currently calling for dynamic redevelopment and cleaner energy. This country is world famous for its high level of coal production, from which it does not want to retreat in the next two decades. For this reason, it is safer to gradually reduce the use of coal while increasing the consumption of gas and simultaneously developing of green energy. However, the Polish gas sector is still dependent on Russian gas supplied through the Yamal gas pipeline. Taking into consideration Polish geopolitics, this state of affairs poses a huge challenge and a threat to Poland’s energy security. That is why the concept of the North-South Gas Corridor was introduced. It is intended to be a network of gas pipelines that connect the countries of Central and South Europe to two gas terminals (in Poland and Croatia), which will supply gas from a chosen source. The article presents the current condition of gas sector in Poland. It focuses on the North-South Gas Corridor project and its impact on the energy security of Poland. An analysis of documents and field research shows that the North-South Gas Corridor provides Poland with an opportunity to diversify the sources and directions of gas supply over the next few years.
The following paper presents the process of decarbonization of the energy sector in Greece and po... more The following paper presents the process of decarbonization of the energy sector in Greece and points out to different methods the Greek authorities are adopting in order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases generated by electricity production. Greece is a country which is modernizing its energy sector gradually, yet dynamically. One of the prime aims is to reduce the level of energy produced in coal-fired power plants by focusing on the renewable energy and the gas sector. In 2010 still more than half of the electrical energy was generated by lignite-fired power plants. Almost ten years later the ratio has dropped to only slightly more than 30%. A significant reduction in coal consumption was possible thanks to investments in renewable energy sources, especially in the wind and solar energy sectors. Both sectors have seen a large increase in production, making renewable energy sources already accounting for over 20% of Greek electricity production. Capital-intensive investments were also made in the country's gas supply through the expansion of gas-fired power plants and gas transmission networks. As a result, natural gas remains the main source of energy for Greece next to coal. Unfortunately, a big challenge in terms of decarbonization is the need for increased imports of electricity from abroad, due to the insufficient capacity of the Greek energy sector. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to define a Greek model of decarbonization and
Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, 2020
The Republic of Serbia is a state overburdened with complex issues regarding its political transf... more The Republic of Serbia is a state overburdened with complex issues regarding its political transformation. These problems are a consequence of the dynamic changes which have occurred over the last 30 years. It should be remembered that Serbia underwent a transformation from an authoritarian to a democratic state in a relatively short period of time. Unfortunately, these dynamic political, economic, and social modifications coincided with serious systemic changes and this had an adverse impact on Serbian democracy. The political problems which directly influence the process of democratization are becoming more and more visible over time. One such problem is undoubtedly the fact that state power is in the hands of one political party: the Serbian Progressive Party. For states going through a transformation, such a concentration of power could have negative effects on the quality of democracy. This article evaluates the non-democratic trends in Serbia which stem from the strengthening of the Serbian Progressive Party, especially on the level of state power. The article also suggests that this development might lead to Serbia being categorized as a country which has become stuck in the so-called grey zone of democratization.
Sprawy Narodowościowe (Nationalities Affairs), 2020
The war in former Yugoslavia (1991–1995) was marked by war crimes which still affect Serbian–Croa... more The war in former Yugoslavia (1991–1995) was marked by war crimes which still affect Serbian–Croatian political relations. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which operated between 1993–2017, was supposed to pass fair verdicts on those responsible for war crimes, but its verdicts have been surrounded by controversy in Post-Yugoslav states. The article analyzes Serbian and Croatian war crimes in Croatian territory between 1991–1995 as well as the verdicts passed by the ICTY against the most prominent war criminals. The actions taken by the Serbian and Croatian judicial systems are also discussed. The analysis presented in the article indicates that the verdicts delivered by the ICTY were selective and difficult to accept for both sides of the conflict. Unfortunately, Serbo-Croatian cooperation on war crimes has been developing for only a few years and has not produced the expected results. For these reasons, war crimes and war criminals still have a negative influence on political and social relations between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Serbia.
Politika nacionalne bezbednosti (The Policy of National Security), 2020
Kosovo independence still remains a key issue on a global scale. In simple terms, there are two c... more Kosovo independence still remains a key issue on a global scale. In simple terms, there are two contradictory stands on the sovereignty of Kosovo. According to the first one, Kosovo declaration of independence is illegal due to the breach of international law and the constitution of the Republic of Serbia of 2006. Meanwhile the second stand proves that unilateral Kosovo declaration of independence was legal since Kosovo Albanians are fully entitled to the right of self-determination. The following paper presents an opinion on Kosovo independence expressed by the students of the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Belgrade and the University of Zagreb - two most important universities in Serbia and Croatia. The results presented in the paper are based on the survey carried out by the author in 2013.
Republika Serbii. Aspekty polityki wewnętrznej i międzynarodowej, red. A. Jagiełło-Szostak, Wrocław, 2016
Abstract: The Place of the Republic of Croatia in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Serbia Th... more Abstract: The Place of the Republic of Croatia in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Serbia The article presents the issue of the place the Republic of Croatia in the foreign policy of the Republic of Serbia after 2000. The first part recalls the determinants of foreign policy and security of the Republic of Serbia after 2000, particularly the political relations of Serbia with neighboring states, with Russia, with the Euro-pean Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The next one refers to Serbo-Croatian political relations after 2000 and determination of Croatia's place in the foreign policy of Serbia as well. The major problems in bilateral relations were examined.
The Republic of Srpska (RS BiH) achieved independence within Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. Sinc... more The Republic of Srpska (RS BiH) achieved independence within Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. Since, numerous questions have arisen regarding the quality of Bosnia and Herzegovina's sovereignty. In order to offer a transparent analysis of the situation in the Republic of Srpska, this paper is divided into four parts. The first section contains an analysis of the political situation. The author presents the constitutional basis upon which the RS BiH operates, followed by information from the recent parliamentary and presidential elections. The second part contains a brief analysis of the economic situation in Republic of Srpska, including a series of data with an impact on the status of the Republic of Srpska's economy. In the third part, the author focuses on the social situation in the Republic of Srpska, by providing the facts and figures on various social aspects such as population census, migration, unemployment, mines, etc. In the fourth section, the author suggests a few possible scenarios of the future developments in and surrounding the Republic of Srpska.
Energetyka, problemy energetyki i gospodarki paliwowo-energetycznej, 2014
W artykule przedstawiono analizę sektora energetycznego Chorwacji wraz ze strategią energetyczną ... more W artykule przedstawiono analizę sektora energetycznego Chorwacji wraz ze strategią energetyczną tego państwa do 2020 roku. Opisano zasoby surowców energetycznych wyszczególniając źródła energii nieodnawialnej oraz odnawialnej. Zarysowano najważniejsze kwestie sektora energetycznego Chorwacji tzn. poziom produkcji energii elektrycznej oraz zakres importu i eksportu ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. Zaprezentowano także najważniejsze chorwackie inwestycje w obszarze energetyki, zarówno już realizowane jak i planowane. W podsumowaniu dokonano próby oceny strategii energetycznej Republiki Chorwacji.
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal, 2015
W artykule przedstawiono analizę sektora energetycznego Bułgarii wraz z strategią energetyczną te... more W artykule przedstawiono analizę sektora energetycznego Bułgarii wraz z strategią energetyczną tego państwa do 2020 roku. Opisano zasoby surowców energetycznych wyszczególniając źródła energii nieodnawialnej (ropa naftowa, gaz ziemny, węgiel) oraz odnawialnej (energia wodna, geotermalna, słoneczna, wiatrowa, biomasa). Zarysowano kluczowe kwestie dla sektora energetycznego Bułgarii tzn. poziom produkcji energii elektrycznej oraz zakres produkcji i importu ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. Przedstawiono najważniejsze cele strategii energetycznej Republiki Bułgarii do 2020 r. Zaprezentowano także najważniejsze bułgarskie inwestycje w obszarze energetyki, zarówno już realizowane jak i planowane (Nabucco, South Stream, AMBO oil pipeline, TBP Burgas-Alexandroupoli oil pipeline). W podsumowaniu dokonano próby oceny strategii energetycznej Republiki Bułgarii.
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 2014
W artykule została zawarta zwięzła analiza obecnego stanu zasobów ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego, ... more W artykule została zawarta zwięzła analiza obecnego stanu zasobów ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego, a także produkcja oraz konsumpcja deficytowych surowców w perspektywie globalnej. Zasadniczym źródłem danych, jakie zostały wykorzystane w artykule były coroczne raporty publikowane przez brytyjski koncern naftowy BP, głownie po 2000 roku. W pierwszym rozdziale została przybliżona problematyka ropy naftowej. Przedstawiono obecne światowe rezerwy ropy naftowej, jej produkcję i konsumpcję na poziomie najważniejszych państw. W drugim rozdziale została ujęta kwestia gazu ziemnego. Przedstawiono obecne światowe rezerwy gazu ziemnego, jego produkcję i konsumpcję również z perspektywy kluczowych państw. Zestawienia pozwalają uzyskać zwięzły ogląd na kwestię deficytowych surowców, jakimi są ropa naftowa i gaz ziemny. Ponadto analiza wyjaśnia zależności, jakie istnieją między państwami producentami a państwami konsumentami, a także ukazuje problem deficytu surowcowego najsilniejszych gospodarek świata.
Energetyka, problemy energetyki i gospodarki paliwowo-energetycznej, 2012
W artykule została przedstawiona analiza sektora energetycznego Serbii wraz ze strategią energety... more W artykule została przedstawiona analiza sektora energetycznego Serbii wraz ze strategią energetyczną wspomnianego państwa do 2015 roku. W pierwszej kolejności autor uchwycił problematykę zasobów surowców energetycznych wyszczególniając źródła energii nieodnawialnej oraz odnawialnej. Następnie została zarysowana kwestia najważniejszych obszarów sektora energetyczny Serbii tzn. poziom produkcji energii elektrycznej oraz zakres produkcji i importu ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. W trzeciej części omówiona została „Strategia rozwoju sektora energetycznego Republiki Serbii do 2015” z naciskiem na poszczególne priorytety, jakie dokument wyróżnił. W końcowym etapie artykułu, zostały zaprezentowane najważniejsze serbskie inwestycje w obszarze energetyki, zarówno te które są już realizowane, jak i te które są planowane. W podsumowaniu autor dokonuje próby oceny strategii energetycznej Republiki Serbii.
American International Journal of Social Science, 2014
This paper explains how the current situation in Kosovo confirms that it is a failed state. Polit... more This paper explains how the current situation in Kosovo confirms that it is a failed state. Political and socio-economic factors of Kosovo were taken into account, mainly after 2008. Discussions on Kosovo's sovereignty have been going on for many years. Most topic experts agree with the statement that an independent Kosovo has created a dangerous precedent, which can be used by other separatist movements. Until 2008, Kosovo was part of Serbia and for many years had been a highly divisive and economically backward area. The proclamation of independence by Kosovo Albanians in no way helped to change the negative aspects of Kosovo. Moreover, the situation in some political as well as economic and social aspects deteriorated even further. Based on the information available in the field of Kosovo's domestic and foreign policy and economic data, the author argues that this former autonomous province of Serbia, now a sovereign Kosovo meets the conditions in favour of the failed state.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2014
W artykule przedstawiono zarys serbskiej dominacji politycznej w federacji narodów południowosłow... more W artykule przedstawiono zarys serbskiej dominacji politycznej w federacji narodów południowosłowiańskich z lat 1918 - 1941. W pierwszej części przywołano kwestie związane z aktywnością Serbów podczas I wojny światowej. W kolejnej odniesiono się do funkcjonowania Królestwa Serbów, Chorwatów i Słoweńców, w którym Serbowie uzyskali znaczną przewagę polityczną nad innymi narodami południowosłowiańskimi. W trzeciej części przybliżono problematykę serbskiego autorytaryzmu w Królestwie Jugosławii, będącego jedną z przyczyn narastania konfliktu narodowościowego w państwie.
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